Korean Arirang: History, Genres, and Adaptations In Edward Niedermaier's "Arirang Variations"

abstract: This study treats in some depth a contemporary solo piano work, "Arirang Variations" (2006) by Edward "Teddy" Niedermaier (b. 1983). Though Niedermaier is an American composer and pianist, he derives his inspiration for that work from four types of Korean arirang: "Arirang," "Raengsanmopan Older Babe Arirang," "Gangwondo Arirang" and "Kin Arirang." The analysis of "Arirang Variations" focuses primarily on how the composer adapts arirang in each variation and develops them into his own musical language. A salient feature of Niedermaier's composition is his combination of certain contradictions: traditional and contemporary styles, and Western and Eastern musical styles. In order to discuss in detail the musical elements of arirang used in "Arirang Variations," scores of all the arirang Niedermaier references are included with the discussion of each. Unfortunately, sources concerning three of these were limited to a single book by Yon-gap Kim, Pukhan Arirang Yongu (A Study of North Korean Arirang), because "Raengsanmopan Older Babe Arirang," "Gangwondo Arirang" and "Kin Arirang"are North Korean versions of arirang. Since arirang are the most important Korean folk song genre, basic information concerning such features of Korean traditional musical elements as scales, vocal techniques, rhythms and types of folk songs are provided along with an overview of the history and origins of arirang. Given that each arirang has distinctive characteristics that vary by region, the four best-known types of arirang are introduced to demonstrate these differences.  Dissertation/ThesisD.M.A. Music 201

Reducing the cost of applying adaptive test cases

The testing of a state-based system may involve the application of a number of adaptive test cases. Where the implementation under test (IUT) is deterministic, the response of the IUT to some adaptive test case $\gamma_1$ could be capable of determining the response of the IUT to another adaptive test case $\gamma_2". Thus, the expected cost of applying a set of adaptive test cases depends upon the order in which they are applied. This paper explores properties of adaptive test cases and considers the problem of finding an order of application of the elements from some set of adaptive test cases, which minimises the expected cost of testing

Le phosphore limite-t-il la production intensive du riz dans la plaine de Bagré au Burkina Faso ?

Le phosphore (P) est un élément important dans la nutrition minérale du riz et dans l’élaboration du rendement paddy. Des essais soustractifs ont été conduits en milieu paysan dans la plaine rizicole de Bagré au cours de trois campagnes successives pour évaluer l’effet de l’application de P sur le rendement paddy. La capacité nutritive du sol en phosphore a varié entre 7 et 15 kg P ha-1. L’application de P a augmenté l’efficacité physiologique interne de P qui a varié entre 211 et 290 kg paddy kg-1 P (moyenne 249 kg kg-1). L’efficacité agronomique de P a été de 33,7 kg paddy kg–1 de P appliqué. L’augmentation de rendement due à l’application de phosphore a été de 19%. En moyenne, 70% du phosphore total absorbé est contenu dans les grains. L’évolution du rendement paddy indique que P est le second facteur limitant dans la plaine de Bagré après l’azote. L’application de P_engrais à une dose moyenne de 30 kg P ha-1 était suffisante pour compenser les pertes dues aux exportations. Le phosphore limite la production de riz à Bagré mais son application comme engrais contribue à améliorer les rendements paddy et à compenser les pertes de P du système.Mots clés : Capacité nutritive des sols, rizières, efficacité d’utilisation de nutriments, bilan minéral

Sacral socio-ecological community: theories of contemporary social catholicism and engaged Buddhism in complementary practice

This dissertation provides a substantive study of the faith-based Mondragón Cooperative Movement in Spain and the Indra’s Net Life Community in Korea, analyzing and critically comparing the ethical values of Catholic Social Teaching and Socially Engaged Asian Buddhism. By evaluating the extent of their success in dealing with socioecological concerns, the importance of religio-ethical values and principles to the disciplines of social and environmental ethics is stressed, offering a new, religiously sensitive approach to ecological wellbeing. As this dissertation argues, the thought and work of Mondragón and Indra’s Net offer important resources for conceptualizing ecological ethics and social justice in and among human communities. This comparison considers two questions: First, what alternative economic system might engage, in context, socioecological religious values and be implemented as an alternative to neoclassical economics? Second, what socioecological ethical principles provide effective intellectual resources to critically assess today’s global economic and ecological crises, and suggest a way to resolve them? These questions are addressed by a study of the ethical and social implications of modern economic systems, as compared to a worker-owned cooperative movement and a socially engaged Asian Buddhist liberation movement, both of which offer an alternative to current economic configurations. Inspired by the communitarian personalist thought of Mondragón’s priest-founder, José María Arizmendiarrieta, and the ecological thought of the Venerable Tobŏp, based on Huayan Buddhism’s philosophy of "interdependent co-arising" (pratītyasamupāda), these grassroots socio-ecological movements provide relevant, religion-based social and ecological teachings that present concrete proposals for economic and social practice. Social Catholicism and socially engaged Buddhism, as evidenced by these two movements, apply a dynamic social-spiritual ideology consonant with their traditions' developing social-ecological consciousness, thereby striving to promote the wellbeing of Earth, humanity, and all life

