24 research outputs found

    Local media using guideline for health communication in Eastern Region

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    āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļļāļ™āļ­āļļāļ”āļŦāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļļāļĢāļ™āļēāļĢāļĩ āļ›āļĩāļ‡āļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ āļž.āļĻ. 255

    ISQE-OTOP: An Interactive System for Quality Evaluation of OTOP Products

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    This research was aimed to develop criteria for quality evaluation of OTOP products of 5 types; namely food product, beverage product, cloth and costumes product, utensils, decoration and souvenirs product and herbal product.This research was aimed to develop criteria for quality evaluation of OTOP products of 5 types; namely food product, beverage product, cloth and costumes product, utensils, decoration and souvenirs product and herbal product. Which is not food Then the developed criteria were used as a quality evaluation form for OTOP products in interactive system on website. The usability of the system was tested by 72 persons in the group of OTOP product entrepreneurs and 96 persons in the group of customers. The results from the development of 5 types of criteria for product quality evaluation showed that: the criteria for food product consisted of 282 items; beverage product consisted of 41 items; cloth and costumes product consisted of 47 items; utensils, decoration and souvenirs product consisted of 27 items and herbal product, which is not food, consisted of 77 items According to the usability tested by the entrepreneurs, it was found that the effectiveness of usage was at the highest level. As for the usability tested by the customers, it was found that the effectiveness of usage and the learnability were at the highest level

    āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡ The Use of Herbal and Dietary Supplements and Potential Interactions with Drugs in Patients with Chronic Diseases

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļ”āļą āļĒāđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ/āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ/āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļĒāļēāđāļœāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“āļ™āļē āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļˆāđāļšāļšāļ āļēāļ„āļ•āļąāļ”āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡ 56 āļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āļ“ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ•āļģāļšāļĨāļŠāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļœāļ·āļ­āļ āļ­.āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļˆ.āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āļ„āļąāļ”āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļĒāļļ 60 āļ›āļĩāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ› āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„ (āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ” āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļšāļēāļŦāļ§āļēāļ™ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļŦāļēāļĒāđƒāļˆ) āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ/āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļĒāļēāđāļœāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡ āļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāđāļœāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ/āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē:āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđƒāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ 56 āļ„āļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļžāļĻāļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļŠāļēāļĒāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ (57.1%) āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 1 āđ‚āļĢāļ„ (67.8%) āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ/āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļēāļāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļē (36.1%) āļžāļšāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ/āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 33 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āđ‚āļ”āļĒ11 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļĄāļĩāļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļąāļšāļĒāļēāđāļœāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ–āļķāļ‡ 56 āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļē āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļ°āļĢāļļāļĄāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 63.2%āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ„āļ·āļ­āļāļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄ/āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĄāļąāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄ (21.0%) āļ‚āļĄāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļąāļ™ (13.8%) āļĨāļđāļāđƒāļ•āđ‰āđƒāļš(10.8%) āļšāļąāļ§āļšāļ (7.2%) āļŸāđ‰āļēāļ—āļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāđ‚āļˆāļĢ (6.8%) āđ€āļˆāļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļđāđˆāļŦāļĨāļēāļ™ (5.3%) āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļžāļšāļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļē 3 āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļē āļ•āđˆāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ 1 āļ„āļ™ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ/āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļĒāļēāđāļœāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļąāļ™ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāļŦāļēāļāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ/āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļēāļāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļē, āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ, āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ, āļĒāļēāđāļœāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™, āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡AbstractObjective: To determine herbal and dietary supplements used amongpatients with chronic diseases and the potential drug-herb/nutritionalsupplements interactions. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectionalsurvey study, questionnaire and interview form were used to collect datafrom a sample of 56 patients with chronic disease followed up atChangphuek Health Promoting Hospital, Meung district, Chiang Maiprovince. The patients were those 60 years of age or older, having at leastone of these chronic diseases, cardiovascular disease, bone and jointdisease, diabetes, respiratory disease), and using herbal or dietarysupplement with conventional medicines. Information on the use of herbalor dietary supplements was obtained by interview. Results: Of 56 patients,slightly more than half were women (57.1%) and about two thirds (67.8%)had at least one chronic disease. 36.1% bought herbal and dietarysupplements from drug store. Of 33 herbal and dietary supplementsreported, 11 of them had potential to cause 56 interactions withconventional medicines. Of all herbal and dietary supplements withpotential for drug interactions, moringa was found the most frequent(63.2%) followed by garlic/garlic oil (21.0%), curcumin (13.8%), tamalaki(10.8%), Asiatic pennywort (7.2%), kariyat (6.8%), and Jiaogolan (5.3%). Inmost patients, 3 interactions per patient were found. Conclusion: Varioustypes of herbal and dietary supplements the patients with chronic diseaseused had the potential interaction with their conventional medicines. Thesepatients should be advised on such interaction.Keywords: interaction, herb, dietary supplement, convention medicine,chronic diseas

