A Novel Dynamic Model for Predicting Pressure Wave Velocity in Four-Phase Fluid Flowing along the Drilling Annulus

A dynamic pressure wave velocity model is presented based on momentum equation, mass-balance equation, equation of state, and small perturbation theory. Simultaneously, the drift model was used to analyze the flow characteristics of oil, gas, water, and drilling fluid multiphase flow. In addition, the dynamic model considers the gas dissolution, virtual mass force, drag force, and relative motion of the interphase as well. Finite difference and Newton-Raphson iterative are introduced to the numerical simulation of the dynamic model. The calculation results indicate that the wave velocity is more sensitive to the increase of gas influx rate than the increase of oil/water influx rate. Wave velocity decreases significantly with the increase of gas influx. Influenced by the pressure drop of four-phase fluid flowing along the annulus, wave velocity tends to increase with respect to well depth, contrary to the gradual reduction of gas void fraction at different depths with the increase of backpressure (BP). Analysis also found that the growth of angular frequency will lead to an increase of wave velocity at low range. Comparison with the calculation results without considering virtual mass force demonstrates that the calculated wave velocity is relatively bigger by using the presented model

Analytical model to control off - bottom blowouts utilizing the concept of simultaneous dynamic seal and bullheading

The current methods for off - bottom control of blowouts involve pumping kill fluid into the well through an injection string. These are the dynamic kill and the momentum kill. The dynamic kill, which is based on the steady state system analysis approach, and the momentum kill, that is loosely based on the Newton\u27s Second Law of Motion, have been used extensively in off-bottom control of actual blowouts. A comprehensive study of these two concepts was performed. The review included an analytical analysis of the published design techniques for both of these methods. The application of these techniques to several different field and hypothetical cases were compared. The study drew conclusions about the conceptual validity, applications, advantages, substantial shortcomings, and design problems for each method. In this work, an alternative method for controlling an off - bottom blowout was also developed. The method is based on the dynamic kill and bullheading concepts and is called dynamic seal - bullheading . Conceptually, the method involves two important stages in the control process. First, a dynamic seal is established at the injection string depth. Second, this forces a portion of the kill fluid to flow downward displacing, equivalent to bullheading, the remaining formation fluid in the wellbore back into an open formation. The models for each stage of this method were implemented in a computer program to give a design method for estimating the kill parameters such as kill flow rate, kill fluid density, kill fluid volume, pumping time and effect of control depth. The program also calculates the formation fluid influx, surface pressure, bottomhole pressure, and pressure at critical points in the well as a function of time during the control. The proposed method and the conventional dynamic control method were compared for two different off - bottom blowout scenarios using the new computer program. The first scenario is an actual field case and the second is a hypothetical blowout with input data from a real well configuration and reservoir. In both cases, dynamic seal - bullheading would provide a more reliable and conclusive kill in a minimum period of tim

