Analysis and redesign of the H&M logotype in the context of luxury branding

Ovaj završni rad analizira logotip brenda H&M kroz usporedbu masovnog i luksuznog brendiranja. Cilj rada bio je istražiti na koji način se kroz promjene u vizualnim elementima poput tipografije, boje i kompozicije može postići percepcija luksuza unutar konteksta masovno dostupnog brenda. Rad se temelji na teorijskoj podlozi o vizualnom identitetu, razlikama između masovnih i luksuznih brendova te njihovim vizualnim identitetima, kao i pojmu rebrandinga s naglaskom na redizajn logotipa. Provedena je analiza postojećeg H&M logotipa, zatim je izrađen novi dizajn koji vizualno predstavlja ekskluzivnost, sofisticiranost i eleganciju karakterističnu za luksuzne modne marke. U praktičnom dijelu prikazan je proces odabira vizualnih elemenata, skiciranja koncepta, sve do primjene novog logotipa u različitim medijima. Također, rezultati provedene ankete potvrdili su da redizajnirani logotip H&M-a u luksuznom stilu kod ispitanika izaziva dojam prestiža i kvalitete, što potvrđuje uspješnost dizajnerskog pristupa. Rad doprinosi razumijevanju važnosti vizualnog identiteta u percepciji brenda i otvara mogućnosti strateške transformacije masovnih marki prema višem tržišnom segmentu.This thesis analyzes the H&M brand logo through a comparison of mass-market and luxury branding. The aim of the study was to explore how changes in visual elements such as typography, color, and composition can create a perception of luxury within the context of a widely accessible brand. The work is based on a theoretical foundation of visual identity, the differences between mass and luxury brands and their visual identities, as well as the concept of rebranding with an emphasis on logo redesign. An analysis of the existing H&M logo was conducted, followed by the creation of a new design that visually represents exclusivity, sophistication, and elegance characteristic of luxury fashion brands. The practical part presents the process of selecting visual elements, sketching the concept, and applying the new logo across various media. Additionally, the results of a conducted survey confirmed that the redesigned H&M logo in a luxury style evokes a sense of prestige and quality among respondents, validating the success of the design approach. This thesis contributes to the understanding of the importance of visual identity in brand perception and opens possibilities for the strategic transformation of mass-market brands toward a higher market segment

The Role of Typography in the Development of a Visual Identity for the Fictional Non-Profit Organization "Prijatelji Šapa"

Ovaj završni rad bavi se razvojem vizualnog identiteta za fiktivnu neprofitnu organizaciju „Prijatelji Šapa“, koja je zamišljena kao udruga za zaštitu i udomljavanje napuštenih životinja. Cilj rada bio je prikazati važnost vizualnog identiteta u neprofitnom sektoru, s naglaskom na njegovu ulogu u izgradnji prepoznatljivosti, povjerenja i emocionalne povezanosti s publikom. Rad se sastoji od teorijskog i praktičnog dijela. U teorijskom dijelu obrađeni su osnovni elementi vizualnog identiteta, uloga tipografije te specifičnosti komunikacije u neprofitnim organizacijama. U praktičnom dijelu razvijen je vizualni identitet koji uključuje logotip, tipografiju, boje i promotivne materijale. Logotip kombinira rukopisni font s ilustracijom šape, stvarajući simboličnu i prepoznatljivu poveznicu s misijom organizacije. Boje koje dominiraju identitetom odabrane su radi prenošenja topline, pristupačnosti i optimizma. Zaključno, rad potvrđuje da pažljivo oblikovan vizualni identitet može značajno doprinijeti učinkovitijoj komunikaciji i jačanju prisutnosti neprofitne organizacije u javnosti.This final thesis focuses on the development of a visual identity for a fictional non-profit organization called “Prijatelji Šapa,” envisioned as an association for the protection and adoption of abandoned animals. The aim of the paper was to demonstrate the importance of visual identity in the non-profit sector, with emphasis on its role in building recognition, trust, and emotional connection with the public. The paper consists of theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part covers the basic elements of visual identity, the role of typography, and the specifics of communication in non-profit organizations. In the practical part, a visual identity was developed, including a logo, typography, color palette, and promotional materials. The logo combines a script font with an illustration of a paw, creating a symbolic and recognizable link to the organization’s mission. The dominant colors in the identity were selected to convey warmth, friendliness, and optimism. In conclusion, the paper confirms that a carefully designed visual identity can significantly contribute to more effective communication and strengthen the presence of a non-profit organization in the public eye