    Effects of Self-Management Support Program on Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Among Older Adults with Uncontrolled Hypertension

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    āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāļĄāļŦāļēāļšāļąāļ“āļ‘āļīāļ• (āļāļēāļĢāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāļāđˆ), 2561This quasi-experimental research aimed to examine the effects of a self-management support program on medication adherence and blood pressure among older adults with uncontrolled hypertension. Sixty-two older adults with uncontrolled hypertension were purposively selected from the medical clinic of the super tertiary hospital in the south of Thailand. All 62 eligible subjects were randomly allocated into two groups with 31 cases per group. The control group received regular nursing care and the intervention group received regular nursing care and the self-management support program for 8 weeks. The results were evaluated by blood pressure measurement and assessment of medication adherence score using pill count with the medication adherence questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.80). The personal information was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the hypotheses were tested using paired ttest and independent t-test. The results showed that after completion of the program, a mean score of medication adherence in the intervention group was statistically significantly higher than before the implementation and higher than the control group (p < .001), and mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the intervention group was statistically significantly lower than before the implementation and lower than the control group (p < .001). The findings suggest the benefits of the self-management support program on the improvement of medication adherence and better blood pressure control among older adults with uncontrolled hypertension. Therefore, this program should be employed in order to help older adults with uncontrolled hypertension and further promote safety from complications that may be caused by uncontrolled hypertension.āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļāļķ āļ‡āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢ āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāđˆāļģāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™ āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ­āļēāļĒāļļāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ—āļĩ āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđāļšāļš āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩ āļāđˆāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āļˆāđˆāļēāļ™āļ§āļ™ 62 āļĢāļēāļĒ āļˆāļēāļāļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĢāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ•āļ•āļīāļĒāļ āļđāļĄāļī āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļķ āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ āļēāļ„āđƒāļ•āđ‰ āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĨāļ° 31 āļĢāļēāļĒ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļ›āļāļ•āļīāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļ›āļāļ•āļīāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 8 āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ āļŠāļĄāđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ™āļąāļšāđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āļĒāļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩ āļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāļŠāļąāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđāļ­āļĨāļŸāļē āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļ™āļšāļēāļ„āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļš 0.80 āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļžāļĢāļĢāļ“āļ™āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļĄāļĄāļ•āļīāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢ āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāļ„āļđāđˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļ° āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩ āļĒāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĒāļē āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļēāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī (p < .001) āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩ āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āļ‹āļīāļŠāđ‚āļ•āļĨāļīāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļ•āļĨāļīāļ„āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ° āļ•āđˆāļēāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļēāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī (p < .001) āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ­āļēāļĒāļļāđ‚āļĢāļ„ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ—āļĩ āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđāļĨāļ° āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļĩāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļĢāļ™āđˆāļēāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ· āļ­āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ­āļēāļĒāļļāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āļŠāļđāļ‡ āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđāļ—āļĢāļāļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩ āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”

    āļĒāļēāļāļąāļ™āļŠāļąāļāļŸāļīāđ„āļ™āļ•āļ­āļĒāđ€āļŦāļ™āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ™āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ•āļĩāđ€āļ§āļ™āļŠāđŒ-āļˆāļ­āļŦāđŒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ™ Phenytoin-induced Steven-Johnson Syndrome