The Bristol Bay Environment A Background Study of Available Knowledge

The State of AlaskaTABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page I INTRODUCTION ] PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1 GENERAL LOCATION AND 3 SETTING II GEOMORPHOLOGY 7 INTRODUCTION 7 ONSHORE AREAS 15 OFFSHORE AREAS 18 REFERENCES CITED 24 III PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 27 INTRODUCTION 27 CIRCULATION 32 TIDES AND TIDAL CURRENTS 35 SUMMER WATER TYPES 41 SEA ICE AND WINTER 56 CONDITIONS WAVES 59 REFERENCES CITED 62 iii IV CLIMATE 65 INTRODUCTION 65 DATA SOURCES 66 REGIONAL WEATHER PATTERNS 66 TEMPERATURE 75 PRECIPITATION 95 DETAILED WEATHER 108 CONDITIONS SURFACE WINDS 108 ICE CONDITIONS 129 SOLAR RADIATION 134 LENGTH OF DAYLIGHT 135 EFFECT OF WEATHER ON 137 MAN'S ACTIVITIES REFERENCES CITED 149 V GEOLOGY 150 BEDROCK GEOLOGY 150 ONSHORE SURFICIAL 177 GEOLOGY CONTEMPORARY MARINE 189 SEDIMENTS MINERALS 200 iv OIL AND GAS 215 OTHER ENERGY RESOURCES 234 VOLCANISM 243 SEISMICITY 255 COASTAL PROCESSES AND 264 EROSION REFERENCES CITED 268 VI HYDROLOGY 278 INTRODUCTION 278 SURFACE WATER 278 GROUND WATER 295 REFERENCES CITED 300 VII BIOTA OF BRISTOL BAY 301 MARINE BACTERIA 301 PLANKTON 301 MARINE MACROPHYTES 318 BENTHIC AND INTERTIDAL 321 INVERTEBRATES PELAGIC FAUNA 381 TERRESTRIAL BIOTA 504 V ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND 522 MECHANISMS REFERENCES CITED 536 VIII SOCIOECONOMICS 557 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF 557 THE STUDY REGION POPULATION AND EDUCATION 592 LABOR FORCE AND 618 EMPLOYMENT INCOME AND COST OF 637 LIVING HOUSING AND PUBLIC 656 SERVICES INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY 668 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES 700 AND COSTS LAND USE AND LAND STATUS 724 REFERENCES CITED 744 IX POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF 7 51 RESOURCE USE EFFECT,S OF THE ENVIRONMENT 7 51 ON RESOURCE USE EFFECTS OF RESOURCE USE ON 771 THE ENVIRONMENT vi EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM 800 DEVELOPMENT ON OTHER RESOURCE USE EFFECTS OF RESOURCE USE 804 ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTER OF THE AREA DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO 811 REFERENCES CITED 820 X DATA GAPS 827 INTRODUCTION 827 GEOMORPHOLOGY 827 OCEANOGRAPHY 828 CLIMATE 831 GEOLOGY 832 HYDROLOGY 834 BIOLOGY 835 SOCIOECONOMIC 839 REFERENCES CITED 841 XI ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR 843 PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION 843 EXPLORATION 845 DEVELOPMENT 848 CONCLUSIONS 855 REFERENCES CITED 85

The use of Frequency domain Electro-magnetometer for the characterization of permafrost and ice layers.

openSince the industrial revolution human activities caused a record-breaking increase in the Earth’s average temperature due to the extensive use of greenhouse gases. [1] As global temperatures increase; glaciers have undergone a significant retreat in the past few decades.[2] The Ice Memory project aims to preserve ice cores from glaciers worldwide, as a record of Earth's past climate. It involves drilling deep into glaciers, extracting ice cores, and storing them in a dedicated facility in Antarctica. This is to prevent the potential loss of valuable climate archives due to glacier retreat which provides future scientists with valuable information for studying historical climate patterns and understanding the role of human activity in climate change. geophysical investigations are typically required to determine the most suitable drilling positions for ice coring. the most common technique for this purpose is the so-called GPR. (Snow cover of several meters limits the use of ERT and active seismic methods.) While each geophysical technique has certain advantages and limitations, combining them can provide a more detailed picture of changes within rock glaciers. In the present study, electromagnetic prospecting in the frequency domain (FDEM) was performed together with the ground penetration radar (GPR). The former is not a commonly used method for studying glacier environments as FDEM has a lower resolution in the study of glaciers with respect to the GPR. However, as we will see in this study, it is a quick and convenient method to study this type of environment, as it provides a large coverage area in a cost-efficient manner, although with a lower resolution with respect to the GPR. Combining these two techniques provide a more detailed map of the glaciers. comparing the GPR and borehole data with the inverted FDEM datasets (CMD-DUO, GF-Instruments) confirms the effectiveness and applicability of FDEM methodology for investigating glacial bodies in mountainous regions.Since the industrial revolution human activities caused a record-breaking increase in the Earth’s average temperature due to the extensive use of greenhouse gases. [1] As global temperatures increase; glaciers have undergone a significant retreat in the past few decades.[2] The Ice Memory project aims to preserve ice cores from glaciers worldwide, as a record of Earth's past climate. It involves drilling deep into glaciers, extracting ice cores, and storing them in a dedicated facility in Antarctica. This is to prevent the potential loss of valuable climate archives due to glacier retreat which provides future scientists with valuable information for studying historical climate patterns and understanding the role of human activity in climate change. geophysical investigations are typically required to determine the most suitable drilling positions for ice coring. the most common technique for this purpose is the so-called GPR. (Snow cover of several meters limits the use of ERT and active seismic methods.) While each geophysical technique has certain advantages and limitations, combining them can provide a more detailed picture of changes within rock glaciers. In the present study, electromagnetic prospecting in the frequency domain (FDEM) was performed together with the ground penetration radar (GPR). The former is not a commonly used method for studying glacier environments as FDEM has a lower resolution in the study of glaciers with respect to the GPR. However, as we will see in this study, it is a quick and convenient method to study this type of environment, as it provides a large coverage area in a cost-efficient manner, although with a lower resolution with respect to the GPR. Combining these two techniques provide a more detailed map of the glaciers. comparing the GPR and borehole data with the inverted FDEM datasets (CMD-DUO, GF-Instruments) confirms the effectiveness and applicability of FDEM methodology for investigating glacial bodies in mountainous regions