Protection of personal data on the Internet

U ovom radu obrađuje se tema zaštite osobnih podataka na internetu. Stoga prvi dio rada pobliže analizira i objašnjava pojam zaštite podataka, te što je to osobni podatak i kako se obrađuje. Nadalje analizira se Opća uredba o zaštiti podataka odnosno GDPR, te se definira sam pojam GDPR, te prava koja se temeljem Uredba donose. Osim GDPR analizira se i Agencija za zaštitu osobnih podataka u Hrvatskoj odnosno AZOP, navode se misija, vizija i određeni zadatci koje Agencija obavlja. Zadnji dio rada bazira se na kvantitativnom istraživanju u obliku ankete. Istraživanje je napravljeno s ciljem bolje spoznaje mišljenja i nekih određenih navika ispitanika prilikom korištenja prvenstveno društvenih mreža u neke slobodne svrhe. Kako bi se bolje razumjela sama percepcija ispitanika vezana za zaštitu osobnih podataka postavljena pitanja percipirana su na način prilikom kojeg otkrivamo koliko znanja ispitanici imaju o samoj zaštiti osobnih podataka, te koliko su svjesni određenih opasnosti koje dolaze s njom. Nadalje iskazuje se sama analiza dobivenih podataka, te za sam kraj rada ispisuje se zaključak.This paper deals with the topic of personal data protection on the Internet. Therefore, the first part of the paper analyzes and explains the concept of data protection, what is personal data and how it is processed. Furthermore, the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, is analyzed, and the term GDPR itself is defined, as well as the rights based on which the Regulation is enacted. In addition to the GDPR, the Agency for the Protection of Personal Data in Croatia, i.e. AZOP, is also analysed, the mission, vision and specific tasks performed by the Agency are stated. The last part of the paper is based on quantitative research in the form of a survey. The research was done with the aim of better understanding the opinions and certain habits of respondents when using primarily social networks for some free purposes. In order to better understand the respondents' perception of personal data protection, the questions were perceived in a way that reveals how much knowledge the respondents have about the protection of personal data, and how aware they are of certain dangers that come with it. Furthermore, the analysis of the obtained data is presented, and a conclusion is written at the very end of the paper

Physiological changes in the postpartum period

Postpartalno razdoblje obuhvaća niz intenzivnih fizioloških promjena koje započinju odmah nakon poroda i traju do šest tjedana. Tijekom tog razdoblja dolazi do involucije maternice, hormonalnih prilagodbi, uspostave laktacije, promjena u mokraćnom, probavnom i lokomotornom sustavu, kao i do prilagodbe dojki na dojenje. Pravilna i pravovremena zdravstvena skrb, osobito od strane medicinskih sestara i primalja, ključna je za uspješan oporavak žene. U svrhu pisanja rada provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem ispitivanja pripremljenosti žena za porod, najčešćih fizioloških promjena u postpartalnom periodu i kvalitete podrške medicinskog osoblja. Istraživanje je bilo u potpunosti anonimno i provedeno je putem Google Docs obrasca od travnja do lipnja 2025. godine. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 206 žena. Najveći broj sudionica, njih 97 (47,1%), imalo je dvije trudnoće, dok je njih 166 (80,6 %) rodilo vaginalno. Kontakt “koža na kožu” ostvarilo je 163 žene (79,1%). Kao najčešće fiziološke promjene nakon poroda žene su navele bol u dojkama – 99 (48,1%), krvarenje – 97 (47,1%), poteškoće s mokrenjem i stolicom – 52 (25,2%), te bolove u leđima ili zdjelici – 46 (22,3%). Njih 97 (47,1%) izjavilo je da su se srednje teško nosile s tim promjenama. Iako je njih 136 (66,1%) pozitivno ocijenilo podršku medicinskog osoblja, 48 (23,3%) izjavilo je da im je nedostajalo informacija i pomoći, a njih 17 (8,3%) da nisu imale nikakvu podršku pri uspostavi dojenja. Rezultati upućuju na potrebu za dodatnim ulaganjem u edukaciju trudnica, pomoć u uspostavi laktacije i sustavnu individualiziranu zdravstvenu skrb usmjerenu na fiziološke izazove postpartalnog razdoblja.The postpartum period involves a range of intense physiological changes that begin immediately after childbirth and last approximately six weeks. During this time, the body undergoes uterine involution, hormonal adjustments, the establishment of lactation, and changes in the urinary, digestive, and musculoskeletal systems, along with breast adaptations for breastfeeding. Timely and appropriate healthcare, particularly from nurses and midwives, is essential for successful maternal recovery. A study was conducted as part of this paper to examine women’s preparedness for childbirth, the most common physiological changes in the postpartum period, and the quality of support provided by medical staff. The survey was completely anonymous and was conducted via a Google Docs form from April to June 2025. A total of 206 women participated in the survey. The largest group of respondents, 97 women (47.1%), had experienced two pregnancies, and 166 women (80.6%) had vaginal deliveries. „Skin-to-skin“ contact was reported by 163 women (79.1%). The most frequently reported physiological issues were breast pain reported by 99 women (48.1%), bleeding by 97 women (47.1%), difficulties with urination and defecation by 52 women (25.2%), and back or pelvic pain by 46 women (22.3%). A total of 97 women (47.1%) stated that they coped moderately well with these changes. While 136 participants (66.1%) rated medical staff support positively, 48 women (23.3%) reported insufficient guidance and help, and 17 women (8.3%) indicated they received no breastfeeding support at all. The results highlight the need to improve prenatal education, provide early lactation support, and strengthen individualized healthcare focused on the physiological challenges of the postpartum perio

