Distributed high-fidelity graphics using P2P

In the field of three-dimensional computer graphics, rendering refers to the process of generating images of a scene from a particular viewpoint. There are many different ways to do this, from the highly interactive real-time rendering methods to the more photorealistic and computationally intensive methods. This work is concerned with Physically Based Rendering (PBR), a class of rendering algorithms capable of achieving a very high level of realism. This is achievable thanks to physically accurate modelling of the way light interacts with objects in a scene, together with the use of accurately modelled materials and physical quantities.peer-reviewe

Latency Measurement, Modelling and Management for Interactive Remote Rendering

Ph. D. ThesisInteractive Remote Rendering (IRR) systems enable computationally intensive rendering tasks to be offloaded to powerful remote servers, while permitting real-time user interaction. By streaming only images from the server to the client, these systems solve many issues, but can be adversely affected by Interaction Latency (IL). This thesis explores the use of keyboard-based user interaction prediction as a potential method for reducing IL. Specifically, the following questions are addressed: What is the effect of prediction on IL? How can we model and simulate latency? How can we measure IL when prediction is used? What is the optimal number of predictions ahead required to minimise latency? On which side of the network should prediction be performed? The literature describes a few cases of prediction being used in IRR systems but there exists a lack of knowledge pertaining to the development, integration and measurement of prediction into such systems. Initial investigation identified a lack of robust techniques for simulating and measuring latency in IRR systems, especially those employing prediction. A latency model is introduced, and a simulator is developed, demonstrating results comparable to the real-world. Latency simulation is shown to be accurate and is integrated into a “IRR simulator platform”, permitting the exploration of the above research questions. As a result, two novel latency measurement techniques are presented. A prediction module is then developed and used in conjunction with the simulator platform. Results show that IL can be substantially reduced but predicting too far ahead negatively impacts IL, while less interaction history is found to result in lower mean IL. Finally, Client-Side Prediction was found to be more favourable for IL with respect to the amount of interaction history used, while Server-Side Prediction is shown to facilitate lower IL when predicting more than one step ahead. The results and tools presented in this thesis should prove useful for future exploration of PIRR systems.EPSR

An Architecture For Rendering Web 3d Virtual Environments On Computers With Limited Graphic Processing Power [uma Arquitetura Para Renderização De Ambientes Virtuais 3d Na Web Em Computadores Com Capacidade De Processamento Gráfico Limitada]

This paper presents an architecture for 3D virtual environment rendering on the Web applied to computers with limited capacity for graphics processing, which do not have a GPU for rendering the virtual environment. 3D rendering of the scene is done remotely, on demand, and employs 3D warping technique for generating views locally in the client. Thus, the client is able to render new views while waiting for data requested to the server or even when there are problems in the transmission or receiving delay. The proposed architecture allows the virtual environment rendering using residual images, which make the data transmission between client and server more efficient since less information is sent when compared to complete frames rendered from the 3D model. A method for taking advantage of the residual images received by clients is proposed and implemented, improving the quality of the resulting views instead of being discarded. Furthermore, an approach to reducing the quality degradation problem of the views locally rendered in the client is presented. © 2010 ACM.Brazilian Computer Society (SBC)Bao, P., Gourlay, D., Superview 3d image warping for visibility gap errors (2003) IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 49 (1), pp. 177-182. , FebBao, P., Gourlay, D., Remote Walkthrough over Mobile Networks Using 3-D Image Warping and Streaming (2004) IEE Proceedings - Vision, Image and Signal Processing, 151 (4), pp. 329-336. , AugBao, P., Gourlay, D., A Framework for Remote Rendering of 3-D Scenes on Limited Mobile Devices (2006) IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 8 (2), pp. 382-389. , AprilBao, P., Gourlay, D., Li, Y., Mobile Collaborative Walkthrough Using 3-D Image Warping and Streaming (2004) Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Information Technology Interfaces, 1, pp. 279-285. , JuneBoukerche, A., Pazzi, R.W.N., Enhancing Remote Walkthrough for E-learning Environments on Mobile Devices over Heterogeneous Networks (2006) Proceedings of 2006 IEEE International Conference on Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces and Measurement Systems, pp. 13-18. , JulyBoukerche, A., Pazzi, R.W.N., A Peer-to-Peer Approach for Remote Rendering and Image Streaming in Walkthrough Applications (2007) Proceedings of 2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp. 1692-1697. , JuneChang, C.-F., Ger, S.-H., Enhancing 3D Graphics on Mobile Devices by Image-Based Rendering (2002) Proceedings of 2002 Third IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia, pp. 1105-1111. , London, UK, Springer-VerlagChen, S.E., QuickTime VR - An Image-Based Approach to Virtual Environment Navigation (1995) Computer Graphics, 29, pp. 29-38. , Annual Conference SeriesChim, J., Lau, R., Leong, H., Si, A., CyberWalk: A Web-based Distributed Virtual Walkthrough Environment (2003) IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 5 (4), pp. 503-515. , DecDos Santos, M.C., Pedrini, H., Renderização de Cenas Tridimensionais Interativas em Computadores de Baixo Desempenho (2008) Anais Do V Workshop de Realidade Virtual e Aumentada, pp. 1-8. , Bauru, SPHoppe, H., Progressive Meshes (1996) SIGGRAPH '96: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 99-108. , New York, NY, USA, ACM(2008) Método de Compressão de Imagens Com Perda, , http://www.jpeg.org/, acesso em: 30 de julho de 2008Lei, Y., Jiang, Z., Chen, D., Bao, H., Image-Based Walkthrough over Internet on Mobile Devices (2004) Proceedings of the Grid and Cooperative Computing - GCC 2004 Workshops, pp. 728-735. , Springer Berlin(2008), http://www.ltsp.org/, LTSP.org. acesso em: 30 de julho de 2008Mark, W., (1999) Post-Rendering 3D Image Warping: Visibility, Reconstruction, and Performance for Depth-Image Warping, , PhD thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, AprMcMillan, L., (1997) An Image-Based Approach to Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics, , PhD thesis, University of North Carolina, Apr(2008), http://www.opengl.org/, OpenGL.org. acesso em: 30 de julho de 2008Quax, P., Geuns, B., Jehaes, T., Lamotte, W., Vansichem, G., On the Applicability of Remote Rendering of Networked Virtual Environments on Mobile Devices (2006) Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems and Networks Communication, p. 16. , Washington, DC, USA, IEEE Computer SocietyQuillet, J.-C., Thomas, G., Granier, X., Guitton, P., Marvie, J.-E., Using Expressive Rendering for Remote Visualization of Large City Models (2006) Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on 3D Web Technology, pp. 27-35. , New York, NY, USA, ACMWinkelholz, C., Weiss, M., Cakuli, P., Schreiber, M., Renkewitz, H., (2009) Biblioteca para a Manipulação de Objetos Tridimensionais No Formato VRML e X3D, , http://open-activewrl.sourceforge.net/, acesso em: 15 de janeiro de 2009Womack, P., Leech, J., (1998) OpenGL® Graphics with the X Window System®, , http://www.opengl.org/documentation/specs/glx/glx1.3.pdf, acesso em: 15 de janeiro de 2009Yang, S., Kuo, C.-C.J., Robust Graphics Streaming in Walkthrough Virtual Environments via Wireless Channels (2003) Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 6, pp. 3191-3195. , DecZheng, H., Boyce, J., An Improved UDP Protocol for Video Transmission over Internet-to-Wireless Networks (2001) IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 3 (3), pp. 356-365. , Se