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    ์ •๊ถŒ๋ณ„ ๊ณผ(่ชฒ) ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ์ตœํƒœํ˜„.The South Koreas government performs government reorganization due to the change of the president every 5 years. Although the departments reorganizations occur very often, there is not much known about the changes occur in intra-organizational structure. This research has been performed in order to supplement this fact. The researchs ultimate purpose is deciding the government reorganization, which occurs regularly as the government changes, is fitting to the purpose of reorganization rather than just simple integration. The discovery of government reorganization from the Young-sam Kim administration to the Myung-Bak Lee administration, is following example. First, the government reorganization sets the goal of the elimination of sectionalism, the unity among ministries functions, and the efficiency of operating organization. However, through the government reorganization process, there have been similar occurrences of simple integrations in most cases. Before reorganization, there have been rare occurrences of exchanges among office-bureau and divisions belong to different ministries. This means the only effect that can be discovered is elimination of the repeated support organization. Therefore, I can discover the lack of the Institutional Congruence through the disagreement of the suggested goal and intra-organizational structure. Second, there have been occurrence of unification on office-bureau level and convergence on divisional level in related field (ex. IT Technology+ Industry), similar industry(ex. Agriculture + seafood) and same policy field(ex. the Ocean). It means in future, there should be analysis of total possibilities of the function of ministries prior to implication of reorganization of government. Third, time does not have a big meaning in frequent government reorganization. The bureaucrats know the possibilities of the unification, division, and transfer of ministry organization that occur every 5 years, they maintain the exclusive domain centered by core function of the ministry. Therefore, even time goes as the unification status, they refuse to unify and exchange with other function. Through the descriptive analysis so far, we can suggest following implications. First, the evaluation of analysis of office-bureau level and division level can be varied due to government reform or government reorganization. I might miss the side effect of simple integration among ministries if I evaluate the government reform and government reorganization through the whole size of organization and the rated capacity. If there is not an exchange among ministries and functions, then government reorganization is just a symbolic meaning contains side effect. Second, in Korean government reorganization, most people have experienced the occurrence of simple integration. This part means the purpose and reality of the government reorganization is short of containing institutional Congruence. Therefore, in case of need, there should be the partial functional adjustment among the ministries. Big reorganization of government should require careful analysis that contains advantage and disadvantage, and impetuous reorganization of government might cost in a big way for both bureaucrats and the whole nation. Status quo might be the one of distracter.ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ–‰์ •ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ํ—Œ๋ฒ•๊ทœ์ •์ธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋‹จ์ž„์ œ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด 5๋…„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๊ธ‰๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน์  ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ฐ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€” ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ด€๋ก€ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์•™ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ฐœํŽธ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๊ฐœํŽธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๊ธ‰ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํƒ์ƒ‰์ โ€ค๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”(ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ)๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ช…์นญ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฒช์€ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ถ„์„์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๊ธ‰ ์ค‘์•™ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค๊ตญ(ๅฎคๅฑ€) ๋ฐ ๊ณผ(่ชฒ) ๋‹จ์œ„๊นŒ์ง€๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์„ ์ •์€ ๊น€์˜์‚ผ ์ •๋ถ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ•๊ทผํ˜œ ์ •๋ถ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ถ„์„์— ์žˆ์–ด ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ์ง์ „(T0), ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ์‹œ์ (T1), ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ (T2), ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ •๋ถ€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ(T3~T4)์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘์•™ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๊ธ‰ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ์‹œํ–‰ ์ „ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ํ• ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ, ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์œตํ•ฉ, ์กฐ์ง์šด์˜์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐœํŽธ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง๊ฐœํŽธ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ„ ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ์‹ค๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐœํŽธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์ค‘๋ณต์ง€์› ์กฐ์ง(๊ธฐํš์กฐ์ •์‹ค, ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€, ์ •์ฑ…๋ณด์ขŒ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ด€) ์ถ•์†Œโ€คํ์ง€ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ์กฐ์ง ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํก์ˆ˜ํ†ตํ•ฉ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹ค๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง ๊ฐœํŽธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์œ ํ˜•๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ(๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์กฐ์ง๋ฌธํ™” ๋“ฑ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. T0~T4๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ค์ • ํ›„ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€ ํ›„ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ(10๋…„)์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์‹ค๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ ์ฆ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” 5๋…„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๊ทœ์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐœํŽธ์ด ๋” ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ถŒ๋ณ„ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊น€์˜์‚ผ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐœํŽธ์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์˜์‚ผ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด 1์ฐจ ๊ฐœํŽธ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ, 2์ฐจ ๊ฐœํŽธ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ƒ ์ถ•์†Œ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ„์ง ์ถ•์†Œ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๋ฐ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ, 4์ฐจ ๊ฐœํŽธ์€ ์‹ ์„ค ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ •์ฑ… ๋‹ด๋‹น ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€๋Œ€์ค‘ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 1์ฐจ ๊ฐœํŽธ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตํ†ต์ƒ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •๊ฒฝ์ œ์› ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์กฐ์ง ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 1๋…„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ฒญ, ๊ธฐํš์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ)์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฌด๋ถ€์™€ ์ด๋ฌด๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์งˆ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”์ฒด์œก๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต๋ณด์ฒ˜(์–ธ๋ก ๋งค์ฒด)๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํก์ˆ˜ํ†ตํ•ฉ์€ ๊ณต๋ณด์ฒ˜โ†’๊ณต๋ณด์‹ค ์ถ•์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ๊ฐœํŽธ์—์„œ๋„ ์ค‘์•™์ธ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ์™€ ํ–‰์ •์ž์น˜๋ถ€ ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์กด, ๊ตญ์ •ํ™๋ณด์ฒ˜ ์‹ ์„ค ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ณต๋ณด์ฒ˜โ†’๊ณต๋ณด์‹ค์ถ•์†Œํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ ๋“ฑ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์™€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ ๊ฐœํŽธ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ์‹ ์„ค์€ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์ •์›์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ†ต์น™(๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๋ น) ์ œ 15์กฐ(๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์˜ ์„ค์น˜)์— ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ์ •๋ถ€, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ ์„ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ค์šฉ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐœํŽธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€์ฒ˜์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฐ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํก์ˆ˜ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๋ณตํ•ฉํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ค‘๋ณต ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ์ „ ์ •๊ถŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ตญ์ฒด์ œ ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ์žฅ๊ธ‰ ๊ด€์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ค‘๋ณต๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ์žฅ๊ธ‰ ๊ด€ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์œ„์ง ์ถ•์†Œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ•จ์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‹ค๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐœํ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์ •์› ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ์กฐ์ง ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฐœํŽธ์€ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•์  ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์€ ์‹ค๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด Top-Down์‹ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ๊ฐ„ โ‘  ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€โ†’โ‘ก ์‹ค๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์ค€โ†’โ‘ข ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ Bottomโ€“Up ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์กฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์šฐ์„  ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 10 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ค‘์•™ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” 10 1. