Complementary Modernisms in China and the United States:

Complementary Modernisms in China and the United States: Art as Life/Art as Idea is the result of a conference where Chinese and Americanist art historians addressed the development of modernism in their respective cultural traditions. The chapters juxtapose historical developments without attempting to map connections or influences. Instead, both national modernisms are presented as part of the larger terrain of global modernism, but generated within specific, localized circumstances. This juxtaposition reveals significant differences as much as any particular moments of connection or similarities, disrupting any standard narrative of the primacy of French (or European) avant-garde art and its influence on more belated and peripheral communities.The differences that are revealed are not merely the result of the very different historical trajectories of each country’s moves into modernity. Rather, differences in attention and methodology are just as important, in particular the focus on the post-1980 development of Chinese art as part of the modernization of Chinese culture and economy, rather than the American perspective on post-1980s postmodern qualities. At the same time, significant convergent concerns emerge, such as the importance of urban centers and urbanization, the profound effect of political and technological disruption, and the question of identity.The volume represent a cross-section of Chinese and Americanist art historians, both early career and senior scholars, working on a wide variety of subjects, such as the Ashcan School, Impressionism, Cai Liang, Liang Sicheng, Huang Binhong, Cézanne, Bauhaus, Joseph Cornell, Andrew Wyeth, Louise Nevelson, Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, and contemporary art more broadly, with (as is usual in any survey of the 20th century these days) a concentration on the 1960s.《交互视野下的中国和美国的现代艺术: 艺术/生活或观念》这一会议论文集收录了中美艺术史家对现代主义在各自传统下的发展进行研究所得的成果。这些文章并置历史发展，而非试图详述其中的关联或影响。相反，两个国家的现代主义都被展现为全球现代主义大背景中的一部分，并被认为是在特定环境中产生的。这种并置显示了重要的差异性以及任何特殊情况下的联系或相似之处，打破了一般强调法国（或欧洲）先锋派首要地位及其对周围团体产生影响的标准论述。中国与美国现代主义发展上的差异，并不仅仅是由于两国进入不同历史轨道发展现代化而导致的。相反，关注点和方法论的差异也同样重要，尤其是关注八十年代后中国艺术的发展，将其作为中国文化与经济现代化的一部分，而不是从美国视角来看待八十年代后的后现代价值。同时，也出现了重要的趋同关注点：城市中心与城市化的重要性，政治或科技解体所造成的深远影响，以及自我认同的问题。本论文集所收录的文章，彰显了当今重要的中美艺术史家研究的多样性，从资深到青年一代，从阿什坎学派至当代艺术，（并与任何当下对二十世纪作出的概括论述相一致，）将重点放在二十世纪六十年代

The values of urban design - spatial models

Urban network morphometrics (UNeMos) is a research technique and a design decision aid in urban design. UNeMOS are network science-based configurational metrics of urban morphology that can inform urban designing decision-making, helping designers to discriminate between different 2D and 3D design options. However, some UNeMOS differ from the standard link/node network encoding by using a transport network’s specific encoding, thus lacking usability in mainstream transport and transport geography and analytical power in 3D. There is also a lack of comparison between these encodings and whether the transport geography combination of standard encoding/closeness centrality analysis using Euclidean, angular, or combination thereof are as discriminant or more of urban design network layout in 2D and 3D. The commentary addresses this research gap by reflecting on how the research original contributions reported in the collected publications have deployed diverse combinations of transport network encoding and spatial models of distance to evaluate the values of transport network configuration. The commentary critically contextualises the publications’ original contributions with reference to a leading research question and a sub-question: How well does UNeMOS, as a standard link/node spatial model and nonstandard spatial model, discriminate urban network configurations in 2D or 3D to capture urban design values? The publications cover urban morphology, form, property pricing, transport planning, spatial distribution, high-density city areas, urban design, and network analysis. The publications demonstrate a deep understanding of various aspects of intra-urban and urban studies, including historical morphological roots, challenges for future research, and their practical applications in urban design and planning. The methods employed in these studies involve a variety of quantitative and qualitative approaches. These include, among others, hedonic pricing modelling, multivariate models, road and metro network encoding, 2D and 3D spatial Design Network Analysis (sDNA) software, pedestrian standard path centre line network encoding, and value-based urban design. These methods have investigated the association between urban morphology, property