The Phenomenon of TikTok from the Perspective of Media Psychology

Svakodnevno korištenje društvenih mreža u različitim vrstama komunikacije te njihovi pozitivni i negativni ishodi ukazali su na važnost ispitivanja njihovog utjecaja na razne aspekte ljudskog ponašanja. U zadnjih nekoliko godina TikTok je postao jedna od najbrže rastućih društvenih mreža. Budući da je TikTok socijalni, virtualni, komunikacijski, obrazovni, zabavni, interaktivni, informacijski i novomedijski fenomen važno ga je sagledati s aspekata psihologije medija. U radu će se, kroz predstavljanje pojave i povijesti razvoja te temeljnih fenomenoloških pojmova vezanih uz TikTok, pobliže predstaviti ta društvena mreža. Kroz različite teorijske koncepte psihologije medija kroz ovaj rad biti će prikazani utjecaji TikToka na identitet pojedinca i njegove prosocijalne i parasocijalne forme ponašanja. U drugom dijelu rada kroz istraživanje putem online anketnog upitnika opisani su rezultati istraživanja u svrhu razumijevanja utjecaja TikToka na društvene vrijednosti te svjesnosti korisnika TikToka o algoritmu te društvene mreže. Rezultati su pokazali da TikTok nije univerzalni motivator za prosocijalno ponašanje, ali su i pokazali da su korisnici TikToka, koji objavljuju vlastite videozapise, medijski pismeni, informirani i svjesni šta je to algoritam TikToka. Oni koji izrađuju vlastite videozapise na TikToku, razumiju i primjenjuju algoritamske strategije, a time postaju aktivna publika koja ciljano prati TikTok. Ti korisnici TikToka poduzimaju inicijativu u smislu izbora medijskog sadržaja koji im donosi zadovoljenje njihovih određenih potreba te su kao korisnici svjesni svojih medijskih potreba, poznaju ih i mogu ih definirati.The everyday use of social networks in various types of communication, along with their positive and negative outcomes, highlights the importance of examining their impact on different aspects of human behavior. In recent years, TikTok has emerged as one of the fastest-growing social networks. Given that TikTok is a social, virtual, communicative, educational, entertaining, interactive, informational, and new media phenomenon, it is crucial to analyze it from the perspective of media psychology. This paper will delve into the phenomenon and history of TikTok's development, as well as the fundamental phenomenological concepts associated with it. By exploring various theoretical concepts of media psychology, this paper will demonstrate TikTok's influence on individual identity and its prosocial and parasocial forms of behavior. In the second part of the paper, the results of research conducted through an online questionnaire are described to understand the impact of TikTok on social values and the awareness of TikTok users about the platform's algorithm. The findings indicate that TikTok is not a universal motivator for prosocial behavior. However, they also reveal that TikTok users who post their own videos are media literate, informed and aware of the TikTok algorithm. These content creators understand and apply algorithmic strategies, making them an active audience that follows TikTok in a targeted manner. They take the initiative in selecting media content that satisfies their specific needs. As users, they are aware of their media needs, can identify them, and define them clearly

