Changes in Pain Perception in Women During and Following an Exhaustive Incremental Cycling Exercise

Exercise has been found to alter pain sensitivity with a hypoalgesic response (i.e., diminished sensitivity to pain) typically reported during and/or following high intensity exercise. Most of this research, however, has involved the testing of men. Thus, the purpose of the following investigation was to examine changes in pain perception in women during and following exercise. Seventeen healthy female subjects (age 20.47±.87; VO2 peak 36.77± 4.95) volunteered to undergo pain assessment prior to, during, and after a graded exhaustive VO2 peak cycling challenge. Heart Rate (HR) and Oxygen Uptake (VO2) were monitored along with electro-diagnostic assessments of Pain Threshold (PT) and Pain Tolerance (PTOL) at: 1) baseline (B), 2) during exercise (i.e., 120 Watts), 3) at exhaustive intensity (VO2 peak), and 4) 10 minutes into recovery (R). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA to determine differences across trials. Significant differences in PT and PTOL were found across trials (PT, p = 0.0043; PTOL p = 0.0001). Post hoc analyses revealed that PT were significantly elevated at VO2 peak in comparison to B (p = 0.007), 120 Watts (p = 0.0178) and R (p = 0.0072). PTOL were found to be significantly elevated at 120 Watts (p = 0.0247), VO2 peak (p \u3c 0.001), and R (p = 0.0001) in comparison to B. In addition, PTOL were found to be significantly elevated at VO2 peak in comparison to 120 Watts (p = 0.0045). It is concluded that exercise-induced hypoalgesia occurs in women during and following exercise, with the hypoalgesic response being most pronounced following exhaustive exercise

Dimly Remembered, Largely Forgotten: The Mitchell Hall Tablet as a Mirror to American Great War Memory

War thrusts men and women, communities and nations into unfamiliar and otherwiseunlikely situations and associations. And it is war in general, and twentieth-century warfare in particular, that has engendered widespread commemoration and remembrance of its combatants and victims. This thesis recounts the story of ten men who share at least three things in common: they all attended the Milwaukee Normal School sometime during the early years of the twentieth century; they all perished in the service of the United States Armed Forces during the First World War; and they are all commemorated on a simple and somewhat forlorn bronze tablet in Mitchell Hall, now the administrative center of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. This thesis has a primary and a secondary purpose. The primary goal is a simple exercise in research. A person or persons felt the need to commemorate these men in a material and public way. The tablet was commissioned, paid for, and erected. And what of those commemorated? Who were they? What did they do? What happened to them? Does anyone remember them now? Answering these questions comprises the bulk of this document. iii The secondary goal of the thesis is a brief consideration of the tablet in its historical context, both as a historical artefact in its own right, and in its subsequent history, a testimony to the resilience (or otherwise) of American Great War historical memory

Revisiting the Historic Distribution and Habitats of the Whooping Crane

Understanding the historic range and habitats of an endangered species can assist in conservation and reintroduction efforts for that species. Individuals reintroduced into a species’ historic core range have a higher survival rate compared to individuals introduced near the periphery or outside the historic range (Falk and Olwell, 1992; Griffith et al., 1989). Individuals on the periphery of a species’ range tend to occupy less favorable habitats and have lower and more variable densities than those near the core of their range (Brown, 1984; Brown et al., 1995, 1996). Such conclusions, however, presume that historic habitats have not changed since a species was extirpated from core areas – a difficult assumption for many areas, and particularly for wetland habitat (Prince, 1997). Many endangered species persist only on the periphery of their historic range because of habitat loss or modification in their core range (Channell and Lomolino, 2000), which can bias our understanding of the species’ habitat preferences. Further, habitat models based on locations where species persist necessarily emphasize local conditions rather than historical conditions (Kuemmerle et al., 2011). For example, habitat models for the European bison (Bison bonasus) suggested it was a woodland species, but assessment of the bison’s historic range indicated it preferred mosaictype landscapes and had a more eastern and northern distribution than previously reported (Kuemmerle et al., 2011, 2012). Hence, accurate determination of the historic range and habitat conditions for endangered species can improve our understanding of their ecology and assist in conservation and reintroduction efforts. Examining the historic range from an ecological perspective can also help identify where appropriate habitat still exists that could sustain a population