Elevational Gradients in Microbial Diversity: A case study of Mt. Fuji and Mt. Halla

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 생명과학부, 2013. 2. Jonathan Miles Adams.Little is known of how microbial diversity and community ecology behaves along elevational gradients. We chose to study Mount Fuji of Japan as a geologically and topographically uniform mountain system along with Mt. Halla of Jeju Island, South Korea, a massive shield volcano, consisting of a mosaic of slightly different volcanic types (mainly trachybasalt and basalt) of different ages. PCR-amplified soil DNA for the archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA gene was pyrosequenced and taxonomically classified against EzTaxon-e microbial database for a wide range of elevational zones on both the mountains. Previous studies on soil bacteria/archaea have variously found either a diversity decline, or no trend. However most of these studies did not control for confounding geological factors. Here we studied how microbial diversity and community composition varies in relation to elevation. There was a significant peak in total bacterial/archaeal diversity at certain elevations for both the mountain ranges except for the Yeongsil transect on Mt. Halla which had a hollow (U-shaped) trend with elevation, rarely observed in elevation studies in nature. Individual bacterial/archaeal phyla show distinct trends with elevation—increase, decrease, or a mid-elevational bulge in diversity. Elevation, together with the closely related parameters of mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation, was clearly the best predictor of variation in community composition on both the mountains. These variables exceeded the explanatory power of all other measured variables such as pH, organic C, N and P on Mt. Halla whereas on Mt. Fuji microbial soil communities were also highly responsive to soil environmental gradients, in terms of both their diversity and community composition. Distinct communities of archaea and bacteria specific to each elevational zone on Mt. Fuji suggest that many microbes may be quite finely niche-adapted within the range of soil environments. A further interesting finding is the presence of a mesophilic component of archaea at high altitudes on a mountain that is not volcanically active. This emphasizes the importance of microclimate – in this case solar heating of the black volcanic ash surface for the ecology of soil archaea. A hollow trend that has not been found before in studies of microbial diversity on mountains, and set alongside with the other diversity trends we found here on Mt. Halla, emphasizes that no simple rule can be generalized for the worlds mountain systems. Apart from elevational soil chemistry and climatic factors, stochastic processes involving complex environmental mosaics may also be playing a role in shaping the displayed patterns observed on both the mountains.TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT I TABLE OF CONTENTS III LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................V LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................VI CHAPTER1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Elevational gradients in nature.................................................................................................1 1.2 Metagenomics Approach..........................................................................................................4 1.2.1 Sequencing metagenomics and Pyrosequencing.......................................................4 1.2.2 Microbial Identification Strategies............................................................................8 1.3 Objective of this study............................................................................................................12 CHAPTER2. MT. FUJI: A GEOLOGICALLY AND TOPOGRAPHICALLY SIMPLE MOUNTAIN SYSTEM, JAPAN. 2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................13 2.2 Site Description and Sampling................................................................................................15 2.3 Bacterial Diversity on Mt. Fuji...............................................................................................18 2.3.1 Materials and Methods.............................................................................................18 2.3.1.1 DNA extraction and PCR amplification...................................................18 2.3.1.2 Processing of Pyrosequencing Data and Taxonomic Analysis................18 2.3.1.3 Statistical Processing and Analysis of Results.........................................19 2.3.2 Results.....................................................................................................................21 2.3.3 Discussion...............................................................................................................28 2.3.3.1 Broad taxonomic features/patterns of soil bacterial communities..........28 2.3.3.2 Explaining variance in bacterial community diversity............................29 2.4 Archaeal diversity on Mt. Fuji...............................................................................................32 2.4.1 Materials and Methods........................................................................................... 32 2.4.1.1 Processing of Pyrosequencing Data and Taxonomic Analysis................32 2.4.1.2 Statistical Processing and Analysis of Results.........................................32 2.4.2 Results.....................................................................................................................35 2.4.3 Discussion...............................................................................................................44 2.4.3.1 Broad taxonomic features/patterns of soil archaeal communities...........44 2.4.3.2 Explaining variance in archaeal community diversity.............................46 CHAPTER3. MT. HALLA: A MASSIVE SHIELD VOLCANO ON JEJU ISLAND, SOUTH KOREA 3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................53 3.2 Site Description and Sampling................................................................................................55 3.3 Bacterial Diversity on Mt. Halla.............................................................................................59 3.3.1 Materials and Methods.............................................................................................59 3.3.1.1 DNA extraction and PCR amplification....................................................59 3.3.1.2 Processing of Pyrosequencing Data and Taxonomic Analysis.................59 3.3.1.3 Statistical Processing and Analysis of Results..........................................62 3.3.2 Results......................................................................................................................64 3.3.3 Discussion................................................................................................................74 3.3.3.1 Diversity/ Richness patterns with elevation..............................................74 3.3.3.2 Community Composition difference between two trails...........................75 3.3.3.3 Explaining variance in bacterial community diversity..............................75 CONCLUSIONS...........................................................................................................................78 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................80 APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................89 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................................................107Docto