QoS Control in Remote Robot Operation with Force Feedback

Recently, many researchers focus on studies of remote robot operation with force feedback. By using force feedback, since users can touch remote objects and feel the shape, weight, and softness of each object, the efficiency and accuracy of operation can be largely improved. However, when the haptic information such as force and/or position information is transmitted over a QoS (Quality of Service) non-guaranteed network like the Internet, QoE (Quality of Experience) and stability may seriously deteriorate. Therefore, it is important to carry out QoS control and stabilization control together to solve the problems. In this chapter, we mainly focus on QoS control. We also introduce our remote robot system with force feedback which we constructed to study QoS control and stabilization control by experiment. In the system, a user operates a remote industrial robot with a force sensor by using a local haptic interface device while monitoring the robot operation by a video camera. We handle two types of operation; operation with a single remote robot system and that between two remote robot systems. We explain several types of QoS control which we have proposed so far for remote robot operation with force feedback. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions of QoS control in remote robot operation with force feedback

Inter-destination Multimedia Synchronization: A Contemporary Survey

The advent of social networking applications, media streaming technologies, and synchronous communications has created an evolution towards dynamic shared media experiences. In this new model, geographically distributed groups of users can be immersed in a common virtual networked environment in which they can interact and collaborate in real- time within the context of simultaneous media content consumption. In this environment, intra-stream and inter-stream synchronization techniques are used inside the consumers’ playout devices, while synchronization of media streams across multiple separated locations is required. This synchronization is nown as multipoint, group or Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization (IDMS) and is needed in many applications such as social TV and synchronous e-learning. This survey paper discusses intraand inter-stream synchronization issues, but it mainly focuses on the most well-known IDMS techniques that can be used in emerging distributed multimedia applications. In addition, it provides some research directions for future work

Implementation and Evaluation of an M/S Scheme for Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization (IDMS)

[EN] Nowadays, the media consumption model is changing from passive isolated activities towards dynamic group shared experiences. People separated in space can already interact and collaborate within the context of simultaneous media content delivery (e.g. they can launch a real time conversation during a shared video watching). However, to stimulate the acceptance and usability of those socially aware interactive media services, synchronous communications (i.e. consistent playout states) across separated locations must be guaranteed. Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization (IDMS) has become a key research topic to enable geographically dispersed consumers to experience a satisfying feeling of togetherness. Several (distributed and centralized) approaches to perform IDMS have been adopted by the research community up to date. In this paper, a Master/Slave (M/S) Control Scheme for IDMS is implemented and tested, thus analyzing its strengths and weaknesses for distributed networked environments. Simulation results prove the effectiveness and suitability of the proposed M/S Scheme in those scenarios in which scalability, consistency, interactivity and low control traffic overhead features must be provided.This work has been financed, partially, by Universitat Politècnica de Valencia (UPV), under its R&D Support Program in PAID-05-11-002-331 Project and in PAID-01-10.Montagud, M.; Boronat Segui, F. (2011). Implementation and Evaluation of an M/S Scheme for Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization (IDMS). Network Protocols and Algorithms. 3(3):80-98. https://doi.org/10.5296/npa.v3i3.1089S80983

Design, Development and Assessment of Control Schemes for IDMS in a Standardized RTCP-based Solution

[EN] Currently, several media sharing applications that allow social interactions between distributed users are gaining momentum. In these networked scenarios, synchronized playout between the involved participants must be provided to enable truly interactive and coherent shared media experiences. This research topic is known as Inter-Destination Media Synchronization (IDMS). This paper presents the design and development of an advanced IDMS solution, which is based on extending the capabilities of RTP/RTCP standard protocols. Particularly, novel RTCP extensions, in combination with several control algorithms and adjustment techniques, have been specified to enable an adaptive, highly accurate and standard compliant IDMS solution. Moreover, as different control or architectural schemes for IDMS exist, and each one is best suited for specific use cases, the IDMS solution has been extended to be able to adopt each one of them. Simulation results prove the satisfactory responsiveness of our IDMS solution in a small scale scenario, as well as its consistent behavior, when using each one of the deployed architectural schemes.This work has been financed, partially, by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), under its R&D Support Program in PAID-01-10. TNO's work has been partially funded by European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement No. ICT-2011-8-318343 (STEER Project). CWI's work has been partially funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement No. ICT-2011-7-287723 (REVERIE Project).Montagud Aguar, M.; Boronat Segui, F.; Stokking, H.; Cesar, P. (2014). Design, Development and Assessment of Control Schemes for IDMS in a Standardized RTCP-based Solution. Computer Networks. 70:240-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.06.004S2402597