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    ABSTRACTStevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a rare but serious allergic skinreaction with a characteristic rash involving the skin and mucousmembranes, including buccal mucosa, conjunctiva, anus and genital areas.SJS is usually caused by drugs such as sulfonamides, penicillins,naproxen, allopurinol, phenytoin, etc. The condition can sometimes beattributable to SLE, HIV, leukemia, infections, etc., and in some cases, noknown cause. SJS often begins with non-specific symptoms includingfever, cough, sore throat, headache, joint pain and body ache. Follows arered rashes spreading across the face and the body trunk, which can spreadto other parts of the body. The mucous membranes become inflamed andpainful. The skin often peels away in sheets. High amount of fluid andelectrolytes can seep from the damaged areas. A person who has SJS isvery susceptible to infections at the sites of damaged tissues which are thecommon cause of death. A patient case study of SJS after receivingphenytoin for epilepsy is discussed in detail. The SJS reaction probabilityevaluated by the Naranjo’s algorithm was considered “probable” regardingphenytoin exposure.Keywords: phenytoin, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, case repor

    Case study: Natural-Cosmetic Package Style from Milan

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        Package is the tool of product’s marketing distribution. Therefore, the research is to study package design’s trend in term of natural cosmetic from the countries’ leader of fashion such as Milan (Italy). Sampling tools are the natural product’s packages from the amount of 30 pieces. Founded, the cosmetic packages are mostly present the quality of natural product which is filled inside the bottle. 20% can be communicated in public by natural form. 30% presented by technique to be added in value and make them more interesting. 10% refer to the other aspect of communication such as styles, materials also patterns which are the elements of design. Product’s consumer can be classified in to 80% of the high education level women. Therefore, 90% of designers start to design by studying design’s trend which would be developed by the different location, society, climate etc. Production techniques can be the main idea in creating an interesting point to all packages. They are the most important choice for designer to make the different and variety of styles on to them. However, the second priority is the different in variety of shapes. The final aspect is the variety of graphics. Therefore, 60% of the designer focus on the functions of packages, 30% focus on the shapes and styles and only 10% focus on the graphics. By the way, most of the designer is very thoughtful of the investment for materials and processes which should be 3R: reuse, recycle and reduce to save the earth.     In conclusion, Thai package designers mostly have intelligent and effort in creating all types of package for the natural-cosmetic products which is one of the most important export products from Thailand. However, it would be developed and assist the SME manufacturer to added the products value in order to compete with products from other countries. The product’s consumers in Milan are mainly respect for the brand of the cosmetic which can be referred to the quality of their sake

    āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĒāļĩāđˆāļĒāļĄāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ§āļēāļ›āļĩāļ›āļ—āļļāļĄ āļĄāļŦāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāļ„āļēāļĄ Causes of Patient's Medication Problems in Home Care Visits by Pharmacists in Wapipathum Disctrict, Maha Sarakham Province

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ:āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļą āļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢ

    āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āļŠāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļļāļāļĢāļēāļ™ āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āđˆāļēāļ­āļ™āļļāļĢāļąāļāļĐāđŒāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ‚āļ›āļ‡ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļŠāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļĒ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ

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    Distribution of Invasive Plants in Bann Pong Conservation Forest Area, Sansai District, Chiang Mai Province Yaowanit Tarachai, Augcharee Hemsant, Porntip Chanrat and Parinya PatiphanthakanāļĢāļąāļšāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ: 17 āđ€āļĄāļĐāļēāļĒāļ™ 2563; āđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ: 26 āļžāļĪāļĐāļ āļēāļ„āļĄ 2563; āļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒ: 29 āļžāļĪāļĐāļ āļēāļ„āļĄ 2563 DOI: http://doi.org/10.14456/jstel.2020.1 āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āļŠāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļļāļāļĢāļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āđˆāļēāļ­āļ™āļļāļĢāļąāļāļĐāđŒāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ‚āļ›āļ‡ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļŠāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļĒ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āđˆāļēāļ”āļąāļŠāļ™āļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĩāļ§āļ āļēāļž āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļžāļ·āļŠāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āļĢāļļāļāļĢāļēāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļžāļ·āļŠāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ āļ­āļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļžāļ·āļŠāđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļšāļšāļŠāļąāđˆāļ§āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ° āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļāļĨāđ‰āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļāļˆāļĢāļāļąāļšāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļāļˆāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļšāļāļ§āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļĄāļĩāļ™āļēāļ„āļĄ 2560 āļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļāļąāļ™āļĒāļēāļĒāļ™ 2562  āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļĄāļĩāļžāļ·āļŠāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āļĢāļļāļāļĢāļēāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™ 10 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļ‚āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļāļĒāđˆāļēāļ™ (Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob.) āļ›āļ·āļ™āļ™āļāđ„āļŠāđ‰ (Bidens pilosa L.) āļœāļąāļāļāļēāļ”āļŠāđ‰āļēāļ‡ (Crassocephalum crepidioides S.Moore) āđ„āļĄāļĒāļĢāļēāļšāļ‚āļēāļ§(Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle) āļŠāļēāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āļ­ (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King &amp; H.Rob.) āļŠāļēāļšāđāļĢāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļēāļšāļāļē (Ageratum conyzoides Sieber ex Steud.) āļŦāļāđ‰āļēāļ‚āļˆāļĢāļˆāļšāļ”āļ­āļāđƒāļŦāļāđˆ (Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.) āļŦāļāđ‰āļēāļ„āļē (Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv.) āļŦāļāđ‰āļēāļ•āļ”āļŦāļĄāļē (Paederia pilifera Hook.f.) āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļāđ‰āļēāļ‚āļˆāļĢāļˆāļšāļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļ (Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult.) āļ‹āļĩāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļžāļ·āļŠ 5 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļļāļāļĢāļēāļ™āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļœāļąāļāļāļēāļ”āļŠāđ‰āļēāļ‡ (Crassocephalum crepidioides S.Moore) āļŠāļēāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āļ­ (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King &amp; H.Rob.) āļŠāļēāļšāđāļĢāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļēāļšāļāļē (Ageratum conyzoides Sieber ex Steud.) āļŦāļāđ‰āļēāļ‚āļˆāļĢāļˆāļšāļ”āļ­āļāđƒāļŦāļāđˆ (Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.) āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļāđ‰āļēāļ•āļ”āļŦāļĄāļē (Paederia pilifera Hook.f.) āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļžāļ·āļŠāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™  āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāđŒ  āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ   Abstract Studying the distribution of invasive plants in Bann Pong conservation forest area, Sansai district, Chiang Mai province was performed. Biodiversity index and invasive alien species into local plant community, lead to the area planning and management of using plant genetic resource database, were evaluated and compared between two different sampling plot areas: traffic disturbing area and less disturbing area during March 2018 - September 2019. The results found that invasive alien plants consist of 10 species, Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob., Bidens pilosa L., Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth) S.Moore, Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle, Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King &amp; H.Rob., Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L., Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin., Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv., Paederia pilifera Hook.f. and Pennisetum polystachyon L.) Schult. The results also showed that Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth) S.Moore, Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King &amp; H.Rob., Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L., Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. and Paederia pilifera Hook.f. were severely invaded in both sampling plot areas. Keywords: Invasive plant, distribution, Chiang Ma

    āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŠāļ•āļĢāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŦāļĄāļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ™āļēāļĒāļ The Use of Medicinal Plants for Gynecologic Ailments by Thai Traditional Folk Healers in Nakhonnayok Province

