Change blindness: eradication of gestalt strategies

Arrays of eight, texture-defined rectangles were used as stimuli in a one-shot change blindness (CB) task where there was a 50% chance that one rectangle would change orientation between two successive presentations separated by an interval. CB was eliminated by cueing the target rectangle in the first stimulus, reduced by cueing in the interval and unaffected by cueing in the second presentation. This supports the idea that a representation was formed that persisted through the interval before being 'overwritten' by the second presentation (Landman et al, 2003 Vision Research 43149–164]. Another possibility is that participants used some kind of grouping or Gestalt strategy. To test this we changed the spatial position of the rectangles in the second presentation by shifting them along imaginary spokes (by ±1 degree) emanating from the central fixation point. There was no significant difference seen in performance between this and the standard task [F(1,4)=2.565, p=0.185]. This may suggest two things: (i) Gestalt grouping is not used as a strategy in these tasks, and (ii) it gives further weight to the argument that objects may be stored and retrieved from a pre-attentional store during this task

The role of phonology in visual word recognition: evidence from Chinese

Posters - Letter/Word Processing V: abstract no. 5024The hypothesis of bidirectional coupling of orthography and phonology predicts that phonology plays a role in visual word recognition, as observed in the effects of feedforward and feedback spelling to sound consistency on lexical decision. However, because orthography and phonology are closely related in alphabetic languages (homophones in alphabetic languages are usually orthographically similar), it is difficult to exclude an influence of orthography on phonological effects in visual word recognition. Chinese languages contain many written homophones that are orthographically dissimilar, allowing a test of the claim that phonological effects can be independent of orthographic similarity. We report a study of visual word recognition in Chinese based on a mega-analysis of lexical decision performance with 500 characters. The results from multiple regression analyses, after controlling for orthographic frequency, stroke number, and radical frequency, showed main effects of feedforward and feedback consistency, as well as interactions between these variables and phonological frequency and number of homophones. Implications of these results for resonance models of visual word recognition are discussed.postprin

Interactive effects of orthography and semantics in Chinese picture naming

Posters - Language Production/Writing: abstract no. 4035Picture-naming performance in English and Dutch is enhanced by presentation of a word that is similar in form to the picture name. However, it is unclear whether facilitation has an orthographic or a phonological locus. We investigated the loci of the facilitation effect in Cantonese Chinese speakers by manipulating—at three SOAs (2100, 0, and 1100 msec)—semantic, orthographic, and phonological similarity. We identified an effect of orthographic facilitation that was independent of and larger than phonological facilitation across all SOAs. Semantic interference was also found at SOAs of 2100 and 0 msec. Critically, an interaction of semantics and orthography was observed at an SOA of 1100 msec. This interaction suggests that independent effects of orthographic facilitation on picture naming are located either at the level of semantic processing or at the lemma level and are not due to the activation of picture name segments at the level of phonological retrieval.postprin

Comment le sens est-il extrait de l'information visuelle ? Le système visuel exploré des catégories à la conscience