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ 10 2. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ์œ ํ˜• 17 3. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ๋… 21 4. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ค‘์•™ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” 22 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ •๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ 27 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 34 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ 34 1. ๋ถ€์ฒ˜(์›)์ฒญ 36 2. ์œ„์›ํšŒ 36 3. ์‹ค๊ตญ(ๅฎคๅฑ€) ๋ฐ ๊ณผ(่ชฒ) 37 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ์œ ํ˜• ์„ค์ • 38 1. ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 38 2. ํก์ˆ˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 39 3. ๋ณตํ•ฉ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 39 4. ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 39 5. ์ด๊ด€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 40 6. ์‹ ์„ค 40 7. ํ์ง€ 41 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค์ • 42 1. T0 (์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ์ง์ „) 42 2. T1~T2 (์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ์‹œ์ ~ ๋™์ผ ์ •๋ถ€ ํ›„๊ธฐ) 42 3. T3~T4 (์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ๋‹ค์Œ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„) 42 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” 43 1. ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ณ€ํ™” 43 2. ์‹ค๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 44 3. ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ 45 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• 46 ์ œ4์žฅ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ถ„์„ 47 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊น€์˜์‚ผ ์ •๋ถ€ 47 1. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 47 2. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ 48 3. ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 51 1) ๋ฌธํ™”๋ถ€์™€ ์ฒด์œก์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 51 2) ์ƒ๊ณต๋ถ€์™€ ๋™๋ ฅ์ž์›๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 55 3) ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ธฐํš์›๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 61 4) ๊ฑด์„ค๋ถ€์™€ ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 65 5) ์ฒด์‹ ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ณ„ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹  ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 70 6) ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์ฒญ, ํ•ด์šดํ•ญ๋งŒ์ฒญ, ์ˆ˜๋กœ๊ตญ(์™ธ๊ตญ)์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 77 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  80 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊น€๋Œ€์ค‘ ์ •๋ถ€ 86 1. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 86 2. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ 87 3. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 90 1) ์žฌ์ •๊ฒฝ์ œ์›์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 90 2) ์™ธ๋ฌด๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ต์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ผ์›ํ™” ํ†ตํ•ฉ 94 3) ์ด๋ฌด์ฒ˜์™€ ๋‚ด๋ฌด๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 99 4) ๋ฌธํ™”์ฒด์œก๋ถ€์™€ ๊ณต๋ณด์ฒ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 105 5) ๊ณต๋ณด์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ด€๊ด‘๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 107 6) ๊ต์œก๋ถ€์˜ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ •์ฑ… ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ 110 7) ์—ฌ์„ฑํŠน๋ณ„์œ„์›ํšŒ์™€ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 114 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  117 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋…ธ๋ฌดํ˜„ ์ •๋ถ€ 121 1. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 121 2. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ 122 3. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 123 1) ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 121 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  128 ์ œ4์ ˆ. ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ์ •๋ถ€ 129 1. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 129 2. ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ 130 3. ํ–‰์ • ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 134 1) ๊ธฐํš์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ฒ˜์™€ ์žฌ์ •๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 134 2) ํ–‰์ •์ž์น˜๋ถ€, ์ค‘์•™์ธ์‚ฌ์œ„ ์™ธ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 139 3) ๊ต์œก์ธ์ ์ž์›๋ถ€, ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 144 4) ๋ฌธํ™”๊ด€๊ด‘๋ถ€, ๊ตญ์ •ํ™๋ณด์ฒ˜, ์ •ํ†ต๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 150 5) ๋†๋ฆผ๋ถ€, ํ•ด์–‘์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ถ€, ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 154 6) ์‚ฐ์ž๋ถ€, ์ •ํ†ต๋ถ€(์ •๋ณด), ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€(๊ฐœ๋ฐœ)ํ†ตํ•ฉ 160 7) ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€, ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ถ€(๊ฐ€์กฑ/๋ณด์œก), ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์œ„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 166 8) ๊ฑด๊ต๋ถ€, ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ถ€(ํ•ด์šด๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜,ํ™˜๊ฒฝ),ํ–‰์ž๋ถ€(์ง€์ ) ํ†ตํ•ฉ 173 9) ๊ธˆ๊ฐ์œ„(๊ธˆ์œต๊ฐ๋…), ์žฌ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€(๊ธˆ์œต์ •์ฑ…) ํ†ตํ•ฉ 180 10) ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ณ ์ถฉ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์œ„, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฒญ๋ ด์œ„, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‹ฌํŒ์œ„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 186 11) ๋ฐฉ์†ก์œ„(๋ฐฉ์†ก), ์ •ํ†ต๋ถ€(ํ†ต์‹ ์„œ๋น„์Šค)์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 190 12) ๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€์™€ ์›์ž๋ ฅ์•ˆ์ „์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 195 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  195 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  205 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  205 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ 211 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 214 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 216 218 Abstract 236Docto

    ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‡Œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ํšจ์œจ์  ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์ธ์ง€ ํ†ต์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ์ตœ์ง„์˜.Appropriate reconfiguration of the brain functional network based on various given situations came to the fore as an important factor for the adaptive function in younger adults. Since the role of reconfiguration in older adults needs to be clarified, this study aimed to examine the relationship between brain network reconfiguration and adaptive function even in older adults who had experienced both structural and functional brain change over a lifetime. A total of 83 elderly people who participated in the Korean Social Life and Health Aging Project (KSHAP) completed the resting-state and multi-source interference task (MSIT) fMRI protocol. They underwent 10-minute resting state fMRI acquisition with their eyes open, and 6-minute MSIT state to measure their performance on the cognitive control task. Older people who reconfigured their task-positive networks less from the resting-state to the MSIT showed better performance both in the MSIT, and the neuropsychological tests measuring working memory function. These results were still significant even controlling age, sex, years of education, total gray matter volume, and the mean movement between two states. Especially, the less reconfiguration in the fronto-parietal network (FPN) was significantly associated with better performance on both the cognitive control task and the working memory tests. The MSIT performance was not affected by the individual difference in the configuration of both rest and task state. Yet, the working memory function was significantly affected by the individual difference in the configuration of task state. These results indicated that less and efficient reconfiguration was associated with better adaptive function even in elderly people. In addition, the FPN stability between two different states played a significant role in the cognitive function of elderly adults. Moreover, the cognitive control in older adults was associated with task switching rather than the optimization of the states. On the other hand, the working memory was still associated with the optimization of the task state. This study extended the analysis method of neuroimaging and suggested a novel approach to investigate the cognitive control of older adults.