A Survey on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

Today many multi-national companies or organizations are adopting the use of automation. Automation means replacing the human by intelligent robots or machines which are capable to work as human (may be better than human). Artificial intelligence is a way of making machines, robots or software to think like human. As the concept of artificial intelligence is use in robotics, it is necessary to understand the basic functions which are required for robots to think and work like human. These functions are planning, acting, monitoring, perceiving and goal reasoning. These functions help robots to develop its skills and implement it. Since robotics is a rapidly growing field from last decade, it is important to learn and improve the basic functionality of robots and make it more useful and user-friendly

Mirroring or misting: On the role of product architecture, product complexity, and the rate of product component change

This paper contributes to the literature on the within-firm and across-firm mirroring hypothesis – the assumed architectural mapping between firms’ strategic choices of product architecture and firm architecture, and between firms’ architectural choices and the industry structures that emerge. Empirical evidence is both limited and mixed and there is evidently a need for a more nuanced theory that embeds not only whether the mirroring hypothesis holds, but under what product architecture and component-level conditions it may or may not hold. We invoke an industrial economics perspective to develop a stylised product architecture typology and hypothesise how the combined effects of product architecture type, product complexity and the rate of product component change may be associated with phases of mirroring or misting. Our framework helps to reconcile much existing mixed evidence and provides the foundation for further empirical research

Special Libraries, May-June 1971

Volume 62, Issue 5-6https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1971/1004/thumbnail.jp

Інженерія програмного забезпечення: перші 50 років становлення та розвитку

The article analyzes the main stages of software engineering (SE) development. Based on the analysis of materials from the first SE conferences (1968-1969), it was determined how the software crisis prompted scientists and practitioners to join forces to form an engineering approach to programming. Differences in professional training for SE are identified. The fundamental components of the training of future software engineers are highlighted. The evolution of approaches to the design, implementation, testing and documentation of software is considered. The system scientific, technological approaches and methods for the design and construction of computer programs are highlighted. Analysis of the historical stages of the development of SE showed that despite the universal recognition of the importance of using the mathematical apparatus of logic, automata theory and linguistics when developing software, it was created empirically without its use. The factor that led practitioners to turn to the mathematical foundations of an SE is the increasing complexity of software and the inability of empirical approaches to its development and management to cope with it. The training of software engineers highlighted the problem of the rapid obsolescence of the technological content of education, the solution of which lies in its fundamentalization through the identification of the basic foundations of the industry. It is determined that mastering the basics of computer science is the foundation of vocational training in SE.У статті проаналізовано основні етапи розвитку інженерії програмного забезпечення (ІПЗ). На основі аналізу матеріалів перших конференцій з ІПЗ (1968-1969 рр.) визначено, як криза програмного забезпечення спонукала науковців та практиків об’єднати зусилля для формування інженерного підходу до програмування. Окреслено відмінності професійної підготовки фахівців з ІПЗ. Виокремлено фундаментальні складові підготовки майбутніх інженерів-програмістів. Розглянуто еволюцію підходів до проектування, впровадження, тестування та документування програмного забезпечення. Виокремлено системні наукові, технологічні підходи і методи до проектування та конструювання комп’ютерних програм. Аналіз історичних етапів розвитку ІПЗ показав, що незважаючи на загальне визнання важливості застосування при розробці програмного забезпечення математичного апарату логіки, теорії автоматів та лінгвістики, воно створювалась емпіричним способом без його використання. Фактором, що змусив програмістів-практиків звернутися до математичних основ ІПЗ, є зростання складності програмного забезпечення та нездатність емпіричних підходів до його розробки та управління впоратися з нею. У професійній підготовці інженерів-програмістів виділено проблему швидкого застарівання технологічного змісту навчання, розв’язання якої полягає у його фундаменталізації через виокремлення базових основ галузі. Визначено, що опанування основ комп’ютерних наук (інформатики) є фундаментом професійної підготовки з ІПЗ

Technology assessment of advanced automation for space missions

Six general classes of technology requirements derived during the mission definition phase of the study were identified as having maximum importance and urgency, including autonomous world model based information systems, learning and hypothesis formation, natural language and other man-machine communication, space manufacturing, teleoperators and robot systems, and computer science and technology

Enabling Additional Parallelism in Asynchronous JavaScript Applications

JavaScript is a single-threaded programming language, so asynchronous programming is practiced out of necessity to ensure that applications remain responsive in the presence of user input or interactions with file systems and networks. However, many JavaScript applications execute in environments that do exhibit concurrency by, e.g., interacting with multiple or concurrent servers, or by using file systems managed by operating systems that support concurrent I/O. In this paper, we demonstrate that JavaScript programmers often schedule asynchronous I/O operations suboptimally, and that reordering such operations may yield significant performance benefits. Concretely, we define a static side-effect analysis that can be used to determine how asynchronous I/O operations can be refactored so that asynchronous I/O-related requests are made as early as possible, and so that the results of these requests are awaited as late as possible. While our static analysis is potentially unsound, we have not encountered any situations where it suggested reorderings that change program behavior. We evaluate the refactoring on 20 applications that perform file- or network-related I/O. For these applications, we observe average speedups ranging between 0.99% and 53.6% for the tests that execute refactored code (8.1% on average)

Special Libraries, December 1970

Volume 61, Issue 10https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1970/1009/thumbnail.jp

Mutable elastic models for sculpting structured shapes

Special Issue: Proc. Eurographics, May 2013, Girona, Spain.International audienceIn this paper, we propose a new paradigm for free-form shape deformation. Standard deformable models minimize an energy measuring the distance to a single target shape. We propose a new, "mutable" elastic model. It represents complex geometry by a collection of parts and measures the distance of each part measures to a larger set of alternative rest configurations. By detecting and reacting to local switches between best-matching rest states, we build a 3D sculpting system: It takes a structured shape consisting of parts and replacement rules as input. The shape can subsequently be elongated, compressed, bent, cut, and merged within a constraints-based free-form editing interface, where alternative rest-states model to such changes. In practical experiments, we show that the approach yields a surprisingly intuitive and easy to implement interface for interactively designing objects described by such discrete shape grammars, for which direct shape control mechanisms were typically lacking

Replaceable Substructures for Efficient Part-Based Modeling

International audienceA popular mode of shape synthesis involves mixing and matching parts from different objects to form a coherent whole. The key challenge is to efficiently synthesize shape variations that are plausible, both locally and globally. A major obstacle is to assemble the objects with local consistency, i.e., all the connections between parts are valid with no dangling open connections. The combinatorial complexity of this problem limits existing methods in geometric and/or topological variations of the synthesized models. In this work, we introduce replaceable substructures as arrangements of parts that can be interchanged while ensuring boundary consistency. The consistency information is extracted from part labels and connections in the original source models. We present a polynomial time algorithm that discovers such substructures by working on a dual of the original shape graph that encodes inter-part connectivity. We demonstrate the algorithm on a range of test examples producing plausible shape variations, both from a geometric and from a topological viewpoint