prices, transport access, land-use resources, and pedestrian flows in contrasted urban contexts. The approaches in the publications demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the complexities and interdependencies in intra-urban and urban studies. The research explores various spatial scales, from local urban design to macro-meso transport planning, and investigates the relationship between outdoor and indoor 3D pedestrian networks in high-density urban areas. Overall, the breadth and depth of the research in these publications and their original contributions showcase a strong foundation in intra-urban and urban studies, highlighting the importance of understanding urban environments’ spatial, socioeconomic, and morphological aspects for effective planning and design. Summary of the publications and contributions: Publication 1: Chiaradia, A., 2019. Urban Morphology/Urban Form. In: A. Orum, ed. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies. Hoboken, NJ: WileyBlackwell, pp. 1-6. The paper contextualises and traces succinctly, from 1830 to 2019, the historical roots of urban morphology, including street network focus. The article provides a general introduction to critical concepts. Space syntax is contextualised as performative urban morphology and referenced to the early work of Stübben (1911). The main contribution is the identification of three key challenges for future research: epistemological embedding, qualitative ontology, and a unified approach that bridges descriptive/explanatory and prescriptive/normative aspects. Publication 2: Chiaradia, A.*, Hillier, B., Schwander, C. and Barnes, Y., 2013. Compositional and urban form effects on residential property value patterns in Greater London. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning, 166(3), pp.176-199. This research used a hedonic pricing modelling framework. The road network encoding uses standard road centre line encoding transformed by space syntax software and centralities metrics quantitative spatial characterisation of road network shape/accessibility to investigate the association with property price of a large sample of adjacent properties (≈100,000). Findings are aligned with extant theory related to the hedonic modelling of the residential property price; dwelling size is the most important. The research reveals the importance of road network shape and accessibility characteristics in determining residential property prices in Greater London. The main contribution is the identification of two spatial scales associated with property prices: a local urban design scale (= 2,000 m). Publication 3: Chiaradia, A.*, Hillier, B., Schwander, C. and Wedderburn, M., 2012. Compositional and urban form effects on centres in Greater London. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning, 165(1), pp.21-42. This research used a multi-variate model, using standard road centre line encoding transformed by space syntax software and centralities metrics quantitative spatial characterisation of road network shape/accessibility and socio-economic variables to investigate the association with commercial rental values of a large sample of commercial property located in designated sub-centres. Findings show that a sub-centre can be spatially distinguished from its non-centre surroundings. A sub-centrality spatial signature: sub-centre spatial and socio-economic typology are identified. Of the two main space syntax spatial variables associated with the sub-centres signatures, one would be the remit or urban design (local spatial scale, walking scale <= 800 m) and the other (meso-scale, <= 2,000 m) would be the remit of transport planning. Publication 4: Zhang, L., Chiaradia, A.* & Zhuang, Y. A., 2015. Configurational Accessibility Study of Road and Metro Network in Shanghai. In: Q. Pan & J. Cao, eds. Recent Developments in Chinese Urban Planning. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 219-245. This research deployed standard road centre line encoding, metro network topological encoding and 2D spatial Design Network Analysis (sDNA) software quantitative spatial characterisation of road network and metro network shape/accessibility to investigate the probability density function of spatial distribution of metro system access points, bus access points and commercial land use in a Mega City. The research shows the uneven spatial distribution of metro access points, bus access points, and commercial land use in Shanghai, with 60-70% associated with the top three deciles of road and metro network shape/accessibility. The main contribution is the comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution of transport and land-use resources in a mega-city context. Publication 5: Zhang, L. & Chiaradia, A.