The Norwegian state's relationship to the international oil companies over North Sea oil, 1965-75

The thesis examines the relationship between the Norwegian state and the international oil companies from 1965 when the first oil concessions were granted on the Norwegian Continental Shelf to the beginning of 1975. It singles out three variables which were the objects of bargaining between the state and the companies during this period; oil-rent, volume control and Norwegian share of spinoffs from oil. To study in more detail the division of oil-rent over time we have constructed a cash-flow model which incorporates different participation schemes which were negotiated between the state and the companies and which also takes account of different exploration success rates. This framework of analysis makes use of a historical methodology. It attempts to recreate what the likely division of rent would have been at the time when new concessions were granted to the companies in 1965, 1969, 1973, 1974. It is only based on what the state and the companies expected the costs, revenues and tax conditions to be that it is possible to understand the historical development of Norway's oil policies. We have also carried out a number of sensitivity tests to see how changes in the variables which influence costs and revenues would have affected the division of rent and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the companies. The most important of these factors was the shape of the production profile. To understand the development of the three chosen bargaining variables over time, and in particular the constantly increasing role of the Norwegian state with respect to all three variables, we have relied on three explanatory factors. First exogenous changes in the expected Present Value from the oilfields in the North Sea; secondly the situation in the international oil industry; and thirdly the special characteristics of the Norwegian state. While development of the first two factors opened up the way for a strengthening of the role of the Norwegian state in the industry and made them easier to achieve, the particular form and manner in which these changes were grasped by Norwegian policy-makers can only be understood with reference to the historical and political peculiarities of the Norwegian state, in particular the weakness of the national Norwegian capitalist class. Norwegian oil policies also operated within a set of ultimate policy constraints. This meant that the Norwegian policies tried to increase the state's share of the total rent by a process of participation and by the creation of a state oil corporation, Statoil, which did not imply any fundamental confrontation with the private companies and which left the IRR of these virtually intact. There are thus no 'unicausal' explanations of the increase in the role of the Norwegian state in the oil industry. Any satisfactory explanation must rely on an interdisciplinary perspective. No purely economic, sociological or political approach to state intervention in a modern society is possible

List of Bureau of Mines publications and articles, January 1, 1960, to December 31, 1964 with subject and author index

The Bureau of Mines was establis4ed in the public interest to conduct inquiries and scientific and technologic investigations concerning mining and the preparation, treatment, and utilization of mineral substances; to promote health and safety in the mineral industries; to conserve mineral resources and prevent their waste; to further economic development; to increase efficiency in the mining, metallurgical, quarrying, and other mineral industries; and to inquire into the economic conditions affecting these industries. The organic act of the Bureau, as amended by Congress and approved February 25, 1913, made it the province and duty of the Bureau to "disseminate information concerning these subjects 'in such manner as will best carry out the purposes of this Act.\ue2\u20ac?In accordance with that directive, the Bureau reports the findings of its research and investigations in its own series of publications and also in articles that appear in scientific, technical, and trade journals; in proceedings of conventions and seminars; in reference books; and in other non-Bureau sources. The number of these reports, the wide range of subjects they cover, and the variety of mediums in which they appear make the kind of list and index presented in this special publication both necessary and valuable. This issue describes Bureau reports and articles published during the period January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1964. It supplements the 50-year list of Bureau publications issued from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 1960, and the 50-year list of articles by Bureau authors published outside the Bureau from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 1960. It supersedes the annual lists of Bureau publications and articles from January 1 to December 31, 1960, from January 1 to December 31, 1961, from January 1 to December 31, 1962, and from January 1 to December 31, 1963.7The leading general and technical libraries of the United States maintain files of the Bureau's publications. A list of these libraries appears immediately following this introduction

