Developing Ultrasound-Guided Intervention Technologies Enabled by Sensing Active Acoustic and Photoacoustic Point Sources

Image-guided therapy is a central part of modern medicine. By incorporating medical imaging into the planning, surgical, and evaluation process, image-guided therapy has helped surgeons perform less invasive and more precise procedures. Of the most commonly used medical imaging modalities, ultrasound imaging offers a unique combination of cost-effectiveness, safety, and mobility. Advanced ultrasound guided interventional systems will often require calibration and tracking technologies to enable all of their capabilities. Many of these technologies rely on localizing point based fiducials to accomplish their task. In this thesis, I investigate how sensing and localizing active acoustic and photoacoustic point sources can have a substantial impact in intraoperative ultrasound. The goals of these methods are (1) to improve localization and visualization for point targets that are not easily distinguished under conventional ultrasound and (2) to track and register ultrasound sensors with the use of active point sources as non-physical fiducials or markers. We applied these methods to three main research topics. The first is an ultrasound calibration framework that utilizes an active acoustic source as the phantom to aid in in-plane segmentation as well as out-of-plane estimation. The second is an interventional photoacoustic surgical system that utilizes the photoacoustic effect to create markers for tracking ultrasound transducers. We demonstrate variations of this idea to track a wide range of ultrasound transducers (three-dimensional, two-dimensional, bi-planar). The third is a set of interventional tool tracking methods combining the use of acoustic elements embedded onto the tool with the use of photoacoustic markers

Medical Ultrasound Imaging and Interventional Component (MUSiiC) Framework for Advanced Ultrasound Image-guided Therapy

Medical ultrasound (US) imaging is a popular and convenient medical imaging modality thanks to its mobility, non-ionizing radiation, ease-of-use, and real-time data acquisition. Conventional US brightness mode (B-Mode) is one type of diagnostic medical imaging modality that represents tissue morphology by collecting and displaying the intensity information of a reflected acoustic wave. Moreover, US B-Mode imaging is frequently integrated with tracking systems and robotic systems in image-guided therapy (IGT) systems. Recently, these systems have also begun to incorporate advanced US imaging such as US elasticity imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and thermal imaging. Several software frameworks and toolkits have been developed for US imaging research and the integration of US data acquisition, processing and display with existing IGT systems. However, there is no software framework or toolkit that supports advanced US imaging research and advanced US IGT systems by providing low-level US data (channel data or radio-frequency (RF) data) essential for advanced US imaging. In this dissertation, we propose a new medical US imaging and interventional component framework for advanced US image-guided therapy based on networkdistributed modularity, real-time computation and communication, and open-interface design specifications. Consequently, the framework can provide a modular research environment by supporting communication interfaces between heterogeneous systems to allow for flexible interventional US imaging research, and easy reconfiguration of an entire interventional US imaging system by adding or removing devices or equipment specific to each therapy. In addition, our proposed framework offers real-time synchronization between data from multiple data acquisition devices for advanced iii interventional US imaging research and integration of the US imaging system with other IGT systems. Moreover, we can easily implement and test new advanced ultrasound imaging techniques inside the proposed framework in real-time because our software framework is designed and optimized for advanced ultrasound research. The system’s flexibility, real-time performance, and open-interface are demonstrated and evaluated through performing experimental tests for several applications

25th International Congress of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) Frankfurt, Germany, 14-17 June 2017 : Oral Presentations

Introduction: Ouyang has recently proposed hiatal surface area (HSA) calculation by multiplanar multislice computer tomography (MDCT) scan as a useful tool for planning treatment of hiatus defects with hiatal hernia (HH), with or without gastroesophageal reflux (MRGE). Preoperative upper endoscopy or barium swallow cannot predict the HSA and pillars conditions. Aim to asses the efficacy of MDCT’s calculation of HSA for planning the best approach for the hiatal defects treatment. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 25 patients, candidates to laparoscopic antireflux surgery as primary surgery or hiatus repair concomitant with or after bariatric surgery. Patients were analyzed preoperatively and after one-year follow-up by MDCT scan measurement of esophageal hiatus surface. Five normal patients were enrolled as control group. The HSA’s intraoperative calculation was performed after complete dissection of the area considered a triangle. Postoperative CT-scan was done after 12 months or any time reflux symptoms appeared. Results: (1) Mean HSA in control patients with no HH, no MRGE was cm2 and similar in non-complicated patients with previous LSG and cruroplasty. (2) Mean HSA in patients candidates to cruroplasty was 7.40 cm2. (3) Mean HSA in patients candidates to redo cruroplasty for recurrence was 10.11 cm2. Discussion. MDCT scan offer the possibility to obtain an objective measurement of the HSA and the correlation with endoscopic findings and symptoms. The preoperative information allow to discuss with patients the proper technique when a HSA[5 cm2 is detected. During the follow-up a correlation between symptoms and failure of cruroplasty can be assessed. Conclusions: MDCT scan seems to be an effective non-invasive method to plan hiatal defect treatment and to check during the follow-up the potential recurrence. Future research should correlate in larger series imaging data with intraoperative findings

Activity profiling for minimally invasive surgery

Imperial Users onl

Patterns of injury and violence in Yaoundé Cameroon: an analysis of hospital data.