*, 2019. Three-dimensional Spatial Network Analysis and Its Application in a High Density City Area, Central Hong Kong (In Chinese). Urban Planning International, 33(1), pp. 46-53. This research used 3D pedestrian standard path centre line network encoding and 3D sDNA software quantitative spatial characterisation of outdoor and indoor multi-level pedestrian network shape/accessibility to investigate their association with pedestrian flow level in one of the most complex multi-level-built environments. The research reveals a high association between the standard spatial characterisation of outdoor and indoor multi-level pedestrian network shape/accessibility and pedestrian flow levels in a complex built environment. The main contribution is the demonstration of the interdependence between outdoor and indoor pedestrian networks in a high-density urban context. Publication 6: Chiaradia, A.*, Sieh, L. and Plimmer, F., 2017. Values in urban design: A design studio teaching approach. Design Studies, 49, pp. 66-100. The paper refers to physical configurations in general and the movement network that UNeMos are measuring. It articulates a theoretical bridge between the technicalities of measuring urban morphology and the creative application of resulting insights about the impact of any proposed, designed urban shape on the performance of the urban ‘place’ of which it is a part. The basis of the bridge is the concept of value. This is not simply ‘price’ but an interdisciplinary social scientific compound construct inspired by an extensive anthropological meta-review of value: “that which matters, and the extent to which that matters.” The research establishes a theoretical bridge between urban morphology measurement and urban design creativity through the concept of value, which is adapted from Graeber’s general conceptualisation. The main contribution is developing a value-based approach to urban design, as demonstrated through the analysis of student work in an urban design studio. Publication 7: Chiaradia, A., Cooper, C., Webster, C., 2011, spatial Design Network Analysis Software, & Cooper, C.H. and Chiaradia, A.J., 2020. sDNA: 3D spatial network analysis for GIS, CAD, Command Line & Python. SoftwareX, 12, p.100525. Spatial Design Network Analysis (sDNA) is a toolbox for 2D and 3D spatial network analysis, especially street/path/urban network analysis, motivated by a need to use standard network links/nodes as the principal unit of analysis to analyse existing and projected network data. sDNA is usable from QGIS & ArcGIS geographic information systems, AutoCAD, Rhino Gh, and the command line via its own Python API. It computes measures of accessibility (reach, mean distance/closeness centrality, gravity), flows (bidirectional betweenness centrality) and efficiency (circuity) as well as convex hull properties, localised within lower- and upper-bounded radial bands. Weighting is flexible and can use geometric properties, data attached to links, zones, matrices or combinations of the above. Motivated by a desire to base network analysis on route choice and spatial cognition, distance can be network-Euclidean, angular, a mixture of both, custom, or specific to cyclists (avoiding slope and motorised traffic). In addition to statistics on network links, the following outputs can be computed: geodesics, network buffers, accessibility maps, convex hulls, flow bundles and skim matrices. Further tools assist with network preparation and calibration of network models to observed data. To date, sDNA has been used mainly for urban network analysis by academics and city planners/engineers for tasks including predicting pedestrian, cyclist, vehicle and metro flows and mode choice and quantifying the built environment for epidemiology and urban planning & design. The main contribution is developing a user-friendly and flexible software tool that supports various types of 3D network analysis, including accessibility, flows, efficiency measures, and various output formats and tools. The commentary critically introduces, compares, and analyses various spatial models of distance using the closeness centrality of a network, combinations of transport network encoding and topological, Euclidean, angular and hybrid distances for their capacity and limitations to discriminate transport network layout. It contextualised the issues related to how and what could be “counted so as to reveal the differences between one settlement structure and another?” (Hillier & Hanson, 1984) in 2D or 3D to capture urban design values. The main findings are as follows: • Topologic distance is inferior at measuring