Abstracts from PROCEEDINGS OF THE 14th NORTH AMERICAN CRANE WORKSHOP

CRANES AND AGRICULTURE: A DELICATE BALANCE. Jane E. Austin and Kerryn M. Morrison 149 NOCTURNAL ROOSTING BEHAVIOR OF SANDHILL CRANES ON THE PLATTE RIVER, NEBRASKA. David A.Brandt, Pamela J. Pietz, Deborah A. Buhl, Wesley E. Newton, Gary L. Krapu, and Aaron T. Pearse 149 USING HOME RANGES AND SITE FIDELITY TO IDENTIFY AREAS OF IMPORTANCE FOR OVERWINTERING SANDHILL CRANES ON THE SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS Kathryn Brautigam, Blake A. Grisham, William Johnson, Nicole Athearn, David L. Boren, Dan P. Collins, Shaun Oldenburger, Jude Smith, and Warren Conway 150 IN VITRO METHODS FOR EXAMINING MALE FERTILITY IN CRANE SPECIES Megan E. Brown, Brian Clauss, B. Pukazhenthi, and N. Songsasen 151 CAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT ENHANCES REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN CAPTIVE WHOOPING CRANE PAIRS Megan E. Brown, Sarah J. Converse, C. L. Keefer, and N. Songsasen 151 EVIDENCE OF NEW SUMMER AREAS AND MIXING OF TWO GREATER SANDHILL CRANE POPULATIONS IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST Daniel P. Collins, Courtenay M. Conring, Blake A. Grisham, Warren C. Conway, Jeffery M. Knetter, Scott A. Carleton, and Matthew A. Boggie 152 INCIDENTS OF WHOOPING CRANE SHOOTINGS AND THEIR EFFECT ON RECOVERY EFFORTS . Elisabeth Condon 152 IDENTIFYING MIGRATION CONNECTIVITY AND FOCUS AREAS FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER VALLEY POPULATION OF GREATER SANDHILL CRANES.. Courtenay M. Conring, Blake A. Grisham, Daniel P. Collins, and Warren C. Conway 153 WINTER SPACE USE OF THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER VALLEY POPULATION OF GREATER SANDHILL CRANES . Courtenay M. Conring, Blake A. Grisham, Daniel P. Collins, and Warren C. Conway ENVIRONMENTAL SPATIAL DATA LAYER DEVELOPMENT FOR WINTERING WHOOPING CRANE SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODEL.. Nicole Davis, Thomas Hardy, Elizabeth Smith, Clay M. Green, and Jennifer Jensen 154 DOES HEALTH ON NATAL GROUNDS DRIVE MIGRATORY BEHAVIORS OF JUVENILE WHOOPING CRANES?. Graham D. Fairhurst, Mark T. Bidwell, Barry K. Hartup, Sonia Cabezas, John A. Conkin, Tracy A. Marchant, Kris L. Metzger, Aaron T. Pearse, and Catherine Soos 155 IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL WETLAND MANAGEMENT FOR CRANE CONSERVATION Matthew Gondek 155 SUMMER HOME RANGE AND HABITAT USE OF WHOOPING CRANES IN THE EASTERN MIGRATORY POPULATION. Andrew P. Gossens, Jeb A. Barzen, and Anne E. Lacy 156 SIGHTS AND SOUNDS OF THE SPRING SANDHILL CRANE MIGRATION ON THE PLATTE RIVER . Mary Harner 156 ARE THERE EMERGING HEALTH CONCERNS FOR EASTERN MIGRATORY WHOOPING CRANES?Barry K. Hartup and Taylor J. Yaw 157 EFFECTIVENESS OF PREDATOR REMOVAL FOR ENHANCING A CRANE POPULATION. . Scott G. Hereford and Angela J. Dedrickson 157 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS OF CAPTIVE-REARED AND RELEASED MISSISSIPPI SANDHILL CRANES. Scott G. Hereford and Robert Leaf 158 HABITAT USE BY SANDHILL CRANES WINTERING IN THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN RIVER DELTA OF CALIFORNIA . Gary L. Ivey, Bruce D. Dugger, Caroline P. Herziger, Michael L. Casazza, and Joseph P. Fleskes 158 NON-INVASIVE GENETICS OF SANDHILL CRANES IN ONTARIO. Crystal Kelly 159 A MAJOR NEW SPRING STAGING AREA FOR THE MID-CONTINENT POPULATION OF SANDHILL CRANES IN SOUTH DAKOTA: PROBABLE CAUSES, CHARACTERISTICS, AND CONSERVATION PLANS Gary L. Krapu, David A. Brandt, Aaron T. Pearse, and Bart M. Ballard 159 SUMMER RESOURCE SELECTION OF THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER VALLEY POPULATION OF