Measurements, Models, Systems and Design

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Digital Rights Management and Consumer Acceptability: A Multi-Disciplinary Discussion of Consumer Concerns and Expectations

The INDICARE project – the Informed Dialogue about Consumer Acceptability of DRM Solutions in Europe – has been set up to raise awareness about consumer and user issues of Digital Rights Management (DRM) solutions. One of the main goals of the INDICARE project is to contribute to the consensus-building among multiple players with heterogeneous interests in the digital environment. To promote this process and to contribute to the creation of a common level of understanding is the aim of the present report. It provides an overview of consumer concerns and expectations regarding DRMs, and discusses the findings from a social, legal, technical and business perspective. A general overview of the existing EC initiatives shows that questions of consumer acceptability of DRM have only recently begun to draw wider attention. A review of the relevant statements, studies and reports confirms that awareness of consumer concerns is still at a low level. Five major categories of concerns have been distinguished so far: (1) fair conditions of use and access to digital content, (2) privacy, (3) interoperability, (4) transparency and (5) various aspects of consumer friendliness. From the legal point of view, many of the identified issues go beyond the scope of copyright law, i.e. the field of law where DRM was traditionally discussed. Often they are a matter of general or sector-specific consumer protection law. Furthermore, it is still unclear to what extent technology and an appropriate design of technical solutions can provide an answer to some of the concerns of consumers. One goal of the technical chapter was exactly to highlight some of these technical possibilities. Finally, it is shown that consumer acceptability of DRM is important for the economic success of different business models based on DRM. Fair and responsive DRM design can be a profitable strategy, however DRM-free alternatives do exist too.Digital Rights Management; consumers; Intellectual property; business models

European White Book on Real-Time Power Hardware in the Loop Testing : DERlab Report No. R- 005.0

The European White Book on Real-Time-Powerhardware-in-the-Loop testing is intended to serve as a reference document on the future of testing of electrical power equipment, with specifi c focus on the emerging hardware-in-the-loop activities and application thereof within testing facilities and procedures. It will provide an outlook of how this powerful tool can be utilised to support the development, testing and validation of specifi cally DER equipment. It aims to report on international experience gained thus far and provides case studies on developments and specifi c technical issues, such as the hardware/software interface. This white book compliments the already existing series of DERlab European white books, covering topics such as grid-inverters and grid-connected storag

Music 2025 : The Music Data Dilemma: issues facing the music industry in improving data management

© Crown Copyright 2019Music 2025ʼ investigates the infrastructure issues around the management of digital data in an increasingly stream driven industry. The findings are the culmination of over 50 interviews with high profile music industry representatives across the sector and reflects key issues as well as areas of consensus and contrasting views. The findings reveal whilst there are great examples of data initiatives across the value chain, there are opportunities to improve efficiency and interoperability