The architecture and fluid flow properties of shallow fault systems : implications for environmental monitoring of subsurface technologies

Action and solutions to combat the challenges of changing climate is needed. To meet global climate targets, there is an anticipation that there must be a scaling up of existing and emerging subsurface technologies (e.g. geological carbon dioxide (CO2) storage, energy storage (e.g., hydrogen) and geothermal energy). Many of these emerging technologies involve some element of subsurface fluid injection, storage, and withdrawal. Therefore key to secure and safe operation is robust site selection criteria, appropriate measuring, monitoring, and verification (MMV) systems and remediation procedures. Understanding the architecture of shallow fault zones (<1 km depth in the Earth’s crust) and implications for subsurface fluid flow is important to inform these criteria, systems and approaches. Yet, shallow fault zones are less well studied and modelled compared with deeper faulting (i.e. reservoir depths). To enhance current understanding of shallow fault systems, this thesis presents a comprehensive study of two field sites which have injected CO2 into shallow fault zones: the In-Situ Lab (Harvey, Western Australia) and the Otway International Test Centre (Otway, Victoria). Data collected at the field sites are examined, rock core is observed at different scales and sampled, and fieldwork is undertaken to understand the regional structural setting. By synthesising these data, research findings show that shallow fault zones often do not exhibit “classic” fault architectures, which are based on deformation in the brittle regime, and instead the dominant deformation style in shallower fault zones is particulate flow, which is only observed through using methods of study across a range of scales. The resulting variability in deformation styles influences the hydraulic properties of the rock. Furthermore, fault rock and surrounding host rock can often be weak in shallow fault zones meaning the methods used for analysis need to be suitable for use on lower strength sedimentary rocks. Shallow fault zones present new challenges in effectively designing suitable geological modelling approaches due to increased uncertainties in shallow stress magnitudes and the characteristics of shallow fault architecture – meaning it is not reasonable to use standard fault or stress analysis tools. Separately, a global study of natural hydrogen seepage sites is presented which provides insights into variations in surface seepage expression and controls on the production, consumption and transformation of hydrogen in the subsurface, with implications for environmental monitoring.Action and solutions to combat the challenges of changing climate is needed. To meet global climate targets, there is an anticipation that there must be a scaling up of existing and emerging subsurface technologies (e.g. geological carbon dioxide (CO2) storage, energy storage (e.g., hydrogen) and geothermal energy). Many of these emerging technologies involve some element of subsurface fluid injection, storage, and withdrawal. Therefore key to secure and safe operation is robust site selection criteria, appropriate measuring, monitoring, and verification (MMV) systems and remediation procedures. Understanding the architecture of shallow fault zones (<1 km depth in the Earth’s crust) and implications for subsurface fluid flow is important to inform these criteria, systems and approaches. Yet, shallow fault zones are less well studied and modelled compared with deeper faulting (i.e. reservoir depths). To enhance current understanding of shallow fault systems, this thesis presents a comprehensive study of two field sites which have injected CO2 into shallow fault zones: the In-Situ Lab (Harvey, Western Australia) and the Otway International Test Centre (Otway, Victoria). Data collected at the field sites are examined, rock core is observed at different scales and sampled, and fieldwork is undertaken to understand the regional structural setting. By synthesising these data, research findings show that shallow fault zones often do not exhibit “classic” fault architectures, which are based on deformation in the brittle regime, and instead the dominant deformation style in shallower fault zones is particulate flow, which is only observed through using methods of study across a range of scales. The resulting variability in deformation styles influences the hydraulic properties of the rock. Furthermore, fault rock and surrounding host rock can often be weak in shallow fault zones meaning the methods used for analysis need to be suitable for use on lower strength sedimentary rocks. Shallow fault zones present new challenges in effectively designing suitable geological modelling approaches due to increased uncertainties in shallow stress magnitudes and the characteristics of shallow fault architecture – meaning it is not reasonable to use standard fault or stress analysis tools. Separately, a global study of natural hydrogen seepage sites is presented which provides insights into variations in surface seepage expression and controls on the production, consumption and transformation of hydrogen in the subsurface, with implications for environmental monitoring

