In Vitro antibacterial activity of rumex nervosus, plantago lanceolata, solanum incanum and lepidium sativum against selected bacterial pathogens of human and animals

Medicinal plants are used as a primary means of tackling different ailments especially in developing countries. In the present study, the leaves of Rumex nervosus, Plantago lanceolata, Lepidium sativum and Solanum incanum were collected and extracted by maceration method using 70% methanol. The extracts were concentrated and the yields recorded. Antibacterial effects of the extracts were tested on selected bacteria such as Streptococcus, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, and Salmonella which were obtained from Haramaya University, Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory. Preliminary screening test for the extract was made using agar disc diffusion method and subsequently the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by agar dilution assay based on the zone of bacterial growth inhibition. The finding indicated that Rumex nervosus showed have the highest zone of inhibition (20mm) against the genus Salmonella followed by Plantago lanceolata with the zone of inhibition (16mm) against L. monocytogenes. On the other hand, Lepidium sativum and Solanum incanum did not have any antibacterial activity against all the cultured bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration of Rumex nervosus against S. aureus were 1.56x103μg/ml and that of Plantago lanceolata against L. monocytogenes were 6.25 x103μg/ml and 1.25 x 104μg/ml, respectively. From the findings it can be concluded that Rumex nervosus and Plantago lanceolata have shown to be a better antibacterial activity against selected bacterial pathogens, while leave extracts of other medicinal plants do not have any effect. Fractionated components of the plants might show better effect which needs further investigation using different solvent and standard medium.Keywords: Agar disc diffusion, Antibacterial activity, Rumex nervosus, Plantago lanceolata, Solanum incanum, Lepidium sativu

Wertgebende Inhaltsstoffe in Spitzwegerich (Plantago lanceolata L.) und weiteren Plantago-Arten

Bioactive constituents of ribwort (Plantago lanceolata L.) and further Plantago specie

Variability of the number and weight of 1000 seeds of weeds present in alfalfa natural seeds from different locations in Serbia

Alfalfa is the most significant perennial and multi-crop forage legume in Serbia. Seed production has numerous problems, which causes high variability in seed yield. One of the problems in this production is the weed seeds that are in the natural alfalfa seed after harvesting. Minimum purity must be greater than 95 %, up to 2 % of other species are allowed, and up to 0.5 % of weeds, but no quarantine weeds such as dodder (Cuscuta.sp). Weed seeds were detected in natural alfalfa seeds: Sinapis arvensis L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Rumex obtusifolius, L., Cuscuta campestris Yunk., Rumex acetosella L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L., Rumex crispus L., Galium aparine L., Convolvus arvensis L. as expected, the variability of the number of weed seeds detected from the seed lots over three years was high: CV% = 14.78 for wild sorghum – S. halepense (L.) Pers. In the 2022, to CV% = 65.47 for ribwort plantain – Plantago lanceolata L. in the 2020. For the weight of 1000 seeds of the examined weeds, the variability was determined from CV% = 5.869 for the ribwort plantain – Plantago lanceolata L. (year 2020), to CV% = 34.41 for yellow dock – Rumex crispus L. (year 2022).Lucerka je naznačajnija višegodišnja i višeotkosna krmna leguminoza u Srbiji. Proizvodnja semena je sa brojnim problemima što uzrokuje visoku varijabilnost za prinos. Jedan od problema u ovoj proizvodnji čine i semena korova koja se nakon ubiranja nalaze u naturalnom semenu lucerke. Na drugoj strani za stavljanje semena u promet minimalna čistoća semena mora da bude viša od 95 %. Dozvoljeno je do 2 % drugih vrsta i do 0.5 % korova, ali u semenu lucerke ne smeju da budu prisutni karantinski korovi kao što su: vilina kosica (Cuscuta spp.). U ovim istraživanjima su predstavljeni rezultati varijabilnosti broja semena i mase 1000 semena detektovanih korova u naturalnom semenu pet partija semena lucerke sa različitih lokaliteta u Srbiji, tokom tri godine. U naturalnom semenu lucerke je detektovano seme sledećih korova: Sinapis arvensis L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Rumex obtusifolius L., Cuscuta campestris Yunk., Rumex acetosella L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L., Rumex crispus L., Galium aparine L., Convolvus arvensis L. Varijabilnost broja semena detektovanih korova bila je visoka za divlji sirak- Sorghum halepense. (L.) Pers. (CV% = 14.78 u 2022.), do CV% = 65.47 za uskolisnu bokvicu - Plantago lanceolata L. u 2020. godini. i za masu 1000 semena od CV% = 5.86 Plantago lanceolata L. (2020.), do CV% = 34.41 za Rumex crispus L. (2022.

Sphaceloma plantaginis-lanceolatae sp. nov., a new pathogen on Plantago L.