๋‡Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง (brain functional network)์„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ (network reconfiguration)์€ ์ Š์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ ์‘์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ , ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Korean Social Life and Health Aging Project (KSHAP) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋†์ดŒ์ง€์—ญ L ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ K ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž 83๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ณผ์ œ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ์™€ ์ธ์ง€ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณผ์ œ (MSIT) ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ (fMRI)์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ธ์ง€์  ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ์˜ ๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก (ํšจ์œจ์ ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก) ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋†’์€ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต ์†Œ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๊ต์œก ์—ฐํ•œ์— ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ „๋‘๋‘์ • ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ (FPN)์˜ ์ ์€ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ง€ ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ž‘์—… ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—๋Š” ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์กฐ์งํ™” (configuration)์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ƒํƒœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์ ์€, ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ ์‘ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๋‘๋‘์ • ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ธ์ง€ ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—๋Š” ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณผ์ œ ๊ฐ„ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์‘์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘์—… ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‡Œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ • ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ๋งบ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ž„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐํ‹€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋‡Œ ์˜์ƒ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์ง€ ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ด๋ก  ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‹(topology)๊ณผ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ ์‘ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Cognitive Aging in Older adults 1 1.2. Cognitive Control Function in the Cognitive Aging 3 1.3. MSIT: an fMRI task to measure cognitive control 4 1.4. Brain Network Reconfiguration and the General Cognitive Ability 6 1.5. Brain Network Reconfiguration in the Aging 8 1.6. Objectives and Hypotheses 9 Chapter 2. Methods 11 2.1. Participants & Procedures 11 2.2. Multi-Source Interference Task 13 2.3. Neuropsychological Tests 16 2.4. MRI Acquisition and Preprocessing 19 2.5. Calculating the Network Similarity Index of the Brain Network 27 2.6. Individual Resting/Task State Functional Connectivity Configuration 29 2.7. Statistical Analysis 30 Chapter 3. Results 31 3.1. Behavioral Results 31 3.2. Brain Network Similarity Index & Cognitive Control Functions 36 3.3. Impact of Resting-State and Task Configuration on Brain Reconfiguration 43 3.4. MSIT activation & Cognitive Control Functions 46 Bibliography 60 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 68Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„œ์–‘ํ™”๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์˜ค์ธํ™˜.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒน์นจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์  ํ˜„์žฅ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ์  ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์ฒดํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ฒดํ˜„๊ณผ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ์ง์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›ํ™œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์—ญ์„ค์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž๊ธฐ ์ฒดํ˜„์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์  ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ผ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ๋‹ค์ค‘์  ์ž…์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ž…์žฅ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ์žฅ์†Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒน์œผ๋กœ ์–ฝํžˆ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์ž…์žฅ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋„ ์ €๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ๋ณด๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‹ค์ค‘์  ์—ญํ• ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์„ฑ์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—ญ์„ค์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ž‘์—… ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค์ค‘์  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ์  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰-๋Œ€๋ฆฝ, ์˜๋„๋œ ์‹คํŒจ-๋ฐ˜๋ณต, ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ์œ„์žฅ-๊ต๋ž€์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ €๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘์žํƒ์ผ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ €๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ์  ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณตํ•ฉ์  ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ ๋“ฏ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋“ฏํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ด๋ค„๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€์‹œ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์š”๋ฅผ ๋ ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋”ฑํžˆ ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ~์ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์€ ์œ ๋ณด์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด๋Š ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ต๋ž€์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ ์—ญํ• ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ๋“ค์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ •๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ๋ถˆ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๋œปํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์–‘๋ฉด์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ์ „๋žต์ด๋‹ค. ๋Š” ๊ต๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ ๊ณต์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์Šค์œ™ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋„๋œ ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ, ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—์„œ์•ผ๋งŒ ์‹ค์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์šฐํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ด€๊ฐ์ธ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์–‘์ชฝ์˜ ์—ญํ•  ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์„œ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋žŒ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜์™€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™์‹œ ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ต์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ ํฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒน์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž…์žฅ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜์˜์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋‹˜๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๋„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‹œ์ฐจ์  ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•„ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‹ค์žฌํ™”๋œ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ์ผ์ƒ, ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฒดํ˜„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ญ์„ค์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค.The following study analyzes ironic sites of overlaps and divisions among various roles that are assumed on a daily basis and explores self as an instance of such sites from an arts-perspective concerning self-manifestation and rearranging the ordinary. A finite individual inevitably faces contradictions and conflicts in the course of undertaking various roles on a daily basis. This study incorporates a work of self-manifestation into real life, and therefore seeks the capacity of art to induce future-oriented changes by focusing on ironies and the possibilities of undertaking and performing multiple roles that overcome a set of prescribed binaries. I first became interested in performance of multiple roles as I realized how I was performing multiple roles that contradicted each other. My changing roles overlapped every instance and every place, resulting in a multifarious positionality that put me on the spot. In uncertainty and deference, I came to critically reflect on such circumstances, which enabled me to incorporate them into my own practice of signifying performance of multiple roles. The ironies created in terms of simultaneous performance and conflict, intentional failure and repetition, loose disguise and deception in my work constantly elide the viewers sense of judgment. Performing multiple roles that contradict one another suggests a complex set of circumstances that requires overcoming binaries, and along with them various possibilities that may arise from performing such roles. Repetition of acts to a point of ambiguity is a method that seeks ones inner possibilities while avoiding purposiveness, outright resistance, or imposing a clear set of directives. Although such acts may be provisional, it certainly brings to light the situation in which confusion takes place by making unavailable the idea of definite choice. Such a method suggests that the roles ascribed to individuals are not isolated, and at the same time are not fixed or unchanging. Rather, they change, and are constantly in transit. When Try Gets Erased is a work of performing multiple roles that contradict each other. The ambiguity created by such performance elides judgment by strategically exposing double-sidedness. Round on Campus with Saccharin Ball features repetitive swinging of a ball made out of saccharin, which is a form of intended failure where something is ceaselessly tried with no avail. The work tries to intervene indirectly in reality through an irony that the true substance is revealed only when nothing substantial is going on. #gallerytourproject utilizes the role of artist, which isnt clearly distinguished from that of a viewer, to take down boundaries between the two, where the artist pretends to be both the artist and the viewer. The work is a playful testimony to the role-switching among people as the artist performs the role of artist and the role of viewerโ€”two roles that contradict one anotherโ€”in a single image. Dripping- Youd Better Not Cry seeks to overcome the binary of defiance or submission to patriarchy in South Korea and represent multifarious and subtle aspects of masculinity. These performances that are based on personal experiences are self-reflective and at the same time self-representative, which accompany a type of asynchronous response. In South Korea, where forms of binary thought are deeply in place and not much diversity is being tolerated, these works seek to secure diversity by discovering and intervening in life experiences. By materializing themโ€”where various forms of overlap occurโ€”in the form of art, I attempt to emphasize the potential of art for reconfiguring the ordinary and performing the irony.