Comment le sens est-il extrait de l'information visuelle ? Cette thèse est focalisée sur la capacité du système visuel d'humains et de singes à extraire et représenter l'information visuelle sur différents niveaux de complexité. Nous avons étudié différent niveaux de représentations visuelles, de la production de représentations visuelles primaires jusqu'à l'élaboration de représentations visuelles conscientes. Ce manuscrit présente six travaux dans lesquels nous avons exploré : (1) les attributs visuels nécessaires pour réaliser la tâche de catégorisation ultra rapide chez l'homme et le singe au moyen de méthodes psychophysiques, (2) la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l'attention visuelle chez l'homme au moyen de méthodes psychophysiques, (3) les corrélats neuronaux des représentations de haut niveau en EEG grâce au développement d'une nouvelle technique appelée SWIFT, (4) les corrélats neuronaux de la conscience visuelle dans la rivalité binoculaire en EEG, (5) la synchronie des signaux cérébraux en fonction de la reconnaissance consciente au moyen d'enregistrements intracrâniens chez des patients épileptiques et (6) les corrélats neuronaux associés à la prise de conscience chez le singe au moyen d'enregistrements intracrâniens. Les résultats de ces travaux nous ont permis d'ébaucher un modèle de la perception visuelle cherchant à dissocier l'attention et la conscience.How does sense emerges in the visual system? In this thesis we will be focused on the visual system of human and non-human primates and their large capacity of extract and represent visual information. We studied several levels of visual representations from those related to the extraction of coarse visual features to the emergence of conscious visual representations. This manuscript presents six works in which we explored: (1) the visual features necessary to perform ultra-rapid visual categorization in monkeys and humans using psychophysics, (2) the spatio-temporal dynamics of visual attention in humans using psychophysics, (3) the neural correlates of high-level visual representations using EEG tanks to the development of an innovative technique called SWIFT, (4) the neural correlates of visual consciousness under binocular rivalry using EEG, (5) the synchrony of brain signals as a function of conscious recognition using intracranial electrodes implanted in epileptic patients and (6) the neural correlates associated with conscious perception in monkeys using intracranial electrodes. The results of these works allowed outlining a tentative model of visual perception aimed to dissociate attention and consciousness

Etude sur la pensée animale : continuité neuro-cognitive de la catégorisation visuelle

Est-ce que les animaux pensent? Quelle est la nature des mécanismes qui dirigent leurs comportements? Peut-on comparer ces mécanismes au fonctionnement de l'esprit humain ? Ces questions animent les débats scientifiques, philosophiques et théologiques depuis des millénaires. L'idée d'une discontinuité fondamentale entre l'esprit humain et les rouages de l'animal-machine, prônée par Descartes, s'oppose à l'hypothèse de continuité de Darwin selon laquelle, la différence entre les capacités mentales de l'homme et de l'animal serait de degré et non de nature. Dans cette thèse, fort des récentes avancées méthodologiques et théoriques dans l'étude du comportement animal et des neurosciences, nous partons à la recherche de la pierre de rosette pouvant éclairer ce débat : l'homologie neuro-cognitive fonctionnelle. Existe-t-il un fonctionnement nerveux commun à plusieurs espèces (et notamment à l'homme), supportant un même fonctionnement cognitif ? Nous focalisons notre recherche sur l'une des fonctions clefs de l'esprit humain, qui semble aussi très répandue dans le monde animal : la catégorisation. Former des concepts -regrouper mentalement les objets ou événements auxquelles nous sommes confrontés en catégories- permet de simplifier, de donner un sens et de réagir de manière appropriée aux flux perceptuels incessants issus de nos sens. En testant des sujets humains et macaques dans un protocole rigoureusement identique de catégorisation visuelle rapide, en particulier, en contrôlant l'influence de l'information contextuelle de la scène visuelle sur les performances de catégorisation de l'objet, nous montrons ici que les deux espèces de primates semblent bien avoir recours à des représentations ou concepts visuels similaires pour résoudre cette tâche. Mieux, le développement de nouvelles méthodes d'analyses multivariées des potentiels de champs corticaux, nous permet de lire, essai par essai, l'émergence de représentations neuronales associées à cette tâche de catégorisation. En appliquant ces méthodes chez le singe, en EEG de surface chez l'homme et chez des patients épileptiques implantés pour raison médicale, on met en évidence le rôle analogue, chez ces deux espèces de primates, de la voie visuelle ventrale dans la formation ultra-rapide de ces représentations catégorielles. Pour résumer, la capacité de catégorisation visuelle rapide, semble être un trait neurocognitif partagé par l'homme et le macaque, probablement héritée d'un ancêtre commun. L'existence d'une telle homologie est un argument pour l'hypothèse de continuité et permet donc d'envisager une évolution de la cognition. Enfin, si on considère la catégorisation comme un élément clef de la pensée humaine, alors ces résultats suggèrent l'existence d'une pensée chez le macaque, dont au moins une partie fonctionne comme la nôtre.Do animals think? What are the mechanisms supporting their behavior? Can we compare these mechanisms with human mind? These questions animate scientific, philosophical and theological debates for millennia. The idea of a fundamental discontinuity between human mind and animal- machine workings, advocated by Descartes, is opposed to Darwin's assumption of continuity that suppose a difference of degree and not of kind between human's and animals' minds. In this thesis, based on recent theoretical and methodological advances in animal behavior and neuroscience, we go in search of the Rosetta Stone that can inform this debate: a functional neuro-cognitive homology. Is there a neural mechanism, shared by several species (including humans), supporting the same cognitive function? We focus our research on one of the key functions of human mind, which also seems widespread in the animal world: categorization ability. The making of concepts -to mentally regroup objects, or events, we face in categories- simplifies, makes sense and allows responding appropriately to the continuous perceptual streams. Testing humans and macaques in exactly the same protocol of rapid visual categorization, in particular, by controlling the influence of contextual information from the visual scene on object categorization performances, we show here that the two primates seem to rely on similar concepts or visual representations to solve this task. More, with a new multivariate pattern analysis for cortical field potentials, we can read, trial by trial, the emergence of neural representations associated with such categorization task. By applying these methods in monkeys, surface EEG in humans and in patients with epilepsy, implanted for medical reasons, we highlight the similar role of the ventral visual pathway to build quick categorical representations, in both species of primates. To summarize, the ability of rapid visual categorization seems to be a neuro-cognitive trait shared by humans and macaques, probably inherited from a common ancestor. The existence of such homology is an argument for the continuity hypothesis and can therefore justify an evolution of cognition. Finally, if we consider the categorization as a key element of human thought, then these results suggest the existence of a thought in macaques, which at least partially works like ours