IDMS solution for hybrid broadcast broadband delivery within the context of HbbTV standard

"© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permissíon from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertisíng or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works."[EN] Inter-destination media synchronization (IDMS) is a key requirement to enable successful networked shared media experiences between remote users. This paper presents an adaptive, accurate and standard-compliant IDMS solution for hybrid broadcast and broadband delivery. Apart from providing multi- and cross-technology support, the presented IDMS solution is able to accomplish synchronization when different formats/versions of the same, or even related, contents are being played out in a shared session. It is also able to independently manage the playout processes of different groups of users. The IDMS solution has been integrated within an end-to-end platform, which is compatible with the hybrid broadcast broadband TV standard. It has been applied to digital video broadcasting-terrestrial technology and tested for a Social TV scenario, by also including an ad-hoc chat tool as an interaction channel. The results of the conducted (objective and subjective) evaluations prove the statisfactory behavior and performance of the IDMS solution and platform as well as in terms of the perceived quality of experience.This work was supported by Generalitat Valenciana, Investigacion competitiva proyectos, through the Research and Development Program "Grants for research groups to be consolidated, AICO/2017," under Grant AICO/2017/059.Marfil-Reguero, D.; Boronat, F.; Montagud, M.; Sapena Piera, A. (2019). IDMS solution for hybrid broadcast broadband delivery within the context of HbbTV standard. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting. 65(4):645-663. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBC.2018.2878285S64566365

Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization; Schemes, Use Cases and Standardization

Traditionally, the media consumption model has been a passive and isolated activity. However, the advent of media streaming technologies, interactive social applications, and synchronous communications, as well as the convergence between these three developments, point to an evolution towards dynamic shared media experiences. In this new model, geographically distributed groups of consumers, independently of their location and the nature of their end-devices, can be immersed in a common virtual networked environment in which they can share multimedia services, interact and collaborate in real-time within the context of simultaneous media content consumption. In most of these multimedia services and applications, apart from the well-known intra and inter-stream synchronization techniques that are important inside the consumers playout devices, also the synchronization of the playout processes between several distributed receivers, known as multipoint, group or Inter-destination multimedia synchronization (IDMS), becomes essential. Due to the increasing popularity of social networking, this type of multimedia synchronization has gained in popularity in recent years. Although Social TV is perhaps the most prominent use case in which IDMS is useful, in this paper we present up to 19 use cases for IDMS, each one having its own synchronization requirements. Different approaches used in the (recent) past by researchers to achieve IDMS are described and compared. As further proof of the significance of IDMS nowadays, relevant organizations (such as ETSI TISPAN and IETF AVTCORE Group) efforts on IDMS standardization (in which authors have been and are participating actively), defining architectures and protocols, are summarized.This work has been financed, partially, by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), under its R&D Support Program in PAID-05-11-002-331 Project and in PAID-01-10, and by TNO, under its Future Internet Use Research & Innovation Program. The authors also want to thank Kevin Gross for providing some of the use cases included in Sect. 1.2.Montagud, M.; Boronat Segui, F.; Stokking, H.; Van Brandenburg, R. (2012). Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization; Schemes, Use Cases and Standardization. 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Enhanced adaptive RTCP-based inter-destination multimedia synchronization approach for distributed applications