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋“ค 4 โ…ข. ์ž๊ธฐ ์ฒดํ˜„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™” 7 1. ์ž๊ธฐ ์ฒดํ˜„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ฑ 7 2. ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 10 โ…ฃ. ์—ญ์„ค์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 14 1. ๋™์‹œ์  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ - ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 17 2. ์˜๋„๋œ ์‹คํŒจ - ๋ฐ˜๋ณต 24 3. ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ์œ„์žฅ - ๊ต๋ž€ 30 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  41 ๋„ํŒ๋ชฉ๋ก 44 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 47 Abstract 48Maste

    Brain mapping in glioma surgery

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    The aims of brain glioma surgery are to potentiate adjuvant therapies and to extend survival with maximizing the quality of resection, while minimizing the risk of postoperative neurologic deficits. However, it is often limited by the location and spatial extent of the tumor and its relationship to the eloquent tissue. Moreover, there is interindividual anatomofunctional variability and so, each patient should be evaluated for cortical functional organization, effective connectivity and potential for plasticity. Recently, โ€œmaximum safe resectionโ€ has been made possible by preoperative functional neuroimaging, intraoperative imaging and image-guided surgery, and intraoperative functional mapping. In each patient, preoperative evaluation of cortical functional organization and relationship between tumor and surrounding brain tissue, and intraoperative evaluation of anatomo-functional connectivity and short-term plasticity using repeated cortical and subcortical stimulation during resection made tailored resection of glioma in eloquent area possible. With continuous accumulation of neuroanatomical & neurophysiological knowledge and experience of preoperative and intraoperative mapping, we could understand more and better about dynamic functional anatomy of brainope

    Social-ecological Memory in Koreas Traditional Village Landscapes: Ethnographic and Spatial Approaches

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 8. ์ด๋„์›.In nurturing resilience in social-ecological systems (SESs), memories of ecosystem stewardship practices that are retained by actors of SESsโ€”referred to as social-ecological memories (SEMs)โ€”play vital roles, particularly relevant in the face of change. This dissertation investigates the ways in which SEM is created, mobilized, and manifested to cope with disturbances and changes by employing various social and ecological resources while maintaining the systems identity, also referred to as resilience. It proposes SEM as a person-practice-place complex with crucial individual components. In other words, SEM that nurtures social-ecological resilience involves (1) memory carriers as the primary agents of SEM (person)(2) ecosystem stewardship practices based on local observations and experiential knowledge that has undergone a learning-by-doing process (practice)and (3) physical sites in which the person has experienced and learned through practice about ecosystem management, complex systems thinking, and the link between nature and humans. In this regard, this dissertation explores the characteristics of each indicator of SEM with individual cases concerning Koreas traditional village landscape (KTVL) and highlights their implications in the context of social-ecological resilience. Landscape here is understood as a unit of SES that is significant for its adaptive qualities. This adaptation is a feedback loop comprising the potential of the land and the ways in which humans make a living from it based on their knowledge systems and cosmologies. Additionally, I focus on traditional ecological knowledge as a type of SEM that has undergone vigorous trial-and-error over time, because in certain circumstances there is a reluctance to innovate and adapt in the face of change within an SES. In studying SES concerning KTVL, I use both autobiographical and historical memories as sources for analyzing the SEM. For instance, in Chapter Three, I use Park Wan-suhs novel Who Ate Up All the Shinga? as an example of autobiographical memory to analyze aspects of ecoliteracy and place attachment as reflected in SEM. Ecoliteracy is defined as ecological knowledge with regard to the names of living and physical components, practices of the resource management system, and landscape management systems. Worldviews and cosmologies that are closed related with person-place attachment are also delineated. These observations exemplify how memories of person-practice and person-place interactions are manifested in forms of ecoliteracy and place attachment. The study also shows how SES in relation to KTVL is highly influenced by village landscape management practices within a watershed. In Chapter Four, I explore the role of SEM in fostering the adaptive capacity of a community through its synergy with other sources of resilience such as leadership, and with cross-scale and cross-level interactions. The result of ethnographic study conduced in a rural area in South Korea indicates that SEM concerning village landscape configuration is reinforced through land use changes and scale-related issues brought about by top-down policy processes. Although the evidence used here focuses on villagers attempts to cope with flood damages, it demonstrates the importance of SEM in allowing for community-based resilience practices. In Chapter Five, I draw on historical records as types of historical memory to define the social-ecological identity of KTVL with emphasis on Koreas traditional village grove and to assess the current spatial identity of the landscape. With the analyzed spatial identity, I was able to locate potential traditional village grove sites in KTVLs that are not in the current governmental data. Although cognitive dimensions of SEM highlight the place-based values of physical environments, based on an SES framework, this dissertation claims that person-practice-place dynamics are also manifested through the spatial characteristics and spatial resilience of a place. It concludes that person-practice-place interactions are central to SEM, which plays a critical role in allowing for ecosystem stewardship in various regions. Institutions to support SEM-based stewardship activities and conservation strategies to protect physical sites in which SEM is accumulated and stored are needed for the maintenance, transmission, and mobilization of sources of resilience.CHAPTER ONE: Linking People with Ecosystem Stewardship Practice and Cultural Landscape 5 CHAPTER TWO: Theoretical Emergence 19 CHAPTER THREE: Autobiographical Social-ecological Memory 35 CHAPTER FOUR: Social-ecological Memory and Adaptive Capacity 50 CHAPTER FIVE: Identity of Korea's Traditional Village Landscape 69 CHAPTER SIX: Toward Better Landscape Stewardship 87 ์š”์•ฝ(๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 95 REFERENCES 97Docto

    A Study on Multiple Mobility

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    ์ง€๋‚œ 10์—ฌ ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ–์— ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „, ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์†๋„์™€ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ด๋™์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์‹ ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด๋™์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์ด๋™ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ํ˜น์€ ์ด๋™ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์กด์žฌ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์„ ์˜ค๋ž„ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ์˜์กดํ•ด ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ์•ฝ 6์ฒœ๋…„ ์ „ ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์›์„ ์—ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ๋ฐœํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ๋‘๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœํ™”์ž์™€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตฌ์ˆ ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ, ํ˜น์€ ์›๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ ๋™์ผ์„ฑ์— ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ๋™์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค

    Exploring System Thinking Required for Middle School Students to Understand Visual Concepts and Teaching Strategies for Supporting Students System Thinking