Neurophysiological assessments of low-level and high-level interdependencies between auditory and visual systems in the human brain

This dissertation investigates the functional interplay between visual and auditory systems and its degree of experience-dependent plasticity. To function efficiently in everyday life, we must rely on our senses, building complex hierarchical representations about the environment. Early sensory deprivation, congenital (from birth) or within the first year of life, is a key model to study sensory experience and the degree of compensatory reorganizations (i.e., neuroplasticity). Neuroplasticity can be intramodal (within the sensory system) and crossmodal (the recruitment of deprived cortical areas for remaining senses). However, the exact role of early sensory experience and the mechanisms guiding experience-driven plasticity need further investigation. To this aim, we performed three electroencephalographic studies, considering the aspects: 1) sensory modality (auditory/visual), 2) hierarchy of the brain functional organization (low-/high-level), and 3)sensory deprivation (deprived/non-deprived cortices). The first study explored how early auditory experience affects low-level visual processing, using time-frequency analysis on the data of early deaf individuals and their hearing counterparts. The second study investigated experience- dependent plasticity in hierarchically organized face processing, applying fast periodic visual stimulation in congenitally deaf signers and their hearing controls. The third study assessed neural responses of blindfolded participants, using naturalistic stimuli together with temporal response function, and evaluated neural tracking in hierarchically organized speech processing when retinal input is absent, focusing on the role of the visual cortex. The results demonstrate the importance of atypical early sensory experience in shaping (via intra-and crossmodal changes) the brain organization at various hierarchical stages of sensory processing but also support the idea that some crossmodal effects emerge even with typical experience. This dissertation provides new insights into understanding the functional interplay between visual and auditory systems and the related mechanisms driving experience-dependent plasticity and may contribute to the development of sensory restoration tools and rehabilitation strategies for sensory-typical and sensory-deprived populations

Semantic radical consistency and character transparency effects in Chinese: an ERP study

BACKGROUND: This event-related potential (ERP) study aims to investigate the representation and temporal dynamics of Chinese orthography-to-semantics mappings by simultaneously manipulating character transparency and semantic radical consistency. Character components, referred to as radicals, make up the building blocks used dur...postprin