Sphaceloma plantaginis-lanceolatae sp. nov., eine neue Art an Plantago lancelata L., unterscheidet sich von Sphace­loma plantaginis, Jenkins & Bitanc., in den Maßen der Acervuli und in Länge und Breite der Konidien. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2015.08.03, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2015.08.03Sphaceloma plantaginis-lanceolatae sp. nov., a new species collected on Plantago lanceolata L., differs from Sphaceloma plantaginis, Jenkins & Bitanc., in the diameter of the acervuli and in length and width of the coni­dia. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2015.08.03, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2015.08.0

A study of stomatal patterns in Plantago lanceolata L. Acer pseudoplatanus L. Sesleria caerulea L. in relation to environmental parameters

A baseline study of leaf stomatal density, stomatal indices, guard cell length and leaf area was made in three species; a grass, Sesleria caerulea L., a herb, Plantago lanceolata L., and a tree, Acer pseudoplatanus L. in relation to environmental parameters. Chlorophyll analysis was also investigated to see if a relationship existed between density of stomata and chlorophyll content. Multivariate analysis of variance showed: significant variation of the stomatal index (SI) and stomatal density in the three species in situ in the field: generally both parameters increasing with increasing altitude but with some variation across the P. lanceolata L. sites. Leaf area was significantly reduced at higher altitudes in all species. Guard cell length significantly decreased with increasing altitude in 5. caerulea L., and A. pseudoplatanus L. but varied in P. lanceolata L. across sites. Within habitat, P. lanceolata L. appeared to show no significant difference in the SI compared to between habitat variation at both sites studied. Stomatal density was generally greater on the abaxial leaf surface of P. lanceolata L. Apart from two plant populations, no significant difference was found in the SI between the adaxial and abaxial surface. Regression analysis showed soil depth, moisture and altitude explained a considerable amount of the variation in the data. Transplants of Acer pseudoplatanus L., showed a significant increase in stomatal density and the SI with increasing altitude. Guard Cell length significantiy decreased with increasing altitude. Experimentally water-stressed plants showed variation. Sesleria caerulea L. and Plantago lanceolata L., both significantiy increased stomatal density but decreased the SI with increasing stress. The exception was in the adaxial surface of the leaves of Plantago lanceolata L. from Widdybank Fell which showed no difference in the leaf SI between treatments. Leaf area was significantly reduced except in S. caerulea L. from Widdybank Fell. The SI and stomatal density increased with increasing water stress in Acer pseudoplatanus L. Guard cell length decreased significantly in the three species under water stress. Shading of Acer pseudoplatanus L. significantiy reduced stomatal density and the SI but increased the number of stomata per leaf Leaf area and guard cell size significantly increased under shade. Total chlorophyll (chl) significantly increased with increasing altitude in S. caerulea L. and A. pseudoplatanus L. but varied in P. lanceolata L. across sites. Total Chl decreased with increasing altitude in A. pseudoplatanus L. transplants. Full grown low light leaves of A. pseudoplatanus L. had more total chlorophyll per unit fresh weight than high-light leaves but the content per unit area of leaf surface was lower in low-light leaves. Under a varied watering regime, the two species studied for chlorophyll content (A. pseudoplatanus L. and P. lanceolata L.), showed a differential response, total chl increasing slightly in A. pseudoplatanus L. but with no pattern emerging in P. lanceolata L. Conclusions drawn from this study indicate there is considerable variation both in the density and proportion of stomata produced (Stomatal index) in these three species both in the field and under manipulated environmental conditions which may have both a genetic and plastic base. This suggests care should be taken in interpreting morphological, anatomical and physiological changes in plants which may result from climatic change, in particular increased CO2 levels

Plant communities affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and community composition in grassland microcosms

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was investigated in an unfertilized limestone grassland soil supporting different synthesized vascular plant assemblages that had developed for 3 yr. The experimental treatments comprised: bare soil; monocultures of the nonmycotrophic sedge Carex flacca; monocultures of the mycotrophic grass Festuca ovina; and a species-rich mixture of four forbs, four grasses and four sedges. The diversity of AM fungi was analysed in roots of Plantago lanceolata bioassay seedlings using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The extent of AM colonization, shoot biomass and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were also measured. The AM diversity was affected significantly by the floristic composition of the microcosms and shoot phosphorus concentration was positively correlated with AM diversity. The diversity of AM fungi in P. lanceolata decreased in the order: bare soil > C. flacca > 12 species > F. ovina. The unexpectedly high diversity in the bare soil and sedge monoculture likely reflects differences in the modes of colonization and sources of inoculum in these treatments compared with the assemblages containing established AM-compatible plants

Effect of management spontaneous cover crop on rosy apple aphid, green apple aphid and their natural enemies in an apple organic orchard

Cover crops have been reported as shelters for pest but also for natural enemies. Nevertheless, there is not agreement about their influence on pest presence on apple trees. An experiment was conducted in 2004-2006 in an IRTA-Estació Experimental de Lleida organic apple orchard located in Les Borges Blanques (Lleida, Spain) in order to evaluate the influence of cover crops on the presence of pest and natural enemies on apple trees. Three cover crops were tested and compared to a bare soil: (1) spontaneous cover crop where Plantago lanceolata L. was the most abundant specie, (2) no-mowed spontaneous cover crop, (3) spontaneous cover crop mowed when weeds were 30 cm tall. Cover crops tested affected neither the presence the rosy apple aphid nor aphid natural enemies. Nevertheless, the green apple aphid was more abundant in bare soil trees than in cover crop trees