GREATER SANDHILL CRANES . Kammie L. Kruse, Daniel P. Collins, Jeffery M. Knetter, Courtenay M. Conring, Blake A. Grisham, and Warren C. Conway 160 ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT TO CRANES FROM A PLANNED TRANSMISSION LINE Anne E. Lacy 160 PEOPLE’S AWARENESS AND ATTITUDES ABOUT WHOOPING CRANES AT WHEELER NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, ALABAMASarah Lessard 161 AN INDIVIDUAL-BASED EVOLUTIONARY SIMULATION MODEL FOR PREDICTING WHOOPING CRANE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS .. M. Elsbeth McPhee GEODATABASE AND SPATIAL TOOL DESIGNS TO PROMOTE RAPID ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTED FROM SANDHILL CRANE PLATFORM TRANSMITTER TERMINALS Krista Mougey, Cathy Nowak, Dan Collins, and Blake Grisham 162 OBSERVATIONS OF WHOOPING CRANE CHICK AND PARENT-FEEDING INTERACTIONS .Glenn H. Olsen 162 RELEASING PARENT-REARED WHOOPING CRANES IN WISCONSIN: A PILOT STUDY 2013-2015. .Glenn H. Olsen and Sarah J. Converse 163 REARING AND RELEASE OF PARENT-REARED WHOOPING CRANES IN WISCONSIN, 2016 Glenn H. Olsen, Marianne Wellington, and Joseph W. Duff 164 SEASONAL MORTALITY IN ARANSAS-WOOD BUFFALO WHOOPING CRANES Aaron T. Pearse, David A. Brandt, Barry K. Hartup, and Mark Bidwell 164 SEASONAL MOVEMENTS AND MULTISCALE HABITAT SELECTION OF WHOOPING CRANES IN NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL WETLANDS . Bradley A. Pickens, Sammy L. King, Phillip L. Vasseur, Sara E. Zimorski, and Will Selman 165 WHOOPING CRANE PUBLIC AWARENESS IN LOUISIANA Carrie Salyers 165 DIFFERENTIAL USE OF FRESHWATER PONDS AS HABITAT FOR WHOOPING CRANES ON THE WINTERING GROUND Elizabeth Smith, Jeff Wozniak, Ray Kirkwood, and Karis Ritenour 166 PREDATOR AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS IN SANDHILL CRANES AND WHOOPING CRANES. Kasey Stewart 166 LOCAL SCALE HABITAT USE AND DAILY MOVEMENTS OF WINTERING WHOOPING CRANES IN THE EASTERN MIGRATORY POPULATION Hillary Thompson 167 RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT TO INCREASE WHOOPING CRANE CHICK SURVIVAL ON NECEDAH NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, WISCONSINRichard P. Urbanek 167 THE IMPORTANCE OF BLACK FLY MONITORING TO UNDERSTANDING NEST DESERTION BY WHOOPING CRANES IN THE EASTERN MIGRATORY POPULATION . Richard P. Urbanek, Peter H. Adler, Sara E. Zimorski, Elmer W. Gray, and Eva K. Szyszkoski 168 HABITAT AT WHOOPING CRANE NEST SITES ON NECEDAH NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, WISCONSIN Richard P. Urbanek, Eva K. Szyszkoski, and Beverly S. Paulan 168 SPRING WANDERING: A DISTINCT BEHAVIOR OF YEARLING WHOOPING CRANES IN THE REINTRODUCED EASTERN MIGRATORY POPULATION Richard P. Urbanek, Eva K. Szyszkoski, Sara E. Zimorski, and Lara E. A. Fondow 169 HABITAT SELECTION BY WINTERING SANDHILL CRANES ALONG THE TEXAS GULF COAST. Emily D. Wells, Bart M. Ballard, Shaun L. Oldenburger, Daniel P. Collins, David A. Brandt, Aaron T. Pearse, and Humberto L. Perotto-Baldivieso 170 SURVIVAL ESTIMATES AND STATE-TRANSITION PROBABILITIES OF DIFFERENT DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS OF SANDHILL CRANES Michael Wheeler 170 A COMPARISON OF MOVEMENTS BETWEEN ADULTS AND JUVENILE SANDHILL CRANES DURING SPRING AND SUMMER: EVIDENCE FOR PROSPECTING? David Wolfson, John Fieberg, Jeff Lawrence, Tom Cooper, and David E. Andersen 171 THE FIRST SIX YEARS OF THE LOUISIANA WHOOPING CRANE REINTRODUCTION .Sara E. Zimorski, Phillip L. Vasseur, and Eva K. Szyszkoski 171 MILESTONE REACHED IN REINTRODUCED WHOOPING CRANE POPULATION: FIRST CHICKS HATCHED IN THE WILD IN LOUISIANA IN MORE THAN 75 YEARS .. Sara E. Zimorski, Phillip L. Vasseur, and Eva K. Szyszkoski 17