[EN] Newer social multimedia applications, such as Social TV or networked multi-player games, enable independent groups (or clusters) of users to interact among themselves and share services within the context of simultaneous media content consumption. In such scenarios, concurrently synchronized playout points must be ensured so as not to degrade the user experience on such interaction. We refer to this process as Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization (IDMS). This paper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of an evolved version of an RTCP-based IDMS approach, including an Adaptive Media Playout (AMP) scheme that aims to dynamically and smoothly adjust the playout timing of each one of the geographically distributed consumers in a specific cluster if an allowable asynchrony threshold between their playout states is exceeded. For that purpose, we previously had also to develop a full implementation of RTP/RTCP protocols for NS-2, in which we included the IDMS approach as an optional functionality. Simulation results prove the feasibility of such IDMS and AMP proposals, by adopting several dynamic master reference selection policies, to maintain an overall synchronization status (within allowable limits) in each cluster of participants, while minimizing the occurrence of long-term playout discontinuities (such as skips/pauses) which are subjectively more annoying and less tolerable to users than small variations in the media playout rate.This work has been financed, partially, by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), under its R&D Support Program in PAID-05-11-002-331 Project and in PAID-01-10. Authors also would like to thank the anonymous reviewers that helped to significantly improve the quality of the paper with their constructive comments.Montagud, M.; Boronat, F. (2012). Enhanced adaptive RTCP-based inter-destination multimedia synchronization approach for distributed applications. Computer Networks. 56(12):2912-2933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2012.05.00329122933561

Aplicando Crowdsourcing na Sincronização de Vídeos Gerados por Usuários

Crowdsourcing é uma estratégia para resolução de problemas baseada na coleta de resultados parciais a partir das contribuições de indivíduos, agregando-as em um resultado unificado. Com base nesta estratégia, esta tese mostra como a crowd é capaz de sincronizar um conjunto de vídeos produzidos por usuários quaisquer, correlacionados a um mesmo evento social. Cada usuário filma o evento com seu ponto de vista e de acordo com suas limitações (ângulo do evento, oclusões na filmagem, qualidade da câmera utilizada, etc.). Nesse cenário, não é possível garantir que todos os conteúdos gerados possuam características homogêneas (instante de início e duração de captura, resolução, qualidade, etc.), dificultando o uso de um processo puramente automático de sincronização. Além disso, os vídeos gerados por usuário são disponibilizados de forma distribuída entre diversos servidores de conteúdo independentes. A hipótese desta tese é que a capacidade de adaptação da inteligência humana pode ser usada para processar um grupo de vídeos produzidos de forma descoordenada e distribuída, e relacionados a um mesmo evento social, gerando a sua sincronização. Para comprovar esta hipótese, as seguintes etapas foram executadas: (i) o desenvolvimento de um método de sincronização para múltiplos vídeos provenientes de fontes independentes; (ii) a execução de um mapeamento sistemático acerca do uso de crowdsourcing para processamento de vídeos; (iii) o desenvolvimento de técnicas para o uso da crowd na sincronização de vídeos; (iv) o desenvolvimento de um modelo funcional para desenvolvimento de aplicações de sincronização utilizando crowdsourcing, que pode ser estendido para aplicações de vídeos em geral; e (v) a realização de experimentos que permitem mostrar a capacidade da crowd para realizar a sincronização. Os resultados encontrados após estas etapas mostram que a crowd é capaz de participar do processo de sincronização e que diversos fatores podem influenciar na precisão dos resultados obtidos

MediaSync: Handbook on Multimedia Synchronization

This book provides an approachable overview of the most recent advances in the fascinating field of media synchronization (mediasync), gathering contributions from the most representative and influential experts. Understanding the challenges of this field in the current multi-sensory, multi-device, and multi-protocol world is not an easy task. The book revisits the foundations of mediasync, including theoretical frameworks and models, highlights ongoing research efforts, like hybrid broadband broadcast (HBB) delivery and users' perception modeling (i.e., Quality of Experience or QoE), and paves the way for the future (e.g., towards the deployment of multi-sensory and ultra-realistic experiences). Although many advances around mediasync have been devised and deployed, this area of research is getting renewed attention to overcome remaining challenges in the next-generation (heterogeneous and ubiquitous) media ecosystem. Given the significant advances in this research area, its current relevance and the multiple disciplines it involves, the availability of a reference book on mediasync becomes necessary. This book fills the gap in this context. In particular, it addresses key aspects and reviews the most relevant contributions within the mediasync research space, from different perspectives. Mediasync: Handbook on Multimedia Synchronization is the perfect companion for scholars and practitioners that want to acquire strong knowledge about this research area, and also approach the challenges behind ensuring the best mediated experiences, by providing the adequate synchronization between the media elements that constitute these experiences

Especificación, implementación y evaluación de soluciones de sincronización multimedia híbrida (broadcast/broadband) e inter-destinatario para posibilitar nuevas experiencias televisivas enriquecidas, personalizadas, inmersivas y compartidas.