초고성능 콘크리트의 다기능 복합 응용을 위한 탄소나노튜브의 적용 및 영향 분석

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 건축학과, 2020. 8. 홍성걸.This study aimed to develop multi-functional ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) with excellent mechanical strength, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), and damage sensing capabilities for applying structural health monitoring (SHM), in on-site production. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), selected as a key material to achieve the purpose of this study, were mixed with UHPC and investigated with regard to dispersion methods, mechanical properties, EMI SE, damage sensing, electrical curing (EC) and structural modifications with respect to CNT incorporation. Ozone treatment was applied to CNTs as a dispersion method and its impact on dispersion of CNTs and hydration reaction of UHPC were investigated. The results reveals that oxygenic and carboxylic groups, formulated by ozone treatment, functionalized the surface of the CNTs and enveloped the cementitious grains, which increasing the degree of dispersion of CNTs and interfacial interaction between CNTs and UHPC particles. Ozone treatment provided multiple nucleation sites and double steric repulsion, accelerating hydration at early ages and improving compressive strength at later ages. Thus, the proposed ozone treatment can be an effective way to disperse CNTs in UHPC. Dispersed CNT suspensions were fabricated using sonication and subsequent shear mixing with superplasticizer, a proposed method for dispersing high content of CNTs in UHPC. Then, the CNT suspensions were incorporated into UHPC to form UHPC/CNT composites and their mechanical properties were investigated with respect to the CNT content. The proposed dispersion method effectively dispersed CNTs within both an aqueous solution and UHPC composite up to the critical incorporation concentration (CIC). In addition, it was found that CNT content below the CIC improve the mechanical properties of UHPC through pore filling, bridging, and calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) stiffening, whereas CNT content above CIC weakens the properties due to agglomeration of CNTs, suppression of hydration, and increase in air-voids. A dispersed CNTs remarkably improved the electrical conductivity and resulting SE of UHPC up to the percolation threshold. Two testing methods for EMI SE (ASTM D4935-18 and IEEE-STD-299) verified the result and suggested that ASTM D4935-18 can only be used to evaluate a rough trend of SE, and IEEE-STD-299 using the samples with sufficient incident area size at least 1200 × 1200 mm2 should be considered to accurately evaluate the EMI SE at actual structure level. In addition, a practical model to effectively estimate the SE of UHPC was proposed based on statistical analysis of the experimental results. The addition of CNTs significantly decreased electrical resistivity of the UHPC, enabling EC at low voltages in the range of 19–23 V; improved mechanical properties via bridging, pore filling, and C-S-H stiffening effects; and influenced the deflection hardening behavior under flexural stress. Furthermore, the UHPC/CNT under compressive or flexural stress exhibited significant crack sensing capabilities due to the obtained low resistivity. A dramatic fractional change in resistivity (FCR) value of the UHPC/CNT composites can represent the failure under compression or first cracking under flexure. Therefore, it was verified that the UHPC/CNT can extend the applications of UHPC especially for on-site casting and structural crack sensors for UHPCbased structures. Finally, the dispersed CNTs slightly interfered the hydration of the UHPC, but they significantly modified the structure of C-(A)-S-H to be denser, stiffer, and more complex than that of UHPC without CNTs which have been evidenced by observed partial cross-linking in the C-(A)-S-H, reduced d-spacing and the higher fractal dimensions of solid system. Such behaviors were much more significant when EC was applied because the electrical field formed by EC activated ionic polarization and accelerated the chemical reaction among ions in the UHPC matrix, which led to a higher degree of hydration. In conclusion, incorporating appropriate amount of CNTs into UHPC using the proposed dispersion methods can overcome the limitation of UHPC and produce multi-functional UHPC with EMI SE and crack sensing capabilities on-site using EC.이 논문은 뛰어난 기계적 특성 (Mechanical porperties)을 보유했을 뿐만 아니라 전자파 간섭 (Electromagnetic interference, EMI)에 대한 차폐 효과 (Shielding effectiveness, SE), 구조 헬스 모니터링 (Structural health monitoring, SHM) 적용을 위한 균열 자기 감지 (Crack self-sensing) 등 다양한 기능 발휘로 복합 응용이 가능한 초고성능 콘크리트 (Ultra-high performance concrete, UHPC)를 개발하고 현장 시공이 가능토록 하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 탄소나노튜브 (Carbon Nanotubes, CNTs)를 핵심 재료로 선정하여 UHPC에 혼입하고 분산 방법 (dispersion methods), 기계적 특성, 전자파 차폐, 균열 자기 감지, 전기 경화 (Electrical curing, EC), 그리고 미세구조 변형 (Microstructural modifications) 관점에서 논의 하였다. CNT를 UHPC에 효과적으로 분산시키기 위한 방법 중 하나로 오존 처리 (Ozone treatment)를 적용하고 이에 따른 UHPC의 수화 반응 (Hydration reaction)을 조사하였다. 오존 처리는 산소 및 카르복실기 (Oxygenic and Carboxylic chemical group)를 CNT 표면과 UHPC 입자 주위에 형성하여 효과적으로 CNT를 분산시키고 UHPC의 계면활성작용 (Interfacial interaction)을 개선하였다. 