Physiotherapy procedures in persons with Parkinson's disease

Parkinsonova bolest smatra se jednom od kroničnih bolesti središnjeg živčanog sustava koja zauzima vodeće mjesto. U svijetu, kao i kod nas događa se sve češća pojava novooboljelih slučajeva Parkinsonove bolesti. Različite su kliničke manifestacije bolesti kao i tijek i progresivnost bolesti. Iako je oboljenje od Parkinsonove bolesti karakteristično za osobe starije životne dobi, sve češće ljudi obolijevaju od nje, porastom incidencije i prevalencije bolesti, pojava novooboljelih u mlađoj životnoj dobi smatra se pod utjecajem genetske predispozicije. Kod Parkinsonove bolesti ima nekoliko glavnih simptoma koji se javljaju i napreduju, a to su: tremor, bradikinezija, rigor i posturalna nestabilnost. Kod svakog pacijenta simptomi različito napreduju i različiti je tijek progresivnosti bolesti, može dovesti do potpunog invaliditeta, a kod nekih osoba su samo blago vidljivi simptomi. Parkinsonova bolest javlja se kod svih etničkih skupina, rasa, većinom se javlja kod muške populacije, ali javlja se i kod ženske populacije u manjim postocima. Parkinsonova bolest ima više skupina po kojoj se manifestiraju određeni simptomi i tijek, a to su tremor dominantni tip, akinetički tip i mješoviti tip. Parkinsonova bolest utječe na središnji živčani sustav. Dijagnosticiranje još uvijek nije potvrđeno, a postoje i slične dijagnoze Parkinsonove bolesti zbog toga je izrazito bitno na pravilan način izraditi fizioterapijsku procjenu kako bi se postavila točna dijagnoza. Lijek za Parkinsonovu bolest još ne postoji, a medikamentoznom terapijom se utječe na smanjenje i regulaciju simptoma. Prije izrade plana terapije bitno je napraviti fizioterapijsku procjenu pacijenta i određene testove, kako bi se rehabilitacijom izradili kratkoročni i dugoročni ciljevi i odredili potrebni fizioterapijski postupci i terapijske vježbe. Glavni cilj je olakšati pacijentu svakodnevni život i svakodnevne aktivnost, vratiti koordinaciju, balans, ravnotežu, posturalnu stabilnost i poboljšati kvalitetu života pojedinca.Parkinson´s disease is considered one of the chronic diseases of the central nervous system, holding a leading position. Both globally and in our county, the occurrence of newly diagnosed cases of Parkinson´s disease is becoming increasingly common. The clinical manifestations of the disease, as well as it´s course and progression, vary. Although Parkinson´s disease typically affects older individuals, it is increasingly being diagnosed at a younger age. The rise in incidence and prevalence of the disease, along with the appearance of the new cases among younger individuales, is thought to be influenced by genetic predisposition. Parkinson´s disease includes several main symptoms that appear and progress over time. Those symptoms include tremor, bradykinesia, rigidy and postural instabilitiy. In each patient, the symptoms manifest and progress differently. The course of the disease can lead to complete disability, while in some cases only mild symptoms are present. Parkinson´s disease occurs in all ethnic groups and is more prevalent among the male population, but it is also increasingly seen in women, with a small percentage occurring in the younger population. Parkinson´s disease has two main types, the akinetic-rigid type and the tremor-dominant type. It primarily affects the central nervous system. Diagnosis is still not definitively confirmed, and due to the existence of similar diagnoses, it is extremely important to properly conduct a physiotherapeutic assessment in order to establish an accurate diagnosis. There is currently no cure for Parkinson´s disease, but through medication and therapy it is possible to reduce and manage the symptoms. Before creating a therapy plan, it is essential to perform a physiotherapeutic evaluation of the patient and specific tests, in order to set short-term and long-term goals and determine the necessary physiotherapeutic procedures and kinesiotherapeutic exercises. The main goal is to ease the patient´s daily life, restore coordination, balance, and stability and improve strength. For this reason, the most commonly used exercises are those aimed at improving strength, coordination, balance, breathing exercises, and relaxation. Among physiotherapy procedures, electrotherapy and massage are often used for relaxation and have a beneficial effect on symptoms