[ES] Actualmente, existe una gran variedad de tecnologías de distribución de contenidos multimedia, de dispositivos de consumo, así como de tipos de contenidos. En cuanto a tecnologías de distribución, dichos contenidos se pueden enviar bien a través de redes broadcast, como las redes DVB, o bien a través de redes broadband, como las redes IP (por ejemplo, a través de Internet). La coordinación y convergencia entre los dos tipos de tecnologías para distribuir contenidos relacionados ofrece un gran potencial a los proveedores de contenidos, así como grandes beneficios a los consumidores (una prueba de ello es el estándar Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV o HbbTV). Sin embargo, la recepción de contenidos relacionados procedentes de diferentes redes híbridas (broadcast/broadband) conlleva una variabilidad de retardos significativa, por lo que se deben superar una serie de retos importantes, como, por ejemplo, la necesidad de mecanismos que garanticen un consumo sincronizado de dichos contenidos, bien en un mismo dispositivo o bien en distintos dispositivos (locales o remotos). Se han especificado, implementado y evaluado soluciones de sincronización de los procesos de reproducción de contenidos híbridos (prevenientes de redes broadcast y/o broadband) tanto en entornos multidispositivo, entre dispositivos locales (Inter-Device Synchronization o IDES), como en entornos multiusuario, entre destinatarios distribuidos en red (Inter-Destination Media Synchronization o IDMS), incluyendo la sincronización de efectos multisensoriales. Se ha diseñado e implementado una plataforma extremo-a-extremo para la generación, distribución (adaptativa) y consumo de contenidos híbridos relacionados, tanto en un mismo dispositivo como en múltiples dispositivos locales (por ejemplo, escenario multipantalla) o remotos (por ejemplo, TV Social). Se han generado y preparado contenidos multimedia tradicionales (2D) y omnidireccionales (360), enriquecidos con efectos multisensoriales que mejoran el grado de realismo y la inmersividad de los usuarios. La plataforma es compatible con el estándar HbbTV y, además, incluye soluciones eficientes para aspectos clave que no están especificados en dicho estándar, pero que son necesarios para la implementación satisfactoria de servicios de TV híbridos y multidispositivo en la misma, como, por ejemplo: la necesidad de un buffer para el contenido broadcast (existente y opcional hasta la especificación HbbTV 2.0.2); mecanismos de señalización, asociación y descripción de contenido disponible y relacionado con el contenido principal; mecanismos de coordinación e interacción entre los dispositivos de consumo; o soluciones de sincronización para alinear en el tiempo el consumo de contenidos de forma satisfactoria. Los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación realizada muestran que el nivel de sincronización adquirido entre los procesos de reproducción de los diversos tipos de contenido disponibles a través de distintas tecnologías de transmisión alcanza unos valores suficientes para proporcionar al usuario un consumo con un nivel de asincronías imperceptible. Dicha precisión alcanzada ha resultado en una QoE para el consumidor muy satisfactoria, ofreciéndole al mismo un completo ecosistema de consumo de contenidos que incluye tanto contenido multimedia tradicional, como contenido omnidireccional y mulsemedia.[CA] Actualment, hi ha una gran varietat de tecnologies de distribució de contingut multimèdia, dispositius de consum, així com tipus de contingut. Pel que fa a les tecnologies de distribució, aquest contingut es pot lliurar a través de xarxes de difusió, com ara xarxes DVB, o a través de xarxes de banda ampla, com les xarxes IP (per exemple, a través d'Internet). La coordinació i convergència entre els dos tipus de tecnologies per distribuir continguts relacionats ofereix un gran potencial als proveïdors de continguts, així com grans beneficis per als consumidors (una prova d'això és l'estàndard Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV o HbbTV). Tanmateix, la recepció de continguts relacionats des de diferents xarxes híbrides (emissió/banda ampla) comporta una important variabilitat de retard, per la qual cosa s'han de superar una sèrie de reptes importants, com la necessitat de mecanismes que garanteixin el consum sincronitzat d'aquests continguts, ja siga en el mateix dispositiu. o en diferents dispositius (locals o remots). S'han especificat, implementat i evaluat solucions de sincronització per a processos de reproducció de continguts híbrids (xarxes de broadcast i/o de banda ampla) tant en entorns multidispositiu, entre dispositius locals (Inter-Device Synchronization o IDES), com en entorns IDMS (Inter-Destination Media Synchronization o IDMS), incloent la sincronització d'efectes multisensorials. S'ha dissenyat i implementat una plataforma d'extrem a extrem per a la generació, distribució (adaptativa) i consum de contingut híbrid relacionat, tant en un sol dispositiu com en múltiples locals (p. ex., escenari multipantalla) o remots (p. ex., Social TV). dispositius. S'han generat i preparat contingut multimèdia tradicional (2D) i omnidireccional (360), enriquit amb efectes multisensorials que milloren el grau de realisme i immersivitat dels usuaris. La plataforma és compatible amb l'estàndard HbbTV i, a més, inclou solucions eficients per a aspectes clau que no s'especifiquen en aquest estàndard, però que són necessaris per a la implantació amb èxit de serveis de televisió híbrids i multidispositiu en el mateix, com ara: la necessitat per a un buffer per a continguts de difusió (existent i opcional fins a HbbTV 2. 