Sentience, the final frontier....

Arguments for fish sentience have difficulty with the philosophical zombie problem. Progress in AI has shown that complex learning, pain behavior, and pain as a motivational drive can be emulated by robots without any internal subjective experience. Therefore, demonstrating these abilities in fish does not necessarily demonstrate that fish are sentient. Further evidence for fish sentience may come from optogenetic studies of neural networks in zebrafish. Such studies may show that zebrafish have neural network patterns similar to those that correlate with sentience in humans. Given the present uncertainty regarding sentience in fish, caution should be applied regarding the precautionary principle. Adopting this principle may cause distress to humans, who are certainly sentient, as they strive to protect animals that may not be

A Large Area Tactile Sensor Patch Based on Commercial Force Sensors

This paper reports the design of a tactile sensor patch to cover large areas of robots and machines that interact with human beings. Many devices have been proposed to meet such a demand. These realizations are mostly custom-built or developed in the lab. The sensor of this paper is implemented with commercial force sensors. This has the benefit of a more foreseeable response of the sensor if its behavior is understood as the aggregation of readings from all the individual force sensors in the array. A few reported large area tactile sensors are also based on commercial sensors. However, the one in this paper is the first of this kind based on the use of polymeric commercial force sensing resistors (FSR) as unit elements of the array or tactels, which results in a robust sensor. The paper discusses design issues related to some necessary modifications of the force sensor, its assembly in an array, and the signal conditioning. The patch has 16 × 9 force sensors mounted on a flexible printed circuit board with a spatial resolution of 18.5 mm. The force range of a tactel is 6 N and its sensitivity is 0.6 V/N. The array is read at a rate of 78 frames per second. Finally, two simple application examples are also carried out with the sensor mounted on the forearm of a rescue robot that communicates with the sensor through a CAN bus

Active haptic perception in robots: a review

In the past few years a new scenario for robot-based applications has emerged. Service and mobile robots have opened new market niches. Also, new frameworks for shop-floor robot applications have been developed. In all these contexts, robots are requested to perform tasks within open-ended conditions, possibly dynamically varying. These new requirements ask also for a change of paradigm in the design of robots: on-line and safe feedback motion control becomes the core of modern robot systems. Future robots will learn autonomously, interact safely and possess qualities like self-maintenance. Attaining these features would have been relatively easy if a complete model of the environment was available, and if the robot actuators could execute motion commands perfectly relative to this model. Unfortunately, a complete world model is not available and robots have to plan and execute the tasks in the presence of environmental uncertainties which makes sensing an important component of new generation robots. For this reason, today\u2019s new generation robots are equipped with more and more sensing components, and consequently they are ready to actively deal with the high complexity of the real world. Complex sensorimotor tasks such as exploration require coordination between the motor system and the sensory feedback. For robot control purposes, sensory feedback should be adequately organized in terms of relevant features and the associated data representation. In this paper, we propose an overall functional picture linking sensing to action in closed-loop sensorimotor control of robots for touch (hands, fingers). Basic qualities of haptic perception in humans inspire the models and categories comprising the proposed classification. The objective is to provide a reasoned, principled perspective on the connections between different taxonomies used in the Robotics and human haptic literature. The specific case of active exploration is chosen to ground interesting use cases. Two reasons motivate this choice. First, in the literature on haptics, exploration has been treated only to a limited extent compared to grasping and manipulation. Second, exploration involves specific robot behaviors that exploit distributed and heterogeneous sensory data