오존 처리는 UHPC 수화 반응에 큰 영향을 미치지는 않았지만 CNT의 효과적인 분산을 통해 다중 핵 형성 반응을 (Multiple nucleation)을 촉진하여 UHPC의 초기 수화 반응을 가속화 할 뿐만 아니라 필러 효과 (Filler effect)로 인해 더욱 더 향상된 압축 강도를 발현하는데 기여하였다. 대용량의 CNT를 UHPC에 균일하게 분산시키기 위하여 초음파 처리 (Sonication) 및 초고성능 감수제 (Super plasticizer)를 활용한 전단 혼합 (Shear mixing) 방법을 제안하였다. 그리고 제안된 분산 방법을 통해 제조된 CNT 분산액을 UHPC와 혼합하고 CNT 혼입 중량에 따른 기계적 특성을 조사하였다. 제안된 분산 방법은 혼입 임계점 (Critical incorporation concentration, CIC) 미만에서 CNT를 효과적으로 분산시킬 수 있었으며 공극 충전 (Pore filling), 가교 효과 (Bridging effect), C-S-H (Calcium-silicatehydrates) 치밀화 (Densification) 등을 통해 압축강도 (Compressive strength) 및 탄성계수 (Elastic modulus)를 향상시켰다. 하지만, 혼입 임계점 이상의 CNT가 혼입된 경우에는 분산된 CNT가 일부 응집 되어 (Agglomeration) UHPC의 수화반응을 방해하고 공극 또는 균열로 작용하여 기계적 특성을 약화시켰다. 분산된 CNT는 침투 임계점 (Percolation threshold) 범위 내에서 UHPC의 전기전도도 (Electrical conductivity) 및 전자파 차폐 효과를 극대화 시켰다. 전자파 차폐 효과를 측정하는 두 가지 표준 시험 (ASTM D4935-18, IEEE-STD-299)을 적용한 결과 ASTM D4935-18은 재료 수준에서 차폐 효과의 대략적인 추세를 평가하는데 사용될 수 있으나 실제 구조 수준에서 정확하게 차폐 효과를 측정하기 위해서는 최소 1200 × 1200 mm2 이상의 충분한 입사면적 (Incident area)을 가지는 실험체로 IEEE-STD-299에 의거 실험해야 함이 입증되었다. UHPC내에 균일하게 분산된 CNT는 UHPC의 전기저항률을 현저히 낮추어 약 19–23 V 범위의 저전압 하에서도 증기 양생과 동등 이상의 효과를 발현하는 전기 경화를 가능하게 하였으며 그 결과 압축강도, 탄성계수, 휨 변형 경화 (Deflection hardening) 등의 기계적 특성이 눈에 띄게 향상되었다. 또한, UHPC/CNT 복합재료는 낮은 전기저항률로 인해 압축 및 휨 응력 하에서 탁월한 균열 자기 감지 능력을 발현하여 구조체의 균열 및 안정성 여부를 판단할 수 근거를 제시하였다. 미세구조 분석 결과, CNT는 UHPC의 중장기 수화 반응을 다소 억제하였지만 C-(A)-S-H의 중간층 (Interlayer) 간격을 줄이고 일부를 연결함으로써 UHPC의 미세구조를 더욱 치밀하게 하고 강성을 강화할 뿐만 아니라 복잡하게 하였다. 이러한 현상은 전기 경화를 적용했을 때 더욱 심화되었는데 이는 전기 경화에 의해 UHPC 매트릭스 내에 형성된 전기장으로 인해 이온 분극 및 화학반응이 가속화되어 수화도가 향상되었기 때문이다. 결론적으로 이 연구에서 제안한 분산 방법을 적용하여 목적에 맞게 적절한 양의 CNT를 UHPC에 혼입하면 UHPC의 한계점을 극복하고 뛰어난 기계적 특성을 발현하는 가운데 전기 경화를 통해 현장 타설이 가능하며 전자파 차폐, 균열 자기 감지 등 다기능 복합 응용이 가능한 UHPC 개발이 가능하다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 The latest issues in concrete technology 1 1.1.2 Ultra High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) 2 1.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 4 1.1.4 Compatibility between UHPC and CNTs 6 1.2 Objectives and structure of thesis 9 Chapter 2. Preliminary Study 11 2.1 Literature review 11 2.1.1 Methods to disperse CNTs 11 2.1.2 Cementitious materials incorporated with CNTs for applying EMI shielding 13 2.1.3 Cementitious materials embedded with CNTs for applying SHM techniques 16 2.1.4 Electrical curing (EC) of cementitious materials 18 2.2 Materials used in this study 19 2.3 Basics of microstructural analysis used in this study 21 2.3.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 21 2.3.2 Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis 23 2.3.3 Solid-state 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 24 2.3.4 Isothermal calorimetry 25 2.3.5 Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) 27 2.3.6 Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) 29 Chapter 3. Ozone Treatment for the Dispersion of CNTs and Hydration Acceleration of UHPC 32 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Experimental Details 33 3.2.1 Properties of CNTs 33 3.2.2 Mixture proportions and sample preparation 35 3.2.3 Test methods 38 3.3 Results and Discussion 41 3.3.1 Effect of ozone treatment on dispersion of CNTs 41 3.3.2 Effect of ozone treatment on hydration of UHPC composite 52 3.4 Conclusions 62 Chapter 4. Effect of CNTs on Mechanical Properties of UHPC 64 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Experimental Details 65 4.2.1 Properties of CNTs 65 4.2.2 Mixture proportions and sample preparation 65 4.2.3 Test methods 69 4.3 Results and Discussion 70 4.3.1 Degree of dispersion of CNTs 70 4.3.2 Effect of CNTs on Mechanical properties of UHPC 76 4.4 Conclusions 80 Chapter 5. Role of CNTs in the Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of UHPC 83 5.1 Introduction 84 5.2 Experimental Details 84 5.2.1 Mixture proportions and sample preparation 84 5.2.2 Test methods 87 5.3 Results and Discussion 93 5.3.1 Electrical resistivity and conductivity 93 5.3.2 Basics of EMC theory 96 5.3.3 EMI SE results based on two different SE testing method 102 5.3.4 Effects of incident area size on EMI SE 105 5.3.5 Modelling to practically estimate SE of UHPC 115 5.4 Conclusions 126 Chapter 6. Electrically Cured UHPC with CNTs for Field Casting and Crack Self-sensing 128 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Experimental Details 129 6.2.1 Properties of CNTs 129 6.2.2 Mixture proportions and sample preparation 132 6.2.3 Test methods 134 6.3 Results and Discussion 137 6.3.1 Flowability 137 6.3.2 Change in temperature and electrical resistivity during curing 137 6.3.3 Morphology of the CNTs in the UHPC 145 6.3.4 Poromechanical properties 147 6.3.5 Compressive strength, elastic modulus, and FCR 149 6.3.6 Flexural strength and FCR 156 6.4 Conclusions 161 Chapter 7. Micro- and Meso-Structural Changes of UHPC by CNTs 164 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Experimental Details 165 7.2.1 Mixture proportions and sample preparation 165 7.2.2 Test methods 166 7.3 Results 167 7.3.1 X-ray diffraction 167 7.3.2 Thermogravimetric anlaysis 170 7.3.3 29Si NMR spectroscopy 172 7.3.4 Small angle X-ray scattering 179 7.4 Discussion 190 7.5 Conclusions 193 Chapter 8. Conclusions 195 Reference 201 Appendix 218 초 록 224Docto