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ƒ๋ฌผ์ „๊ณต), 2017. 8. ๊น€ํฌ๋ฐฑ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๋•Œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋น„์œ  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ1์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ํฌ๊ด„๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ๊ณผ์ •, ๋ช…์•” ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์›๊ทผ ์กฐ์ ˆ, ๊ทผ์‹œ์™€ ์›์‹œ์˜ ๊ต์ •์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ๋… ํ•™์Šต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด, ๊ธฐํ˜ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ2์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ1์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆˆ ๋น„์œ  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๋น„์œ  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€์›์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ 53๋ช…์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ˆˆ ๋น„์œ  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ดํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ดํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 3๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์š”์†Œ์—๋งŒ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๊ณผ์ • ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๊ณผ์ • ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ ˆํŽธํ™”๋œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๋•Œ ๋Œ€์ฒด๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ • ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆˆ ๋น„์œ  ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถค์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ์ • ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ด‰์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ธ์‹์  ์‹คํ–‰ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ณผ์ • ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.This study aimed to explore system thinking required for middle school students to understanding visual concepts and activity using analogical model can be strategy to supporting students system thinking. The purpose of study 1 was to explore how middle school science textbooks facilitated system thinking while addressing visual concepts. This study investigated system thinking revealed in the texts of textbooks, ontological category of inscriptions in the textbooks and degree of inclusion of information between text and inscription. The textbooks which investigated in study 1 addressed visual concepts by three themes: 'Structure of the eye and vision formation' 'Pupillary reflex and visual accommodation' and 'Myopia and hyperopia'. A high-level of system thinking was required to learn these visual concepts. The results of Study 1 showed that unmodified inscriptions are typically categorized as 'structure', but inscriptions can be modified through the addition of words and conventions or the use of multiple images to fit 'process'. Theses inscriptions could enable to support the high-level system thinking required to understand concepts the text. So, while using inscription in classroom, asking students about feature of inscription can be strategy for facilitate students system thinking. Because this question give opportunity students to reasoning about interaction and change of structure element. Study 2 was aimed at exploring how an analogy model activity and teacher supports enhanced students system thinking and their understanding of the seeing process. Fifty -three 8th grade students used analogy models to study the structure of the eyes and the seeing process. Study 2 identified three types of distinct system thinking. Students in the first type focused only on a single structural element of a visual system and did not connect this element to process element. The second type connected the limited structural elements to process element within a visual system, and students fragmented ideas led to a misconception of the seeing process. The final type explained how visual system form and interpret images by collaboratively connecting the structural elements to process element. This result means that analogical models as a cognitive tool for facilitating students system thinking in science classes. In addition, by providing scaffolds for activation of cognitive execution, the teacher helped students overcome difficulties in their system thinking.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 6 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  7 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 1. ๋ณต์žก๊ณ„ 8 2. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  10 3. ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ 12 4. ๋น„์œ ๋ชจํ˜• 14 โ…ข. ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 16 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 16 1.1 ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์„ ํƒ 16 1.2 ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ถ„์„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 16 2. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 21 2.1 ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 21 2.2 ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์ œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํŠน์ง• 26 2.2.1 ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ๊ณผ์ • ์ฃผ์ œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํŠน์ง• 26 2.2.2 ๋ช…์•” ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์›๊ทผ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ฃผ์ œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํŠน์ง• 29 2.2.3 ๊ทผ์‹œ์™€ ์›์‹œ์˜ ๊ต์ • ์ฃผ์ œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํŠน์ง• 32 โ…ฃ. ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™ ํƒ์ƒ‰ 35 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 35 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 35 1.2 ์ˆ˜์—… ์„ค๊ณ„ 36 1.3 ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 38 2. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 40 2.1 ๋น„์œ  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  40 2.1.1 ์‹œ๊ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์š”์†Œ๋งŒ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 42 2.1.2 ์‹œ๊ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๊ณผ์ • ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 46 2.1.2.1 ๋‘ ๋น„์œ  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ 46 2.1.2.2 ๋งน์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์„ค๋ช… 47 2.1.3 ์‹œ๊ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๊ณผ์ • ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 49 2.1.3.1 ๋‘ ๋น„์œ  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ 50 2.1.3.3 ๋งน์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์„ค๋ช… 50 2.2 ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€์›์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 53 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 57 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 61 ๋ถ€๋ก 71 Abstract 74Maste

    ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์™ธ์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ: ์ž์„œ์ „์  ๊ธฐ์–ต ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ธ์ง€์  ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ •์„œ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œก์ƒ๋‹ด์ „๊ณต), 2018. 8. ๊น€์ฐฝ๋Œ€.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์™ธ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์™ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž์„œ์ „์  ๊ธฐ์–ต ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ธ์ง€์  ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ •์„œ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์™„ํ™”์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™(์›)์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ค‘์ธ ์ง์žฅ์ธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์™ธ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ฐ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ 75๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ๋ฐœ ์‹œ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ์ด ์ค‘์ฆ๋„ ์ด์ƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์™ธ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ตœ๊ทผ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ด๋‚ด ๋˜๋Š” 20๋…„ ์ด์ „์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ, 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ 10๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์†Œ์š”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ํ†ต์ œ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋ฌด์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋˜์–ด ์ „์ž๋Š” ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ 3ํšŒ๋ฅผ, ํ›„์ž๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ Pennebaker์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์™ธ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ 3ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฌธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ „ํ›„์— ์ž๊ธฐ๋ณด๊ณ ์‹ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์„œ์ „์  ๊ธฐ์–ต ํŠน์„ฑ, ์™ธ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€์  ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ •์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ธก์น˜์™€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฏธํ•ด๋‹น, ์กฐ์ž‘์‹คํŒจ ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ถ„์„์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 60๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ณต๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„(ANCOVA)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ž์„œ์ „์  ๊ธฐ์–ต ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‘๊ธฐ, ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ, ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ณ€์ธ์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์™ธ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋” ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์™ธ์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋” ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ธ์ง€์  ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ํ•˜์œ„๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์™ธ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ •์„œ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์™ธ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ฒ˜์น˜์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋‹ด์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์™ธ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์Šต์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ์ง€์  ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ž…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์™ธ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ญํ•  ๊ณผ์—…์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋‹ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ธฐ(๋งŒ 18์„ธ ~ ๋งŒ 39์„ธ)์˜ ๋‚จ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค 10 II. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 11 1. ์™ธ์ƒ 11 1) ์™ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์™ธ์ƒ 11 2) ์™ธ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ •์„œ์ , ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์ธ์ง€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ 14 2. ์™ธ์ƒ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜์น˜ 17 1) ์™ธ์ƒ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜์น˜์˜ ์ •์˜ 17 2) ์™ธ์ƒ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜์น˜์˜ ์ด์  19 3) ์™ธ์ƒ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ œ 22 3. ์ž์„œ์ „์  ๊ธฐ์–ต 23 1) ์ž์„œ์ „์  ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์ •์˜ 23 2) ์ž์„œ์ „์  ์™ธ์ƒ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ 25 4. ์ธ์ง€์  ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€ 28 1) ์ธ์ง€์  ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ 28 III. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 31 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 31 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ 32 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ 39 4. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 40 IV. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 41 1. ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์™ธ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์œ ํ˜• 41 2. ์กฐ์ž‘์ ๊ฒ€ ์ธก์ •์น˜ 42 3. ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ธก์ •์น˜ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ํ™•์ธ 44 4. ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด 45 1) ์ž์„œ์ „์  ๊ธฐ์–ต ํŠน์„ฑ 45 2) ์ธ์ง€์  ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€ 47 3) ์ •์„œ๋ฐ˜์‘ 49 V. ๋…ผ์˜ 51 1. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 51 2. ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  55 3. ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 58 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 59 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 74 ์˜ ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ ๋ก 93Maste

    ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์™€ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •์น˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ๊ถŒํ˜•๊ธฐ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ณต์ง€๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์กดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์˜ ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์™€ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ, ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์นญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์›ํ™œํ•œ ์ž‘๋™์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰์•˜๋˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ ํ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๋ณต์ง€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ‹€์ด ๋ณด์กด๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์€ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์„ฑ์žฅ(ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ)๊ณผ ๋ณต์ง€(ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ)์˜ ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ • ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์„ ์ง„ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐธ์กฐ์™€ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด 1950-60๋…„๋Œ€ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ ธ๋˜ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œโ€ง์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์ œ๋„๋“ค์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ •์ฑ…, ์ž์œจ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๋†’์€ ์กฐ์„ธ๋ถ€๋‹ด์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๋ณต์ง€๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ์ฝ”ํผ๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ž„๊ธˆ๋ถ€์ƒ(wage drift)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์••๋ฐ• ์†์—์„œ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ยท์„ ๋„์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‹คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ 1970-80๋…„๋Œ€ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„์™€ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ๋“  ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์Šตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐœํ˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์‡„์‹ ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋ถ€์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰์•˜๋˜ ์ œ๋„์ โ€ง ์ •์ฑ…์  ์žฅ๋ฒฝ๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ œ์กฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถœ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋†“์•˜๋˜ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ธฐ์กฐ๋„ ๊ฑด์ „์žฌ์ •๊ณผ ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์œต ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์ž ์ž์œ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ธฐ์—…, ์ฆ‰ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์™ธ๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค(gazelles company)์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ (ICT)๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ์กฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚œ ๋’ค์—๋„ ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋œ ํŠน์ • ์˜์—ญ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์žฌ์ฐฝ์—…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ 2000๋…„๋Œ€์— ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ 2008-09๋…„์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์žฌ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ œ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค๋„ ์ด์— ์กฐ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋…ธ๋™๊ณผ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์ƒ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ค‘์•™๊ต์„ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ถ„๊ถŒํ™”๋œ ๊ต์„ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์กฐ์„ฑ์ด ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ฝ”ํผ๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ๋„ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ง€ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์ง€์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์ฃผ์˜์  ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ œ๋„๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹น๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณต์ง€์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์œ ์ง€๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‹จ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ฐฝ์—…์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์€ ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅ(ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ)๊ณผ ๋ณต์ง€(ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ)์˜ ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ˆ˜์ถœ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…+์™„์ „๊ณ ์šฉ+์ค‘์•™๊ต์„ญ+์—ฐ๋Œ€์ž„๊ธˆ์ •์ฑ…์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”+๋ณดํŽธ์  ๋ณต์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…+์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์–ต์ œ+๋ถ„๊ถŒํ™”๋œ ๊ต์„ญ+์„ฑ์žฅโ€งํ˜์‹  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ํ˜์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„+๋ณดํŽธ์  ๋ณต์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”์ปจ๋Œ€ ๋…ธ๋™์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ˜์‹ ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์˜ ์ดํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.This study attempts to illuminate the newly reconstructed process of the virtuous circle of growth and distribution from the viewpoint of the evolution and reconstruction of the Swedish model by the coexistence of high economic growth and strong welfare states in Sweden since 2000. This paper attempted to analyze what form and path of successful 'restructuring' of Sweden during the 1990s. The reason why it can be referred to as 'successful' here is that the process of restructuring not only rescues the structural opponents that prevented the smooth functioning of the Swedish economy during the previous period, but also created the power and subject of new growth. Moreover, in the process of widespread reform, the framework of the universal welfare state has been preserved, so that Sweden has reorganized the characteristics of the old model called the "virtuous cycle of growth (efficiency) and welfare (equity)" in a new way. This Swedish restructuring experience is believed to be able to provide important references and benchmarks for developing policy designs for economic efficiency and social stability of structural reforms facing advanced industrial countries. The Swedish model was originally a combination of economic and social policies and institutions that formed in the 1930s and enjoyed its peak during the 1950s and 1960s. It was characterized by large-scale economic policies, autonomous labor relations, Welfare state "and" corporate decision making structure "as key elements. However, this model lost the positive and leading meaning of a 'model' after the 1970s in the face of the constant wage drift inherent in the model itself and the pressure of globalization. Furthermore, the Swedish government's attempt to preserve existing institutions and policies in some form during the 1970s and 1980s has led to a financial crisis in the early 1990s, by continuing to defer the reforms that were inevitably required. But a series of structural reforms to tackle the financial crisis has provided an opportunity for Sweden not only to renew the problems of the old model, but also to renew itself in a changing environment. The key point here is that reforms have taken place to remove institutional and policy barriers that have prevented new and productive firms from emerging and growing, and to raise incentives for investment. First of all, the industrial policy of the Swedish government, which was centered on exporting large corporations in the manufacturing sector, was changed to support SMEs in the high-tech industries that carry out 'innovation', and the key to macroeconomic policies is to prioritize sound fiscal and inflation control. And a wide range of financial and investment liberalization proceeded. These policy shifts and institutional reforms provided, above all, conditions in which companies with different types of ownership structures and organizations, such as numerous high-tech SMEs and foreign firms, could emerge. These new productivity firms (gazelles company) have been particularly prominent in the ICT and biotechnology