and discriminating distinct layout configurations of the transport networks. • To a very good extent, Euclidean distance measures and discriminates distinct layout configurations of transport networks, yet mainly grid-like layout. • Angular distance remedies the issues of Euclidean distance related to a deformed grid yet introduces errors that can be resolved by Hybrid distance. The link/node model of encoding transport network combined with closeness centrality of the network using spatial models of distance seems valid in discriminating distinct layout configurations of 2D and 3D transport networks. The publications’ original contributions demonstrate that these techniques empirically capture 2D and 3D urban design values

中国价值观:理念与实践 : Chinese values : conception and practice

拥有悠久历史与深厚底蕴的中国，在当今全球舞台扮演着愈发积 极且重要的角色。由24字组成的社会主义核心价值观，集中体现 了中国官方所推崇的当代中国集体价值诉求与实践纲领，本书旨 在从历史、政治与文化的视角，初步尝试发掘并解读其形成的根 源及合理性，并帮助读者理解其背后根深蒂固的伦理价值体系。 China represents a profound, long history, a vibrant presence and an important role in the world. This book offers a profound and initial attempt to excavate and decipher the historical, political and cultural moral values of China. It shows the rationale and legitimacy behind Chinese socialist value propositions of contemporary Chinese nation. It contributes to the understanding of values and the appreciation of Chinese cultural norms with its nuanced approach

Experiencing the academic library in the Digital Age: From information seeking and user experience to human information interaction

The Digital Age, marked by the prevalent usage of digital technologies and explosion of digital information, has changed the way we communicate and interact with information, and prompts us to think about how it is influencing and transforming user experience with and within academic libraries. For academic libraries whilst their relationships with users may have shifted so too have their audiences. Internationalisation in higher education (HE) institutions has brought greater student diversity and requirements that should be understood to improve student experience and satisfaction. At the heart of HE, academic libraries serve a significant role in students’ learning and researching and their experience in the academic library constitutes an essential part of the learning experience. Within an interpretive paradigm, this thesis explores how international Chinese students experience the UK academic library in the Digital Age. Mixed methods research was conducted with a largely qualitative stance to explore the complexity of library user experience and to investigate library service delivery in order to enhance the future library user experience design. Library log analysis investigated what students do in the academic library through looking into their information seeking behaviour; cognitive mapping and semi-structured interviews were used to examine how students think and feel about the academic library by probing into their user experience. Demonstrating the complexity and multi-layered characteristics of context, this thesis proposed separating contexts to analyse and understand students’ library experience in distinct contexts. The findings developed an original framework theory of ‘context-perception-sense-making’ to depict a holistic picture of students’ library experience, identifying two vital elements, context and perception, which trigger, shape and alter students’ library experience. This thesis brings together the essential components of information seeking behaviour and user experience into the context of the academic library and defines students’ relationships with and within the library in new ways

Transforming urban green space governance in China under ecological civilisation: an institutional analysis

Facing expeditious urbanisation and climate change impacts, how has China governed urban green spaces? This thesis establishes urban green spaces as an essential part of urban social ecological systems critical for overall stability, including climate resilience, health and wellbeing. This thesis turns to the common-pool resource theory to understand urban green space governance. The theoretical framework convenes that non-excludable but highly subtractable goods can be governed more sustainably in small scales and through collectively designed rules by actors that contain well-defined property rights, monitoring, and sanctions appropriate to respective levels and scales. The thesis selects three empirical cases and uses the Institutional Analysis Development framework to structure a case study-based qualitative content analysis and a Multi-Criteria Assessment informed by in-depth interviews and urban green space