Fuel quality/processing study. Volume 2: Appendix. Task 1 literature survey

The results of a literature survey of fuel processing and fuel quality are given. Liquid synfuels produced from coal and oil shale are discussed. Gas turbine fuel property specifications are discussed. On-site fuel pretreatment and emissions from stationary gas turbines are discussed. Numerous data tables and abstracts are given

Indexing \u27Entrustment\u27: An Analysis of the Japanese Formulaic Construction [N da yo N]

Japanese conversations are known to contain a large amount of unexpressed information. When a speaker speaks with elliptical information, he or she assumes that the addressee will understand what is not overtly expressed based on the knowledge that is supposed to be shared textually, personally or culturally. The addressee, on the other hand, must determine what is not being expressed overtly using such shared knowledge. At the heart of this kind of communication is the existence of trust assumed among the interlocutors. Using the term \u27entrustment\u27, we will examine how one particular Japanese formulaic construction, [Noun (da) yo Noun ], \u27It\u27s Noun, you know, Noun\u27, indexes mutual trust to manage conversational interaction. We will argue that this meta-pragmatic awareness needs to be recognized beyond surface interactional patterns identified in conversation

Decision-analytic frameworks for multi-hazard mitigation and adaptation

Developing effective decision-support for multiple hazards needs to build on a foundation of existing research into best practices for the management of single hazards analysis. This comes from the hazards literature, recent and ongoing EU research projects, and from the climate vulnerability literature, in which the theoretical focus on multiple drivers of vulnerability is already well established. The first part of this task will rely on a desk study of established management practices and decision-analytic methods. The latter include several standard methods for conducting sound formal decision-analysis, including cost-benefit analysis, risk- benefit analysis, and multi-criteria analysis. Each of these has its strengths, weaknesses, and set to best practices in particular contexts. The second part of this task will identify these in the case of multiple hazards, and appraise how they may differ in their application and appropriateness from the single-hazard case. It will rely on an application of these modeling methods to the simulated city case study