IDMoB: IoT Data Marketplace on Blockchain

Today, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are the powerhouse of data generation with their ever-increasing numbers and widespread penetration. Similarly, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) solutions are getting integrated to all kinds of services, making products significantly more "smarter". The centerpiece of these technologies is "data". IoT device vendors should be able keep up with the increased throughput and come up with new business models. On the other hand, AI/ML solutions will produce better results if training data is diverse and plentiful. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based, decentralized and trustless data marketplace where IoT device vendors and AI/ML solution providers may interact and collaborate. By facilitating a transparent data exchange platform, access to consented data will be democratized and the variety of services targeting end-users will increase. Proposed data marketplace is implemented as a smart contract on Ethereum blockchain and Swarm is used as the distributed storage platform.Comment: Presented at Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology (CVCBT 2018), 20-22 June 2018 - published version may diffe

Blockchain for Healthcare: Securing Patient Data and Enabling Trusted Artificial Intelligence

Advances in information technology are digitizing the healthcare domain with the aim of improved medical services, diagnostics, continuous monitoring using wearables, etc., at reduced costs. This digitization improves the ease of computation, storage and access of medical records which enables better treatment experiences for patients. However, it comes with a risk of cyber attacks and security and privacy concerns on this digital data. In this work, we propose a Blockchain based solution for healthcare records to address the security and privacy concerns which are currently not present in existing e-Health systems. This work also explores the potential of building trusted Artificial Intelligence models over Blockchain in e-Health, where a transparent platform for consent-based data sharing is designed. Provenance of the consent of individuals and traceability of data sources used for building and training the AI model is captured in an immutable distributed data store. The audit trail of the data access captured using Blockchain provides the data owner to understand the exposure of the data. It also helps the user to understand the revenue models that could be built on top of this framework for commercial data sharing to build trusted AI models

A Consent Framework for the Internet of Things in the GDPR Era

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an environment of connected physical devices and objects that communicate amongst themselves over the internet. The IoT is based on the notion of always-connected customers, which allows businesses to collect large volumes of customer data to give them a competitive edge. Most of the data collected by these IoT devices include personal information, preferences, and behaviors. However, constant connectivity and sharing of data create security and privacy concerns. Laws and regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of 2016 ensure that customers are protected by providing privacy and security guidelines to businesses. Data subjects (users) should be informed on what information is being collected about them and if they consent or not. This dissertation proposes a consent framework that consists of data collection, consent collection, consent management, consent enforcement, and consent auditing. In the framework, there are GDPR requirements embedded in different components of the framework. The consent framework can help organizations to be GDPR consent compliant. In our evaluation of the solution, the results show that our solution has coverage over GDPR consent based on our use case. Our main contributions are the consent framework, consent manager, and the consent auditing tool

Implementation model of an integrated blockchain and IOT system to healthcare ecosystem

Mestrado em Gestão de Sistemas de InformaçãoNo cenário de transformação digital em que estão inseridos todos os setores de atividade, para melhorar a eficiência, a produtividade e reduzir o tempo e os custos, é necessário investir em novas tecnologias. Novas tecnologias como Internet of Things (IoT) e Blockchain são desenvolvidas para melhorar a eficiência de processamento, a criação de oportunidades de negócios, a regulamentação de requisitos, a segurança e transparência e descentralização de informações, e provavelmente serão as próximas tecnologias disruptivas que transformaram os diversos setores de atividade. Por sua vez, o setor saúde tem enfrentado dificuldades com o surgimento de novas doenças e precisa se transformar e se reinventar para manter sua legitimidade e continuar cumprindo suas obrigações para com os cidadãos. A implementação de novas tecnologias acaba sendo uma das abordagens mais eficazes para aumentar a eficiência, segurança, gerenciamento, análise de big data e performance dos dados. Devido a isso, este projeto propõe um modelo de framework Blockchain e IOT aplicada a saúde. A implementação engloba a criação de um aplicativo (i.e., pacientes) e um site (i.e., médicos, hospitais, farmácias, saúde publica), os dados partilhados pelos usuários são armazenados no blockchain conectado ao aplicativo e o acesso ao Blockchain é liberado por smartcontracts. O objetivo do modelo proposto é que os dados sejam descentralizados e possibilita o acesso a todos os conectados ao blockchain. E para não infringir a proteção dos dados pessoais dos pacientes, foi tomado o cuidado de que o usuário paciente seja o “proprietário” de todos os seus dados e compartilhe-os com qualquer entidade de saúde que deseja. Para atingir os objetivos mencionados, foi definida uma metodologia de validação por conceito do modelo proposto. A validação do conceito do modelo foi dividida em cinco etapas, seguida da análise qualitativa das entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com pacientes, médicos e gestores de saúde. Como resultado da validação por conceito foi observado que a opinião de todos os entrevistados é que a implementação do modelo proposto é vantajosa e poderá contribuir com avanços no setor saúde. Portanto, uma vez que médicos e hospitais tenham acesso a mais dados de saúde dos pacientes, esses dados podem colaborar para um diagnóstico mais preciso e o ecossistema da saúde obtém avanços tecnológicos que contribuem para uma melhor gestão dos dados e combate as novas doenças.In the digital transformation scenario in which all sectors of activity are inserted, to improve efficiency, productivity and reduce time and costs, it is necessary to invest in new technologies. New technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain are being developed to improve processing efficiency, the creation of business opportunities, requirements regulation, security and transparency and information decentralization, and are likely to be the next disruptive technologies that have transformed the various sectors of activity. In turn, the health sector has confronted difficulties with the emergence of new diseases and needs to transform and reinvent itself in order to maintain its legitimacy and continue to fulfill its obligations to citizens. The implementation of new technologies is one of the most effective approaches to increase efficiency, security, management, big data analysis and data performance. Because of this, this project proposes a Blockchain and IOT framework model applied to health. The implementation includes the creation of an application (ie, patients) and a website (ie, doctors, hospitals, pharmacies, public health), the data shared by users is stored on the blockchain connected to the application and access to the Blockchain is released by smart contracts. The aim of the suggested model is that the data is decentralized and allows access to all those connected to the blockchain. And in order not to infringe on the protection of patients' personal data, care has been taken that the patient user is the “owner” of all his data and shares it with any health entity he wishes. To achieve the objectives was applied a validation methodology by concept of the proposed model. The validation of the model concept was divided into five stages, followed by a qualitative analysis of the semi-structured interviews conducted with patients, doctors and health managers. As a result of the concept validation, it was observed that the opinion of all interviewees is that the implementation of the proposed model is advantageous and may contribute to advances in the health ecosystem. Therefore, once doctors and hospitals have access to more patients health data, these data can collaborate for a more accurate diagnosis and the health ecosystem obtains technological advances that contribute to better data management and to fight new diseases.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