Effects of PCB 126 and Ammonia, Alone and in Combination, on Green Frog (Rana clamitans) and Leopard Frog (R. pipiens) Hatching Success, Development, and Metamorphosis

The Green Bay watershed in Wisconsin is polluted with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxin, heavy metals, ammonia, and over 100 organic contaminants. In this study we exposed embryos and larvae of two ranid species commonly occurring in the Green Bay ecosystem, the green frog (Rana clamitans) and the leopard frog (R. pipiens), to PCB 126 (3,3\u27, 4,4\u27, 5-Pentachlorobyphenil, nominal concentrations 0-50 μg/l, two control treatments: water plus 0.08% acetone as carrier for the PCB, water alone), unionized ammonia (0-2 mg/I), and mixtures of both contaminants. Exposure to PCB 126 did not cause significant mortality of embryos before hatching. However, exposure to unionized ammonia (NH3) concentrations in excess of 0.6 mg/I (green frogs) or 1.5 mg/I (leopard frogs) caused a decline in hatching success and an increase in prevalence of deformities. PCB 126 and NH3 in combination had a significant negative effect on hatching success. Survival of larvae was significantly reduced at the highest PCB concentration (50 mg/I) for both species. Few skeletal deformities were observed in tadpoles at this concentration, but the incidence of edema was significantly increased. A slowing of growth was also observed in anuran tadpoles exposed to PCB 126. NH3 exposure caused a decrease in the survival and growth of green frog tadpoles. When exposed to mixtures of both chemicals, green frog tadpoles showed a decrease in survival. However, growth was not affected. Fewer tadpoles metamorphosed with increasing PCB 126 and NH3 concentrations. In tadpoles exposed to PCB 126, tissue concentrations of PCB 126 at the end of the experiment increased with increasing nominal concentrations, ranging from 1.2-9600 ng/g wet weight. Our data indicate that anurans may not be particularly sensitive to NH3 as compared to many fish species, and that water quality criteria determined using data collected on fish species will be protective for many anuran amphibians. At high concentrations, PCB 126 and unionized NH3 affected both ranid species. However, no sublethal effects were apparent at water concentrations that occur in the Green Bay ecosystem