policies and plans. This research finds that land property rights are critical factors for participation in urban green space governance, and urban green spaces in China are still governed primarily as land resources. Conceptualising urban green spaces as common-pool resources reveals that they should contain property rights different from urban land resources for more sustainable governance. Besides, China's urban green space governance has gradually formalised ecological functions, including the potential to cope with climate change, into institutional arrangements in the past two decades and is mostly in line with the common characteristics of successful common-pool resource governance regimes. China's urban green space governance can be improved by striking a better equivalence between benefits and costs for all actors and broaden the extent of collective-choice arrangements. Furthermore, Guangzhou's urban green space governance attunes with the national environmental governance framework Ecological Civilisation through conducting both the means and ends of institutional change. Finally, despite substantial progress under Ecological Civilisation, three main institutional barriers remained in Guangzhou's urban green space governance: the lack of legal foundations for regular ecological status assessments, low awareness of local state actors on climate change impacts and the ecological potential of urban green spaces, and the lack of long-term commitment for a more ecosystem-based approach to urban green space governance. The findings indicate that urban green spaces as essential part of the complex urban social ecological system should not be governed simply as land resources. To attach importance to Urban Green Space Governance in China - Institutional Analysis 4 the ecosystem services and ecological values, it is necessary to define an exclusive and clear set of property rights for urban green spaces. The common-pool resource theory also tells us that institutional arrangements for long-term sustainable resource governance should enable individual and collective actors to participate in the process thoroughly and achieve the end goals, such as good health, wellbeing, and climate resilience. This research helps policymakers in Chinese cities understand why some urban green space governance in the past failed even with great technical planning expertise. Besides, it provides policymakers with practical suggestions on institutional arrangements helpful to promote urban green space governance and to achieve Ecological Civilisation. Finally, the researcher presents several recommendations for policymakers for better practices in the future and future research directions.Enfrentado pela urbanização acelerada e pelos impactos das alterações climáticas, como a China governou os espaços verdes urbanos? Os espaços verdes urbanos são um ponto de entrada em que as ações e os resultados são importantes para a saúde e o bem-estar de todos os cidadãos urbanos e a resiliência climática independentemente dos contextos sociais, econômicos e políticos. A China tem uma enorme responsabilidade e potencial devido às escalas da sua economia, a população e a pegada de carbono total e tem visto uma forte determinação política para agir nos desafios climáticos e ambientais enquanto as constantes necessidades de urbanização e desenvolvimento econômico. Então, como é que as cidades chinesas abordaram o planeamento e a governança dos espaços verdes urbanos? Que facilitações ou desafios institucionais enfrentaram ao planear espaços verdes urbanos? Como é que os governos locais conseguiram melhorar os espaços verdes urbanos e implementar mais Nature-based solutions? Quais são as boas práticas a serem partilhadas? Além disso, por quê alguns desafios persistiram, apesar do sistema de governo centralizado e a forte determinação política? Esta tese propõe-se a estudar três casos sobre o planeamento e a governança dos espaços verdes urbanos em Guangzhou, uma cidade costeira altamente populosa, compacta e vulnerável no sudeste da China. Os objetivos eram compreender as dinâmicas institucionais, os facilitadores e as barreiras subjacentes que podem infetar o planeamento e a governança dos espaços verdes urbanos, examinar a extensão e as abordagens para melhorar os espaços verdes urbanos, analisar os custos e benefícios levados em consideração e, compreender as barreiras institucionais relacionadas ao valores intrínsecos, o que é essencial para desenhar soluções mais genuinamente baseadas na Natureza e do ecossistema. Com base nos insights da revisão da literatura das teorias e práticas chinesas e ocidentais de planeamento urbano, e da governança urbana da perspectiva