Mapping Urban Expansion of the City of Pula Using Sentinel-2 Data and Land Cover Classification

U ovom završnom radu analizirano je urbano širenje grada Pule u razdoblju od 2015. do 2024. godine korištenjem Sentinel-2 satelitskih snimki i alata za obradu prostornih podataka u programu QGIS. Satelitske snimke preuzete su sa Copernicus Browser-a te su obrađene pomoću Semi- Automatic Classification Plugin-a (SCP). Analiza je provedena na temelju NDBI (Normalized Difference Built-up Index) indeksa, čime su definirane četiri klase pokrova: voda, šuma, niska vegetacija i urbano područje. Za klasifikaciju su korišteni algoritmi Minimum Distance i Random Forest, pri čemu je Random Forest dao točnije rezultate u identifikaciji urbanih površina. Na temelju dobivenih klasifikacija izračunata je razlika dviju klasifikacija i time je dobiveno širenje urbanih područja od 2015. do 2024. godine.In this final thesis, urban expansion of the city of Pula was analyzed for the period from 2015 to 2024 using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and spatial data processing tools in the QGIS software. Satellite images were downloaded from the Copernicus Browser and processed using the Semi- Automatic Classification Plugin (SCP). The analysis was based on the NDBI (Normalized Difference Built-up Index), which enabled the classification of four land cover classes: water, forest, low vegetation, and urban area. Two classification algorithms were used: Minimum Distance and Random Forest, with Random Forest providing more accurate results in identifying urban areas. Based on the obtained classifications, the difference between the two time points was calculated, resulting in an assessment of urban expansion between 2015 and 2024

Creating a visual identity for the BearUP brand for sports supplements

Ovaj završni rad prikazuje razvoj brenda BearUP, koji se bavi proizvodnjom i distribucijom proteinskih proizvoda namijenjenih sportašima, rekreativcima te svima koji vode brigu o zdravoj prehrani. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati kompletan proces izgradnje brenda, počevši od inicijalne ideje, zatim oblikovanja identiteta brenda, određivanje ciljanog tržišta pa sve do kreiranja vizualnog identiteta, pozicioniranja proizvoda te definiranja marketinškog plana. Pri osmišljavanju vizualnog identiteta najprije su definirani ključni vizualni elementi, poput logotipa, tipografije i boja. Nakon čega su dizajnirani ostali elementi brenda. Rad se sastoji od istraživanja dodataka prehrani, s naglaskom na proteinske proizvode, analize konkurenata (poput brendova MyProtein, GymBeam i drugih) te prepoznavanje ciljne korisničke skupine. Korištenjem SWOT analize utvrđene su pozitivne strane, slabosti, mogućnosti i opasnosti brenda BearUP, što je poslužilo kao osnovica za razvoj poslovnog i marketinškog plana. Zaključno, ovaj rad pruža uvid u razvoj novog brenda unutar konkurentnog tržišnog segmenta, s namjerom da se stvori prepoznatljiva i pouzdana marka koja se temelji na kvaliteti, otvorenosti te poznavanju zahtjeva krajnjih korisnika.This thesis shows the development of the BearUP brand, which specializes in the production and distribution of protein-based products intended for athletes, recreational users and individuals who prioritize a healthy lifestyle. The aim of the paper is to outline the entire brand building process, starting from the initial concept and brand identity development, through the definition of the target market, to the creation of visual identity, product positioning, and the formulation of a marketing plan. The visual identity development began with the selection of key visual elements, like logo, typography and color palette. Followed by the design of other brand components. The paper includes research on the nutritional supplements market, with a focus on protein products, an analysis of competitors (such as MyProtein, Gym Beam, and others), and the identification of the target consumer group. A SWOT analysis was conducted to identify the strenghts, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the BearUP brand, serving as the foundation for the development of business, and marketing strategy. In conclusion, this thesis provides an overview of the development process of a new brand within a competitive market segment, aiming to create a recognizable and trustworthy brand based on quality, transparency, and an understanding of customer needs