Host Plants and Habitats of the Baltimore Checkerspot Butterfly, \u3ci\u3eEuphydryas Phaeton\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), in the Great Lakes Region

The habitats and host plants of Euphydryas phaeton in the Great Lakes region are examined using data from several different populations spread over much of the region. The range of habitats and host plants used by this species is wider than commonly believed. While many populations are found in seasonal or permanent wetlands, others are located in dry, old fields or woodland areas. The host plants used vary with habitat, but they include all major primary hosts and many secondary hosts previously reported plus several new records. The biology of E. phaeton is shown to be similar to western Euphydryas butterflies in which variation in habitat and host plant use is well documented

The use of different hot foam doses for weed control

Thermal weed control technology plays an important role in managing weeds in synthetic herbicide-free systems, particularly in organic agriculture. The use of hot foam represents an evolution of the hot water weed control thermal method, modified by the addition of biodegradable foaming agents. The aim of this study was to test the weeding eect of dierent five hot foam doses, in two sites of dierent weed composition fields [i.e., Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.), Taraxacum ocinale (Weber) and Plantago lanceolata (L.)], by evaluating the devitalisation of weeds, their regrowth, the weed dry biomass at the end of the experiment and the temperature of hot foam as aected by dierent foam doses. The results showed that the eect of the hot foam doses diered with the dierent infested weed species experiments. In the Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) infested field, all doses from 3.33 L m2 to 8.33 L m2 led to a 100% weed cover devitalisation and a lower weed dry biomass compared to the dose of 1.67 L m2, whereas the weed regrowth was similar when all doses were applied. In the Taraxacum ocinale (Weber) and Plantago lanceolata (L.) infested fields, doses from 5.00 L m2 to 8.33 L m2 in site I and from 3.33 L m2 to 8.33 L m2 in site II led to 100% of weed cover devitalisation. The highest doses of 6.67 L m2 and 8.33 L m2 led to a slower weed regrowth and a lower weed dry biomass compared to the other doses. The time needed for weeds to again cover 50%, after the 100% devitalisation, was, on average, one month when all doses were applied in the Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) infested field, whereas in the Taraxacum ocinale (Weber) and Plantago lanceolata (L.) fields, this delay was estimated only when doses of 6.67 L m2 and 8.33 L m2 were used in site I and a dose of 8.33 L m2 in site II. Thus, in the Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) field experiments hot foam doses from 3.33 L m2 to 8.33 L m2 were eective in controlling weeds, and the use of the lowest dose (i.e., 3.33 L m2) is recommended. However, for Taraxacum ocinale (Weber) and Plantago lanceolata (L.) the highest doses are recommended (i.e., 6.67 L m2 and 8.33 L m2), as these led to 100% weed devitalisation, slower regrowth, and lower weed dry biomass than other doses. A delay in the regrowth of weeds by 30 days can lead to the hypothesis that the future application of hot foam as a desiccant in no-till field bands, before the transplant of high-income vegetable crops, will provide a competitive advantage against weeds

The phytosociology of calcareous grasslands in the British Isles.

The thesis attempts a broad overall survey and classification according to the Zurich-Montpellier system ofplant sociology, of limestone grassland vegetation in the British Isles The classification is based on some 535 grassland Aufnahmen and 75 Aufnahmen of contact communities. In all, some 13 grassland Associations are recognised, whilst the zonal and successional communities are classified in 16 Associations. The Associations are classified in the system of classification advocated by Lohmeyer et al. (1962), and the phytogeographical relationships of the related Association-groups or Alliances are considered in detail. The limestone grassland communities of the British Isles have been found to be representative of four Classes: - (a) Festuco-Brometea - thermophilous dry grassland communities of the sub-mediterranean and sub - atlantic regions of Europe; (b) Elyno-Seslerietea - dry sub-montane, sub-alpine grass heaths of the low alpine region of central Europe and Scandinavia; ( c ) Molinio-Arrhenatheretea - mesophilous, grazed or mown hay meadows and pastures of the lowland zone of western Europe; (d) Violetea calaminariae - open grassland communities IV of heavy metal - rich strata and spoil banks. The thesis is divided into 5 parts : - Part 1 reviews the methods available for a vegetation survey and phytosociological technique in general; outlines the history and status of limestone grasslands; and summarises the methods used for previous description of British vegetation; Part 2 presents the results of the grassland survey and relates the change in overall floristic composition and grassland type to climatic factors using the climate diagrams of Walter & Lieth (1967); Part 3 considers the successional and zonal relationships of these grassland communities, whilst Part 4 discusses the validity of the methods used for the survey and suggests some of the logical extensions of t h is work with reference to the conservation and management of an area limestone grassland on the Magnesian Limestone of Co. Durham. Part 5 comprises 36 Association Tables and an Aufnahmen locality Appendix, and is to be found in the folio volume. References LOHMEYER, W. et a l . (1962). Contribution a 1 ' unification du systeme phytosociologique pour 1'Europe moyenne et nord-occidentale. Melhoramento, 15, 137-151. Walter, H. & Leith, H. (1967). Klimadiagramm Weltatlas. Jena