institucional, esta tese estabelece os espaços verdes urbanos como uma parte essencial dos sistemas socioecológicos urbanos (urban social-ecological systems, ou urban SES) essenciais para a estabilidade geral, incluindo a resiliência climática, a saúde e o bem-estar, e vira-se para a teoria de recursos comuns (common-pool resource), o qual foi desenvolvida pela cientista política norte-americana Elinor Ostrom, para compreender a governança dos espaços verdes urbanos. A estrutura teórica convoca que, os bens não excludentes, mas altamente subtraíveis, podem ser governados de forma mais sustentável em pequenas escalas e por meio de regras projetadas coletivamente Urban Green Space Governance in China - Institutional Analysis com os direitos de propriedade bem definidos, os mecanismos de monitorização e sanção apropriados aos respectivos níveis e escalas. Foi selecionado três casos empíricos de estudo e utilizado a ferramenta de Institutional Analysis Development (IAD) framework para estruturar uma análise de conteúdo qualitativo e uma Avaliação Multi-Critérios informadas pelas entrevistas em profundidade e políticas e planos de espaços verdes urbanos. Esta pesquisa mostra que os direitos de propriedade de solo são fatores críticos para a participação na governança dos espaços verdes urbanos na China, e os espaços verdes urbanos ainda são governados principalmente como recursos de solo urbano. A conceituação dos espaços verdes urbanos como recursos comuns (common-pool resources) revela que eles devem conter direitos de propriedade diferentes do que os recursos de solo urbano. Além disso, a governança dos espaços verdes urbanos da China formalizou gradualmente as funções ecológicas, incluindo o potencial para lidar com as alterações climáticas nas últimas duas décadas e está principalmente em linha com as características dos regimes de governança de bens comuns bem-sucedidos. A governança dos espaços verdes urbanos da China pode ser melhorada, alcançando uma melhor equivalência entre benefícios e custos para todos os atores e ampliando as práticas de escolha coletiva. Além disso, a governança dos espaços verdes urbanos de Guangzhou está em sintonia com a estrutura de governança ambiental nacional de Civilização Ecológica (Ecological Civilisation) por meio da condução ambos dos meios e dos fins da mudança institucional. Finalmente, apesar do progresso substancial sob a Civilização Ecológica, este estudo encontrou três barreiras institucionais principais remanescentes na governança dos espaços verdes urbanos em Guangzhou: a falta de fundamentos legais para avaliações regulares do estado ecológico, a baixa consciência dos atores locais do estado sobre os impactos das alterações climáticas e o potencial ecológico dos espaços verdes urbanos, e, a falta de compromisso de longo prazo na abordagem mais baseada no ecossistema. A falta de fundamentos legais para avaliações regulares do estado ecológico é uma barreira institucional que impede a coordenação institucional multinível. A baixa consciência dos atores locais do estado sobre os impactos das mudanças climáticas e o potencial ecológico dos espaços verdes urbanos é uma rigidez institucional que limita a interação horizontal dentro dos governos locais que requer soluções institucionais. A falta de compromisso de longo prazo para governar os espaços verdes urbanos com base no reconhecimento dos valores e potenciais ecológicos é uma outra rigidez institucional que implica objetivos conflitantes, tensões e compensações nas dimensões políticas. Os resultados indicam que os espaços verdes urbanos como uma parte essencial do sistema socioecológico urbano complexo, não devem ser governados simplesmente como recursos de solo urbano. Para atribuir mais importância aos serviços ecossistêmicos e aos valores ecológicos, é necessário definir um conjunto exclusivo e claro de direitos de propriedade para os espaços verdes urbanos. A teoria de recursos comuns também indica que os arranjos institucionais para a governança de recursos sustentáveis de longo prazo devem permitir que os atores individuais e coletivos participem do processo (means) e atinjam os objetivos finais (ends), como a saúde, o bem-estar, e a resiliência climática. Esta pesquisa tem potencial em ajudar os formuladores de políticas nas cidades chinesas a entender por que alguns casos de governança dos espaços verdes urbanos falharam no passado, mesmo com grande perícia técnica no planeamento. Além disso, tem fornecido aos formuladores de políticas sugestões práticas para melhorar a governança dos espaços verdes urbanos e para se aproximar mais aos ideais da Civilização Ecológica. Finalmente, foi apresentado várias direções para pesquisas futuras