BackgroundInjuries are quickly becoming a leading cause of death globally, disproportionately affecting sub-Saharan Africa, where reports on the epidemiology of injuries are extremely limited. Reports on the patterns and frequency of injuries are available from Cameroon are also scarce. This study explores the patterns of trauma seen at the emergency ward of the busiest trauma center in Cameroon's capital city.Materials and methodsAdministrative records from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2007, were retrospectively reviewed; information on age, gender, mechanism of injury, and outcome was abstracted for all trauma patients presenting to the emergency ward. Univariate analysis was performed to assess patterns of injuries in terms of mechanism, date, age, and gender. Bivariate analysis was used to explore potential relationships between demographic variables and mechanism of injury.ResultsA total of 6,234 injured people were seen at the Central Hospital of Yaoundé's emergency ward during the year 2007. Males comprised 71% of those injured, and the mean age of injured patients was 29 years (SD = 14.9). Nearly 60% of the injuries were due to road traffic accidents, 46% of which involved a pedestrian. Intentional injuries were the second most common mechanism of injury (22.5%), 55% of which involved unarmed assault. Patients injured in falls were more likely to be admitted to the hospital (p < 0.001), whereas patients suffering intentional injuries and bites were less likely to be hospitalized (p < 0.001). Males were significantly more likely to be admitted than females (p < 0.001)DiscussionPatterns in terms of age, gender, and mechanism of injury are similar to reports from other countries from the same geographic region, but the magnitude of cases reported is high for a single institution in an African city the size of Yaoundé. As the burden of disease is predicted to increase dramatically in sub-Saharan Africa, immediate efforts in prevention and treatment in Cameroon are strongly warranted

Ultraschallbasierte Navigation für die minimalinvasive onkologische Nieren- und Leberchirurgie

In der minimalinvasiven onkologischen Nieren- und Leberchirurgie mit vielen Vorteilen für den Pa- tienten wird der Chirurg häufig mit Orientierungsproblemen konfrontiert. Hauptursachen hierfür sind die indirekte Sicht auf die Patientenanatomie, das eingeschränkte Blickfeld und die intra- operative Deformation der Organe. Abhilfe können Navigationssysteme schaffen, welche häufig auf intraoperativem Ultraschall basieren. Durch die Echtzeit-Bildgebung kann die Deformation des Organs bestimmt werden. Da viele Tumore im Schallbild nicht sichtbar sind, wird eine robuste automatische und deformierbare Registrierung mit dem präoperativen CT benötigt. Ferner ist eine permanente Visualisierung auch während der Manipulation am Organ notwendig. Für die Niere wurde die Eignung von Ultraschall-Elastographieaufnahmen für die bildbasierte Re- gistrierung unter Verwendung der Mutual Information evaluiert. Aufgrund schlechter Bildqualität und geringer Ausdehnung der Bilddaten hatte dies jedoch nur mäßigen Erfolg. Die Verzweigungspunkte der Blutgefäße in der Leber werden als natürliche Landmarken für die Registrierung genutzt. Dafür wurden Gefäßsegmentierungsalgorithmen für die beiden häufigsten Arten der Ultraschallbildgebung B-Mode und Power Doppler entwickelt. Die vorgeschlagene Kom- bination beider Modalitäten steigerte die Menge an Gefäßverzweigungen im Mittel um 35 %. Für die rigide Registrierung der Gefäße aus dem Ultraschall und CT werden mithilfe eines bestehen- den Graph Matching Verfahrens [OLD11b] im Mittel 9 bijektive Punktkorrespondenzen definiert. Die mittlere Registrierungsgenauigkeit liegt bei 3,45 mm. Die Menge an Punktkorrespondenzen ist für eine deformierbare Registrierung nicht ausreichend. Das entwickelte Verfahren zur Landmarkenverfeinerung fügt zwischen gematchten Punkte weitere Landmarken entlang der Gefäßmittellinien ein und sucht nach weiteren korrespondierenden Gefäß- segmenten wodurch die Zahl der Punktkorrespondenzen im Mittel auf 70 gesteigert wird. Dies erlaubt die Bestimmung der Organdeformation anhand des unterschiedlichen Gefäßverlaufes. Anhand dieser Punktkorrespondenzen kann mithilfe der Thin-Plate-Splines ein Deformationsfeld für das gesamte Organ berechnet werden. Auf diese Weise wird die Genauigkeit der Registrierung im Mittel um 44 % gesteigert. Die wichtigste Voraussetzung für das Gelingen der deformierbaren Registrierung ist eine möglichst umfassende Segmentierung der Gefäße aus dem Ultraschall. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde erstmals der Begriff der Regmentation auf die Segmentierung von Gefäßen und die gefäßbasierte Registrie- rung ausgeweitet. Durch diese Kombination beider Verfahren wurde die extrahierte Gefäßlänge im Mittel um 32 % gesteigert, woraus ein Anstieg der Anzahl korrespondierender Landmarken auf 98 resultiert. Hierdurch lässt sich die Deformation des Organs und somit auch die Lageveränderung des Tumors genauer und mit höherer Sicherheit bestimmen. Mit dem Wissen über die Lage des Tumors im Organ und durch Verwendung eines Markierungs- drahtes kann die Lageveränderung des Tumors während der chirurgischen Manipulation mit einem elektromagnetischen Trackingsystem überwacht werden. Durch dieses Tumortracking wird eine permanente Visualisierung mittels Video Overlay im laparoskopischen Videobild möglich. Die wichtigsten Beiträge dieser Arbeit zur gefäßbasierten Registrierung sind die Gefäßsegmen- tierung aus Ultraschallbilddaten, die Landmarkenverfeinerung zur Gewinnung einer hohen Anzahl bijektiver Punktkorrespondenzen und die Einführung der Regmentation zur Verbesserung der Ge- fäßsegmentierung und der deformierbaren Registrierung. Das Tumortracking für die Navigation ermöglicht die permanente Visualisierung des Tumors während des gesamten Eingriffes