0.2); mecanismes de senyalització, associació i descripció dels continguts disponibles i relacionats amb el contingut principal; mecanismes de coordinació i interacció entre dispositius de consum; o solucions de sincronització per alinear en el temps el consum de continguts de manera satisfactòria. Els resultats obtinguts en l'avaluació realitzada mostren que el nivell de sincronització adquirit entre els processos de reproducció dels diferents tipus de continguts disponibles a través de diferents tecnologies de transmissió assoleix valors suficients per proporcionar a l'usuari un consum amb un nivell d'asincronies imperceptibles. La precisió aconseguida ha donat com a resultat una QoE molt satisfactòria per al consumidor, oferint-li un ecosistema complet de consum de continguts que inclou tant contingut multimèdia tradicional com contingut omnidireccional i mulsemedia.[EN] Currently, there is a wide variety of multimedia content distribution technologies, consumer devices, as well as types of content. In terms of distribution technologies, such content can be delivered either over broadcast networks, such as DVB networks, or over broadband networks, such as IP networks (e.g. over the Internet). The coordination and convergence between the two types of technologies to distribute related content offers great potential to content providers, as well as great benefits to consumers (a proof of this is the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV or HbbTV standard). However, the reception of related content from different hybrid networks (broadcast/broadband) entails significant delay variability, so a number of important challenges must be overcome, such as the need for mechanisms to ensure synchronized consumption of such content, either on the same device or on different devices (local or remote). We have specified, implemented and evaluated synchronization solutions for hybrid content playback processes (broadcast and/or broadband networks) both in multi-device environments, between local devices (Inter-Device Synchronization or IDES), and in multi-user environments, between distributed network recipients (Inter-Destination Media Synchronization or IDMS), including the synchronization of multi-sensory effects. An end-to-end platform has been designed and implemented for the generation, distribution (adaptive) and consumption of related hybrid content, both on a single device and on multiple local (e.g., multiscreen scenario) or remote (e.g., Social TV) devices. Traditional (2D) and omnidirectional (360) multimedia content has been generated and prepared, enriched with multisensory effects that enhance the degree of realism and immersiveness for users. The platform is compatible with the HbbTV standard and, in addition, includes efficient solutions for key aspects that are not specified in that standard, but are necessary for the successful implementation of hybrid and multi-device TV services on it, such as: the need for a buffer for broadcast content (existing and optional up to the HbbTV 2. 0.2); mechanisms for signaling, association and description of content available and related to the main content; coordination and interaction mechanisms between consumption devices; or synchronization solutions to align in time the consumption of content in a satisfactory way. The results obtained in the evaluation carried out show that the level of synchronization acquired between the reproduction processes of the different types of content available through different transmission technologies reaches sufficient values to provide the user with a consumption with an imperceptible level of asynchronies. The accuracy achieved has resulted in a very satisfactory QoE for the consumer, offering him a complete content consumption ecosystem that includes traditional multimedia content as well as omnidirectional and mulsemedia content.Marfil Reguero, D. (2022). Especificación, implementación y evaluación de soluciones de sincronización multimedia híbrida (broadcast/broadband) e inter-destinatario para posibilitar nuevas experiencias televisivas enriquecidas, personalizadas, inmersivas y compartidas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/18574