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    āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĄāļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ™āļēāļĒāļāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŠāļ•āļĢāļĩāđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļ—āļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđ āļ›āļ§āļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļĄāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ›āļāļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļāļ‚āļēāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļžāļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ„āļ§āđ‰ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāļŦāļĄāļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŠāļ•āļĢāļĩāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 9 āļ„āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđāļšāļšāđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ™āļēāļĒāļ āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđ€āļ”āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āđāļšāļšāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļžāļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđƒāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļĒāļēāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĄāļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ™āļēāļĒāļāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŠāļ•āļĢāļĩāļĄāļĩāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđ€āļ”āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§ 2 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļŠāđ‰āļēāļ„āļĢāļēāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļžāļĨ āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļģāļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™ 9 āļ•āļģāļĢāļąāļš āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ™āļēāļĒāļ āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļđāļāđ€āļ­āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļĒāļēāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ•āđ‰āļĄ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 66.66) āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļ—āļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 62.5 āļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđāļāđ‰āļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļš āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 12.5 āļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ€āļžāļĻāļŦāļāļīāļ‡ āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļāđ‰āļ›āļ§āļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 63.7 āļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđāļāđ‰āļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļš āļĄāļĩāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ 1 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ‚āļīāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļĩāļ™āļīāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđāļāđ‰āļ›āļ§āļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđāļāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļĄāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ›āļāļ•āļīāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 45.5 āļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ€āļžāļĻāļŦāļāļīāļ‡ āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđāļāđ‰āļ•āļāļ‚āļēāļ§āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 44.4 āļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđāļāđ‰āļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļš āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 22.2 āļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ‚āļąāļšāļ›āļąāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ° āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļˆāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļšāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŠāļ•āļĢāļĩ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļēāļĄāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ”āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđāļāđ‰āļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ€āļžāļĻāļŦāļāļīāļ‡ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŠāļ•āļĢāļĩ, āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ, āļŦāļĄāļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™, āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ™āļēāļĒāļ Objective: To determine medicinal plants used by folk healers in Nakhonnayok province for gynecological ailments including pelvic inflammatory disease (menstrual fever), dysmenorrhea, oligomenorrhea and leucorrhea. Relations of healing properties and reported pharmacological activities of the herbs was also determined. Method: In this qualitative study, nine folk healers prescribing medicinal plants for gynecological ailments were selected by a purposive sampling. The information was obtained by unstructured interview on individual folk healers. Pharmacological activities of the plants were studied from literature to establish relations of the local wisdom with scientific evidence. Results: Two single plants and nine formulas were used for healing gynecological ailments. The plants were obtained by cultivation, collection from the wilds, and purchase from herb stores. Decoction (66.66%) was the most used preparation method. Studies of pharmacological activities revealed that 62.5% of the plants used for menstrual fever exhibited anti-inflammatory activity and 12.5% for female hormone balance. In addition, 63.7% of the plants for dysmenorrhea were reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity and ginger was reported to relieve dysmenorrhea by clinical study. It was found that 45.5% of the plants for oligomenorrhea were reported to balance female hormones. Finally, the results showed that 44.4% and 22.2% of the plants for leucorrhea were reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity and diuretic property, respectively. Conclusion: The study provided basic information of the plants used for gynecological ailments by folk healers. These plants possessed mainly anti-inflammatory and female hormone balancing activities. Keywords: gynecological ailment, medicinal plants, folk healers, Nakhonnayok provinc

    āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļ­āļšāļĢāļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ„āļ•āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļš āļāļēāļĢāļŸāļ­āļāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ•āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ

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    āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļ­āļšāļĢāļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ„āļ•āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŸāļ­āļāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ•āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡ (quasi-experimental study) āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ„āļ•āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āļ—āļļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŸāļ­āļāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ•āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄ 13 āļĢāļēāļĒ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āļ“ āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļ•āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļļāļŽāļēāļĨāļ‡āļāļĢāļ“āđŒ āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡ 1āļžāļĪāļĐāļ āļēāļ„āļĄ āļ–āļķāļ‡ 9 āļĄāļīāļ–āļļāļ™āļēāļĒāļ™ āļž.āļĻ. 2549 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢ 2 āļ„āļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāđāļšāļšāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ§āļŠāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ™āļ­āļ āļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļœāļĨāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļš āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ„āļ•āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŸāļ­āļāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ•āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ­āļēāļĒāļļāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļžāļĻāļŦāļāļīāļ‡ āļĄāļĩāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ§āļąāļ™ 11 - 15 āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 21 - 25 āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē (non-compliance of life style modification) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 38.5) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļˆāļģāļāļąāļ”āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļē āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđˆāļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļđāļ‡āđ€āļāļīāļ™āđ„āļ› (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 30.8 āđāļĨāļ° 23.1 āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš) āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļ­āļšāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļđāļ‡ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļ­āļšāļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļš 96.5) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 37.9) āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ„āļ·āļ­ āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāđāļœāđˆāļ™āļžāļąāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĒāļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāđˆāļģāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 31.0āđāļĨāļ° 11.5 āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš) āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ•āļ­āļšāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 77.5 āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļĒāļē āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 47.5) āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļē āļ„āļ·āļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļĒāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļĒāļē(āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 27.5 āđāļĨāļ° 12.5 āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļ­āļšāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļļāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ (2 āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡) āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ„āļ•āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŸāļ­āļāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ•āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļšāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļ„āļ§āļĢāļĄāļĩāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāļĄāļŠāļŦāļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ„āļ•āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŸāļ­āļāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ•āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄ, āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ, āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļ­āļšāļĢāļąāļšThai Pharm Health Sci J 2009;4(2):217-226
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