IoT, Intelligent Transport Systems and MaaS (Mobility as a Service)

IoT (Internet of Things) applications are crucial in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). MaaS (Mobility as a Service) is an advanced model of ITS in which public institutions, private operators and citizens are deeply connected since means of transport are virtualized in mobility resources and provided to users through the Internet. This contribution, after a short introduction, addresses legal concerns focusing on three aspects: (1) security of technological platforms and infrastructures, (2) protection of user\u2019s personal data, (3) communication among devices and in the IoT ecosystem

Governance of a Blockchain-Enabled IoT Ecosystem:A Variable Geometry Approach

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) applications is rapidly expanding, generating increased interest in the incorporation of blockchain technology within the IoT ecosystem. IoT applications enhance the efficiency of our daily lives, and when blockchain is integrated into the IoT ecosystem (commonly referred to as a blockchain-IoT system), it introduces crucial elements, like security, transparency, trust, and privacy, into IoT applications. Notably, potential domains where blockchain can empower IoT applications include smart logistics, smart health, and smart cities. However, a significant obstacle hindering the widespread adoption of blockchain-IoT systems in mainstream applications is the absence of a dedicated governance framework. In the absence of proper regulations and due to the inherently cryptic nature of blockchain technology, it can be exploited for nefarious purposes, such as ransomware, money laundering, fraud, and more. Furthermore, both blockchain and the IoT are relatively new technologies, and the absence of well-defined governance structures can erode confidence in their use. Consequently, to fully harness the potential of integrating blockchain-IoT systems and ensure responsible utilization, governance plays a pivotal role. The implementation of appropriate regulations and standardization is imperative to leverage the innovative features of blockchain-IoT systems and prevent misuse for malicious activities. This research focuses on elucidating the significance of blockchain within governance mechanisms, explores governance tailored to blockchain, and proposes a robust governance framework for the blockchain-enabled IoT ecosystem. Additionally, the practical application of our governance framework is showcased through a case study in the realm of smart logistics. We anticipate that our proposed governance framework will not only facilitate but also promote the integration of blockchain and the IoT in various application domains, fostering a more secure and trustworthy IoT landscape.</p

Data Spaces

This open access book aims to educate data space designers to understand what is required to create a successful data space. It explores cutting-edge theory, technologies, methodologies, and best practices for data spaces for both industrial and personal data and provides the reader with a basis for understanding the design, deployment, and future directions of data spaces. The book captures the early lessons and experience in creating data spaces. It arranges these contributions into three parts covering design, deployment, and future directions respectively. The first part explores the design space of data spaces. The single chapters detail the organisational design for data spaces, data platforms, data governance federated learning, personal data sharing, data marketplaces, and hybrid artificial intelligence for data spaces. The second part describes the use of data spaces within real-world deployments. Its chapters are co-authored with industry experts and include case studies of data spaces in sectors including industry 4.0, food safety, FinTech, health care, and energy. The third and final part details future directions for data spaces, including challenges and opportunities for common European data spaces and privacy-preserving techniques for trustworthy data sharing. The book is of interest to two primary audiences: first, researchers interested in data management and data sharing, and second, practitioners and industry experts engaged in data-driven systems where the sharing and exchange of data within an ecosystem are critical