Cable-driven parallel mechanisms for minimally invasive robotic surgery

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has revolutionised surgery by providing faster recovery times, less post-operative complications, improved cosmesis and reduced pain for the patient. Surgical robotics are used to further decrease the invasiveness of procedures, by using yet smaller and fewer incisions or using natural orifices as entry point. However, many robotic systems still suffer from technical challenges such as sufficient instrument dexterity and payloads, leading to limited adoption in clinical practice. Cable-driven parallel mechanisms (CDPMs) have unique properties, which can be used to overcome existing challenges in surgical robotics. These beneficial properties include high end-effector payloads, efficient force transmission and a large configurable instrument workspace. However, the use of CDPMs in MIS is largely unexplored. This research presents the first structured exploration of CDPMs for MIS and demonstrates the potential of this type of mechanism through the development of multiple prototypes: the ESD CYCLOPS, CDAQS, SIMPLE, neuroCYCLOPS and microCYCLOPS. One key challenge for MIS is the access method used to introduce CDPMs into the body. Three different access methods are presented by the prototypes. By focusing on the minimally invasive access method in which CDPMs are introduced into the body, the thesis provides a framework, which can be used by researchers, engineers and clinicians to identify future opportunities of CDPMs in MIS. Additionally, through user studies and pre-clinical studies, these prototypes demonstrate that this type of mechanism has several key advantages for surgical applications in which haptic feedback, safe automation or a high payload are required. These advantages, combined with the different access methods, demonstrate that CDPMs can have a key role in the advancement of MIS technology.Open Acces

Ensayo clínico multicéntrico NCT03738488: modelos anatómicos 3D versus imágenes radiológicas para planificación quirúrgica en pacientes con cáncer de células renales y trombo tumoral vascular

El cáncer de células renales (CCR) con trombo tumoral vascular (TTV) es un reto terapéutico, que hace imprescindible una adecuada planificación quirúrgica. Los modelos 3D son copias impresas de la anatomía del paciente a partir de las imágenes radiológicas que podrían mejorar la planificación quirúrgica. Objetivos: Determinar si en CCR y TTV la planificación quirúrgica con modelos 3D es factible y, si en comparación con las pruebas de imagen, permite una cirugía más predecible, eficaz y costo-beneficiosa. Metodología: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado y multicéntrico, sobre una cohorte de pacientes con CCR y TTV (n=66). Brazo experimental: planificación con imagen y modelo 3D; brazo control: planificación con imagen. Se evaluó: 1) predictibilidad (concordancia entre planificación y cirugía); 2) Resultados quirúrgicos (tiempo quirúrgico, complicaciones, tiempo hospitalario). Se valoró la satisfacción de urólogos y pacientes y el coste-beneficio. Resultados Se obtuvo un modelo 3D factible para planificar y simular la cirugía. La concordancia entre planificación y cirugía fue mayor en el grupo 3D (Kappa 0,9 – 1 vs. 0 – 1). No hubo diferencias en tiempo quirúrgico (p = 0,9). Hubo menos complicaciones (p < 0,0001) y tiempo de estancia en UCI (p = 0,006) en el grupo 3D. Se demostró el coste beneficio de la impresión 3D y, tanto urólogos como pacientes, quedaron muy satisfechos con los modelos. Conclusiones • Se obtuvo un modelo 3D factible para planificación quirúrgica. • El modelo 3D demostró mayor capacidad de predicción y mejores resultados quirúrgicos. • La planificación con modelos 3D fue costo-beneficiosa y el nivel de satisfacción tanto de pacientes como urólogos fue muy elevado