Dynamically reconfigurable Artificial Sensate Skin

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-211).The idea of an Artificial Sensate Skin device that mimics the characteristics and functions of its analogous living tissue whether human or animal is not new. Yet, most of the current related work has been focused in the development of either materials, flexible electronics or ultra-dense sensing matrices and Wide Area Sensor Networks. The current work describes the design and implementation of a new type of Artificial Sensate Skin. This Artificial Sensate Skin is implemented as a low-power, highly scalable and mechanically flexible Wired Sensor Network. This Skin is composed of one or many Skin Patches which in turn are composed of one or many Skin Nodes. Each node is able to measure Strain, Pressure, Ambient Light, Pressure, Sound and Mechanoreception. Each Skin Patch can either work as a stand-alone device or as a data extraction device if this is attached to a Personal Computer through a different type of device referred to as Brains. Each Skin Node and therefore each Skin Patch :is Dynamically Adaptable meaning that they can adapt to external stimuli by either modifying their behavior or by completely changing their code.(cont.) Construction of a sensate skin in such a modular fashion promises intrinsic scalability, where peer-to-peer connections between neighbors can reduce local data, which can then be sent to the brain by the high-speed common backbone. The current project also involves the design and implementation of the software components needed; these include a PC Graphical User Interface, application software and the firmware required by the embedded microcontrollers. Results show that needed resources like bandwidth are greatly minimized because of the addition of embedded processing power. Results also indicate that the platform can be used as a scalable smart material to cover interactive surfaces, or simply to extract a rich set of dense multi-modal sensor data.by Gerardo Barroeta Pérez.S.M

Sensitive skins and somatic processing for affective and sociable robots based upon a somatic alphabet approach

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 244-251).The sense of touch is one of the most important senses of the human body. This thesis describes the biologically inspired design of "sensitive skins" for two different robotic platforms: Leonardo, a high degree-of-freedom, sociable robot and the Huggable, a portable therapeutic robotic companion for relational, affective touch. The first step in the design of the "sensitive skin" for Leonardo: a set of hands featuring 40 force-sensing resistors (FSRs) and embedded processing was created. Somatosensory inspired algorithms for calculating the location, direction of motion, and orientation with a set of these sensors forms the first stage in the design of a "Virtual Somatosensory Cortex." A multi-modal (temperature, electric field sensors, and Quantum Tunneling Composite (QTC) based force sensors) three dimensional sensor array was created as the first step in the design of the "sensitive skin" for the Huggable. A soft silicone skin was placed over this array. Preliminary results using neural networks show that the affective content of touch can be determined. This work was sponsored in part by the NSF Center for Bits and Atoms Contract No.CCR-0122419, a Microsoft iCampus grant, and the MIT Media Lab Things That Think and Digital Life Consortia.by Walter Dan Stiehl.S.M

Sensitive Skin for Robotics

This thesis explores two novel ways of reducing the data complexity of tactile sensing. The thesis begins by examining the state-of-the art in tactile sensing, not only examining the sensor construction and interpretation of data but also the motivation for these designs. The thesis then proposes two methods for reducing the complexity of data in tactile sensing. The first is a low-power tactile sensing array exploiting a novel application of a pressure-sensitive material called quantum tunnelling composite. The properties of this material in this array form are shown to be beneficial in robotics. The electrical characteristics of the material are also explored. A bit-based structure for representing tactile data called Bitworld is then defined and its computational performance is characterised. It is shown that this bit-based structure outperforms floating-point arrays by orders of magnitude. This structure is then shown to allow high-resolution images to be produced by combining low resolution sensor arrays with equivalent functional performance to a floating-point array, but with the advantages of computational efficiency. Finally, an investigation into making Bitworld robust in the presence of positional noise is described with simulations to verify that such robustness can be achieved. Overall, the sensor and data structure described in this thesis allow simple, but effective tactile systems to be deployed in robotics without requiring a significant commitment of computational or power resources on the part of a robot designer.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

A “Somatic Alphabet ” Approach to “Sensitive Skin”

Abstract — The sense of touch is one of the most important sensory systems in humans. This paper describes an initial step toward the realization of a fully “sensitive skin ” for robots in which somatic sensors of varying modalities such as touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception combine, as if letters in an alphabet, to create a more vivid depiction of the world and foster richer human robot interactions. We have developed a new “sensitive ” hand, covered in a lifelike silicone “skin ” to explore the importance of touch and the formation of the somatic alphabet in the context of our humanoid robot, Leonardo. From initial tests the populations of these sensors show the potential for similar performance to both the mechanoreceptors in human skin and the cortical neurons in the somatosensory cortex. Keywords-tactile sensing; force sensing resistor; “sensitive skin”; “somatic alphabet” I