Public relations in promoting the use of renewable energy sources

Ovaj se diplomski rad bavi analizom uloge odnosa s javnostima u promicanju korištenja obnovljivih izvora energije, s posebnim naglaskom na detektiranje komunikacijskih prepreka, pronalaženje učinkovitih komunikacijskih kanala i strategija za povećanje svijesti te boljeg razumijevanja i prihvaćanja obnovljivih izvora energije od strane šire javnosti. Naime, posljedice klimatskih promjena su sve vidljivije i stoga je evidentna potreba za transformacijom društva koja će voditi u smjeru zelene tranzicije. Drugim riječima, može se reći kako korištenje obnovljivih izvora energije postaje ključni element za postizanje održivog razvoja. Unatoč tome, svijest opće populacije o prednostima korištenja obnovljivih izvora energije često je na nezadovoljavajućem nivou, a njenu informiranost nerijetko otežava i neadekvatan način komunikacije (npr. upotreba složene terminologije ili nedovoljno jasnih poruka), nepovjerenje građana u institucije, relativizacija problema, širenje raznih dezinformacija i sl. Teorijski dio rada obuhvaća temeljne pojmove odnosa s javnostima, vrste i prednosti obnovljivih izvora energije te ključne europske klimatske politike poput Europskog zelenog plana, koji predviđa postizanje klimatske neutralnosti do 2050. godine. Empirijski se dio rada temelji na kvantitativnom istraživanju provedenom putem online ankete bazirane na platformi Google Obrasci (engl. Google Forms). Spomenutom su anketom prikupljeni podaci o razini informiranosti javnosti, njenom dosadašnjem iskustvu s informativnim kampanjama, stupnju zabrinutosti zbog klimatskih promjena, njenim stavovima, izvorima informiranja, percepciji komunikacijskih prepreka te za javnost bitnim aspektima obnovljivih izvora energije. Rezultati ankete analizirani su pomoću programa za obradu statističkih podataka IBM SPSS, a potvrđene hipoteze ukazuju na važnost kvalitetne i strateški usmjerene komunikacije u promicanju korištenja obnovljivih izvora energije, sve u cilju zajedničkog dosezanja nivoa održivog razvoja. Zaključci istraživanja ukazuju na potrebu korištenja suvremenih komunikacijskih kanala te naglašavaju važnost jednostavnog, razumljivog i vjerodostojnog prenošenja poruka. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na transparentnost, emocionalnu komponentu komunikacije i korištenje stručnih te pouzdanih izvora informacija, kako bi se povećalo povjerenje javnosti i potaknula njena spremnost na prihvaćanje održivih rješenja.This master's thesis examines the role of public relations in promoting the use of renewable energy sources, with particular emphasis on identifying communication barriers, selecting effective communication channels, and developing strategies to raise awareness, improve understanding, and encourage wider public acceptance of renewable energy. As the consequences of climate change become increasingly evident, the need for a societal transformation towards a green transition is growing. In this context, the adoption of renewable energy sources emerges as a key element in achieving sustainable development. Despite that, public awareness regarding the advantages of renewable energy often remains at an unsatisfactory level. The dissemination of information is frequently hindered by ineffective communication approaches, including the use of complex terminology, insufficiently clear messaging, public distrust in institutions, the downplaying of environmental issues and the spread of misinformation. The theoretical part of the thesis addresses the fundamental concepts of public relations, the types and benefits of renewable energy sources and key European climate policies, with particular reference to the European Green Deal, which sets out the objective of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. The empirical section of the research is based on a quantitative study conducted through an online survey using the Google Forms platform. The survey gathered data on the public’s level of awareness, prior exposure to information campaigns, concern about climate change, general attitudes, sources of information, perceived communication obstacles and aspects of renewable energy considered most relevant by the public. Data were processed and analysed using IBM SPSS statistical software. The confirmed hypotheses highlight the significance of well-designed, strategically oriented communication in encouraging the use of renewable energy as part of the broader objective of sustainable development. The findings underscore the importance of utilising modern communication channels and delivering messages that are simple, comprehensible and trustworthy. Particular attention is drawn to the need for transparency, an emotional dimension in communication, and the inclusion of credible experts and sources in order to enhance public trust and foster a willingness to adopt sustainable solutions

Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Lower Limb Length Discrepancy Using the Wagner Method in a Child and an Adult - Case Reports