The 20th Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments and Water

Conference at a Glance Monday, October 18, 2004 Workshops (Workshop #1: 9:00 am-5:00 pm, Workshops #2-3: 10:00 am-5:00 pm, Workshops #4-5: 1:00-5:00 pm, Workshop #6: 2:00-5:00 pm) Workshop #1: Modeling Vapor Attenuation Workshop: A Study of Vapor Intrusion Modeling in the Context of EPA’s Guidance Workshop # 2: Theory and Use of Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence for Soil Analysis Workshop #3: In-Situ Chemical Oxidation Workshop Workshop #4: The Triad Approach to Managing Decision Uncertainty for Better Cleanup Projects Workshops #5: The Role of Anaerobic Biodegradation Process in Passive and Enhanced Monitored Natural Attenuation Programs Workshop #6: Environmental Fate of Hydrocarbons in Soils and Groundwater Tuesday, October 19, 2004 Platform Presentations 8:30am – Noon Session 1: Environmental Biotechnology Session 2: Heavy Metals at Training Ranges Session 3: Site Assessment Session 4: Bioremediation of Acid Mine Drainage and Removal of Metals 1:30 – 5:30pm Session 1: Environmental Terrorism Session 2: Remediation I Session 3: Phytoremediation Session 4: Heavy Metals Poster Session 4:00 – 6:00pm Social 4:30 – 6:00pm. Exhibit Area, First Floor Campus Center Workshops (Evening, 7:00 – 10:00pm) Workshop #1: Modeling Vapor Attenuation Workshop: A Study of Vapor Intrusion Modeling in the Context of EPA’s Guidance (Continued) Workshop #7: Asbestos and the MCP Workshop #8: Policy Issues in Inter-Agency Coordination Workshop #9: In-Situ Thermal Remediation Wednesday, October 20, 2004 Platform Presentations 8:30am – Noon Session 1: In-Situ Chemical Oxidation Session 2: Oxygenates Session 3: Bioindicators/Biomarkers of Environmental Health: Concepts and Application Session 4: Pay-for-Performance Remediation Technologies - Methods & Case Studies of Science & Economics 1:30 – 5:30pm Session 1: Risk Assessment and Remedial Approaches Towards Restoration and Management of Contaminated Rivers Session 2: Arsenic Session 3a: Analysis Session 3b: Pesticides Session 3c: Indoor Air Session 4: Bioremediation Poster Session 4:00 – 6:00pm Social 4:30 – 6:00pm. Exhibit Area, First Floor Campus Center Workshops (Evening, 7:00 – 10:00pm) Workshop #10: An Introduction to the Use and Application of Gene Chips in Environmental Toxicology and Implications for Their Use as Biomarkers in Contaminated Sites Evaluations Workshop #11: Latest Developments in Managing Perchlorate in Soils and Groundwater Workshop #12: Vapor Intrusion into Indoor Air Workshop: MADEP Requirements, Background Levels, Case Studies and More Workshop #13: Exploring Innovative and Cost-Effective Solutions to Contaminated Sediments to Achieve Ecological Restoration of the Lower Neponset River Workshop #14: Environmental Forensics Workshop Thursday, October 21, 2004 Platform Presentations 8:30am – Noon Session 1: Environmental Forensics Session 2a: Legal Issues Session 2b: Modeling Session 3: Perchlorate Session 4: Risk Assessment and Bioavailability 1:30 – 5:30pm Session 1: Remediation II Session 2: Sediments Session 3: Regulator