industries, and even after large companies in the manufacturing sector have left for mergers and acquisitions and overseas relocations, They have played a role in driving regional employment and growth by re-establishing companies. The activation of these new companies was the driving force for discussing the 're-emergence of the Swedish model' because of the rapid growth of the Swedish economy in the 2000s and the lack of pressure on the 2008-09 financial crisis. As the central actor of the economy changed into a new type of corporations, the political decision making structure that supports the economy and the policies of the social policy changed accordingly. The central bargaining system, centered on the central organization of labor and capital, has been replaced by loose forms of industrial and decentralized bargaining. The role of local governments became important as the regional level of clusters and corporate ecosystem formation accounted for a large proportion of the company's economic activities. In the end, this change has weakened the strong sense of corporatism that characterized the Swedish model and transformed it into a governance structure between economic and social actors that supports growth. In social policies, welfare reforms were introduced, introducing selective and market principles. However, despite the reform of social policy to enhance efficiency, the universalist principles and institutions of the welfare system have been largely preserved. And the maintenance of this welfare system could support new firms pursuing various experimental activities for innovation and competition by reducing the uncertainty and the risk of liquidity in the startup of SMEs in advanced fields. Ultimately, in this way, Sweden has reconstructed the existing features of 'virtuous cycle of growth (efficiency) and welfare (equity)' through a combination of policies and institutions that are quite different from those of the past. In other words, the existing model based on the combination of 'large enterprises in the export sector + full employment + central bargaining + industrial welfare based on solidarity wage policy + universal welfare' is based on 'advanced SMEs + inflation restraint + decentralized bargaining + growth and innovation governance Regional innovation system + universal welfare'. This change in the Swedish model can be defined as the transition from the labor-based adjustment model to the innovation-based adjustment model.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  4 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 4. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 7 2. ์ „ํ†ต์  ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์žฌ์ธ์‹ 10 1. ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 10 1)๊ธฐ์—…: ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ฃผ๋„ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ 11 2)๊ตญ๊ฐ€: ์„ฑ์žฅ์ •์ฑ…, ๊ธˆ์œตํ†ต์ œ, ๊ต์œก์ˆ™๋ จ์ฒด๊ณ„ 18 3)๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ: ์ค‘์•™๊ต์„ญ์ œ๋„์™€ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ž„๊ธˆ์ •์ฑ… 29 4)์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ: ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 36 2. ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€์ฒด๊ณ„ : ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ 38 1)์ธ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ง‘ ๊ตฌ์ƒ: ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ฃผ์˜ 38 2)๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ: ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๋ณดํŽธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€์‹ฌํ™” 44 3. ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ตฌ์กฐ : ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” 49 1)์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฝ”ํผ๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ 49 2)์ฝ”ํผ๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ œ๋„ํ™”: ์ •์ฑ…ํ˜‘์˜ 57 4. ์ „ํ†ต์  ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ : ๋…ธ๋™์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜ 60 3. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ: ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” 64 1. ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” : ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์ œ๋„์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” 65 1)๊ธฐ์—…: ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ (ICT)๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…(SME)์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ 65 2)๊ตญ๊ฐ€: ์ž์œ ํ™”, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ •์ฑ…, ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„ 75 3)๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ: ๊ต์„ญ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ถ„๊ถŒํ™” 85 4)์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ: ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ 90 2. ๋ณต์ง€์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” : ๋ณต์ง€์˜ ์‹œ์žฅํ™”์™€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ง€์†์„ฑ 92 1)๋ณต์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅํ™” 92 2)๋ณดํŽธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ง€์†์„ฑ 96 3. ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• : ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฝ”ํผ๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ˜์‹  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋กœ 100 1)์ •๋‹น์ •์น˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋ชจ์™€ ์ฝ”ํผ๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด 100 2)์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅํ˜์‹  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ์ถœํ˜„ 104 4. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ : ํ˜์‹ ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜ 107 4. ์ดํ–‰์˜ ์ •์น˜(1): ์ •์ ์—์„œ ํ•ด์ฒด๋กœ, 1970-1990 110 1. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ 111 1)์™ธ์  ์š”์ธ: ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ถˆํ™ฉ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ฒฉํ™”, ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”, ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์žฌํŽธ 111 2)๋‚ด์  ์š”์ธ: ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ 116 2. ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์ขŒํŒŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘(1969-1976) : ์ด๋…์  ๋ด‰์ธ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๊ธ‰์ง„ํ™” 120 1)์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ 120 2)๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๊ธ‰์ง„ํ™”: ์‚ฐ์—…๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ž„๊ธˆ๋…ธ๋™์ž ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ 125 3. ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์šฐํŒŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘(1976-1982) : ์ด๋…์  ๊ณต๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์น˜ํ™” 127 1)์šฐํŒŒ ์ง‘๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ง€์† 127 2)์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์น˜ํ™”์™€ ์ด๋…์  ๊ฐœ์ž… 130 4. ์ œ3์˜๊ธธ์˜ ์ด๋…์  ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ข…์–ธ(1982-1991) 131 1)์‚ฌ๋ฏผ๋‹น์˜ ์žฌ์ง‘๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ œ3์˜๊ธธ ๋…ธ์„  131 2)์ œ3์˜๊ธธ์˜ ์ขŒ์ดˆ์™€ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ํƒ€ํ˜‘์˜ ์™€ํ•ด 133 5. ์ดํ–‰์˜ ์ •์น˜(2): ํ•ด์ฒด์—์„œ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ, 1991๋…„ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ 2008๋…„ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 135 1. 1991๋…„ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ์™€ ๋Œ€์‘ 136 1)๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ 136 2)๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ํ•ด์†Œ๊ณผ์ • 136 2. ์ƒˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ: ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐœํ˜๊ณผ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๋ณต์ง€์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณต์กด, 1992-1997 137 1)์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ •์ฑ…๊ธฐ์กฐ์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™” 137 2)์ œ๋„์ •์ฑ…๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๋Œ€์žฅ์ •๊ณผ ๋ณต์ง€์ถ•์†Œ ์—†๋Š” ์ž์œ ํ™” 137 3. ์ดํ–‰์˜ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ™” : ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ฑ์žฅ, 1998-2007 138 1)์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์žฌ๋ถ€์ƒ 138 2)์ด๋…์  ๋ฐ˜๋“ฑ: ์‚ฌ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ํšŒ๋ณตํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ 138 4. ์ƒˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธˆ์„ : 2008-09๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๋Œ€์‘ 139 6. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  140 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 149 Abstract 163Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ธ์ง€๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2015. 