Produljenje bedrene kosti (femura) složen je ortopedski zahvat koji se koristi za liječenje nejednakosti duljine donjih ekstremiteta kod djece i odraslih. Tehnike poput Wagnerove metode, koja omogućuje postupno produljenje kosti uz istovremenu kontrolu mekih tkiva, široko su prihvaćene u kliničkoj praksi. Iako se osnovna kirurška tehnika može primijeniti u obje dobne skupine, biološke i biomehaničke razlike značajno utječu na tijek liječenja, rizike i očekivane ishode. U djece prednost proizlazi iz izražene sposobnosti kosti za regeneraciju i remodeliranje. Dječji periost je deblji i bogat osteogenim stanicama, što omogućuje bržu formaciju nove kosti i učinkovitije srastanje. Veća fleksibilnost dječjeg skeleta dodatno smanjuje rizik od prijeloma unutar regeneriranog segmenta. Zbog veće prilagodljivosti dječjih tkiva, oporavak nakon zahvata je kraći, a funkcionalni ishodi često su povoljniji u odnosu na odrasle bolesnike. Ipak, produljenje femura u dječjoj dobi nosi i određene izazove, prvenstveno rizik od poremećaja rasta, osobito ako se intervencija izvodi u blizini epifiznih zona. Potencijalne deformacije u području koštanih ploča rasta mogu rezultirati asimetrijama ili potrebom za naknadnim korektivnim zahvatima. U odraslih je produljenje femura najčešće indicirano kod posttraumatskih skraćenja, urođenih razlika u duljini ekstremiteta ili kao dio rekonstruktivnog liječenja nakon ortopedskih zahvata. Za razliku od djece, odrasli imaju smanjenu osteogenu aktivnost, što dovodi do sporijeg cijeljenja kosti i povećanog rizika od komplikacija, uključujući ukočenost zglobova, razvoj osteoartritisa i smanjenje mišićne snage. Rehabilitacija je zahtjevnija i dugotrajnija, a postoperativna bol i ograničenja u pokretljivosti mogu značajno utjecati na svakodnevno funkcioniranje i kvalitetu života. Ovaj rad analizira fizioterapijske postupke i uspoređuje liječenje nejednakosti duljine donjih ekstremiteta Wagnerovom metodom kod djece i odraslih, s posebnim naglaskom na razlike u biomehaničkim i fiziološkim odgovorima, kliničkim ishodima i mogućim komplikacijama. Cilj rada je unaprijediti razumijevanje i optimizirati terapijske protokole za različite dobne skupine kroz prikaz slučajeva i analizu individualiziranih fizioterapijskih pristupa.Femoral lengthening is a complex orthopedic procedure used to treat lower limb length discrepancies in both children and adults. Techniques such as the Wagner method, which enables gradual bone elongation with simultaneous soft tissue management, are widely accepted in clinical practice. Although the fundamental surgical technique can be applied to both age groups, biological and biomechanical differences significantly influence the course of treatment, risks, and expected outcomes. In children, the advantage lies in the pronounced capacity of bone for regeneration and remodeling. The pediatric periosteum is thicker and richer in osteogenic cells, which allows for faster new bone formation and more efficient healing. Greater flexibility of the pediatric skeleton further reduces the risk of fractures within the regenerated segment. Due to the higher adaptability of pediatric tissues, postoperative recovery is shorter, and functional outcomes are often more favorable compared to adult patients. However, femoral lengthening in childhood also presents certain challenges, primarily the risk of growth disturbances, especially if the intervention is performed near the epiphyseal zones. Potential deformities in the region of the growth plates may result in asymmetries or require subsequent corrective procedures. In adults, femoral lengthening is most commonly indicated for post-traumatic shortening, congenital limb length discrepancies, or as part of reconstructive treatment following orthopedic procedures. Unlike children, adults have reduced osteogenic activity, which leads to slower bone healing and an increased risk of complications, including joint stiffness, development of osteoarthritis, and decreased muscle strength. Rehabilitation is more demanding and prolonged, while postoperative pain and limitations in mobility can significantly affect daily functioning and quality of life. This paper analyzes physiotherapeutic procedures and compares the treatment of lower limb length discrepancies using the Wagner method in children and adults, with particular emphasis on differences in biomechanical and physiological responses, clinical outcomes, and possible complications. This paper aims to improve understanding and optimize therapeutic protocols for different age groups through case presentations and the analysis of individualized physiotherapeutic approaches