2. ๊น€ํ™๊ธฐ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ํƒ€์ž๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ํƒ€์ž์ดํ•ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์•„ํŠธ์™€์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ž๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ํƒ€์ž์ดํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์˜์‹์€ Hegel, Sartre, Husserl๊ณผ Merlau-Ponti ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋…ผ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” Merlau-Ponti(1962)์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™ ๊ณผ Varela ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฒดํ™”๋œ ๋งˆ์Œ/์ธ์ง€ ์ด๋ก (Varela, Thomson, Rosch, 1991)์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„  ์ƒ์—์„œ ํƒ€์ž์ดํ•ด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ ์žฅ์น˜๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ ์—๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ(emulator)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, 1์žฅ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ธ์ง€(cognition) ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ(sensation)๊ณผ ์ง€๊ฐ(perception) ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ(Dennett, 1991)์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•™์  ์ œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€์˜ ์ง€ํ˜•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ ํ’๊ฒฝ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ํš๋“๋œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ-์ง€๊ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ(๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ) ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์€์œ ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ์‚ฌํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์˜๋ฏธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ํ™˜์›, ํ˜•์ƒ์  ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ์ƒํ˜ธ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 1, 2์ธ์นญ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ 3์ธ์นญ์  ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ Nagel(1974)์˜ ๋ฐ•์ฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํƒ€์ž์ธ ์ƒˆ์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์กฐ-์ธ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์ด ์ง„์‹ค์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ทน์  ์žฌํ˜„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž์—ฐ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์  ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ๊ด€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ํƒ€์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€์ , ์ฆ‰ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ-์ธ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์กฐ-์ธ ์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ ์—๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒดํ—˜์ž์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฒดํ—˜์ž ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ง€๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํƒ€์ž์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์ฒดํ—˜์ž๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ƒˆ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ์— ์ ์ฐจ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” Bullough(1972)๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด, ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์  ์กฐ๋ง๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ์กฐ๋ง ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฉ”์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ‹ˆ์— ๋งˆ์ฃผ์„ฐ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง„์‹ค์— ์ข€ ๋” ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํƒ€์ž์™€ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ƒํƒœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ญ๋™์  ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ธธ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ธฐ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒดํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๊ณต์กด์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋น„์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒดํ—˜์ž์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจํ„ดํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ์ถœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ๋‚ด ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–‰๋™์œ ๋„์„ฑ(affordance) ์ด๋ก (Gibson, 1979)๊ณผ ์ฒดํ™”๋œ ์ธ์ง€ ์ด๋ก (Shapiro, 2011), ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์ง€๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ด๋ก (Schultz, 1980) ๋“ฑ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ง€๊ฐ ์š”์†Œ(๋ชธ, ํ–‰์œ„, ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ฑ), ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ณต์†Œ๊ณตํฌ์ฆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋™์‹œ์— ์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต์œ  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Kant(1790)์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด Merlau-Ponti(1945)์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  Merlau-Ponti์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํƒ€์ž๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์•„์™€ ํƒ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ํƒ€์ž๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ง์ ‘์„ฑ์ด ๊ณง ๊ณต๊ฐ(empathy)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์–‘์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ณต์œ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐํž ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค(Meltzoff, 2011). ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์„ค์น˜์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํƒ€์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด๋‹ด๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์–ด ํƒ€์ž์ดํ•ด์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์™€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ณต์กด์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. 5์žฅ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์†Œ์…œ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™์  ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋‰ด์Šค๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ฑ์  ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋‰ด์Šค๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ฑ์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ํ˜ผ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ 1์ธ์นญ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ์ธ ํŠน์ • ๋„์‹œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž๋™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒญ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฏธํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€๊ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ด ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์–‘์ž์„ ํƒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, 1,2,3์ธ์นญ์  ๊ด€์ ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต์กด์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ข€ ๋” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธต์œ„์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ „๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ฐœ ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์–ธ์–ด ์ด์ „ ๊ฐœ์ธ-์ƒํƒœ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ด€์ ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ ๋‘๊ฐœ ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์–ธ์–ด ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐœ์ธ-์‚ฌํšŒ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ์„ค์น˜ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํƒ€์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์›์ดˆ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒ€์ž์  ์ง€๊ฐ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์กฐ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์งˆ ๋•Œ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ์„œ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ(empathy) ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์žฌํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์  ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒน๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฃผ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ „(ๅ…จ) ์ธ์นญ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ i ์„œ๋ก  โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 1 1์žฅ. ์ธ์ง€ ์ „(ๅ‰) ๊ฐ๊ฐ-์ง€๊ฐ ๊ฐ„(้–“) ์ธต์œ„์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ: ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ ํ’๊ฒฝ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 7 1.1. ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ์ง€๊ฐ, ์ธ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 7 1.2. ํ˜„์ƒ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ15 1.3. ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์  ์ง€๋„ โ€“ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•™ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ21 1.4. ์ฃผ์ฒด-๊ฐ์ฒด, ๊ฐ๊ฐ-์ง€๊ฐ ์ธต์œ„ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„: ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ ํ’๊ฒฝ โ€ฆโ€ฆ 32 2์žฅ. ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ: ์กฐ-์ธ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 37 2.1. ๋„ค์ด๊ธ€์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ: ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์กด์žฌ์™€์˜ ์†Œํ†ต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 37 2.2. ๊ณผํ•™์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ด€์  ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ง€๊ฐ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 41 2.3. ์กฐ-์ธ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 51 3์žฅ. ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ: ๊ธธ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ธฐ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 60 3.1. ์ƒํƒœ์ง€๊ฐ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ์ฒดํ™”๋œ ์ธ์ง€ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 60 3.2. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ถ”๋ก ๊ณผ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์ง€๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 65 3.3. ๊ธธ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ธฐ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 69 4์žฅ. ์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ: ๊ณ -๊ณต โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 75 4.1. ์นธํŠธ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์  ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 75 4.2. ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ณตํฌ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 81 4.3. ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„  ํƒ€์ž์ดํ•ด์™€ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 85 5์žฅ. ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฐ์„ฑ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ: EMC โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 89 5.1. ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ด€์ ์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 89 5.2. ์ •๋ณด๋ฏธํ•™ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 92 5.3. ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐœํ˜„ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 99 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ108 ์˜๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ113 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ122 ๋„ํŒ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ135Docto
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