Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Lower Limb Length Discrepancy Using the Wagner Method in a Child and an Adult - Case Reports

Abstract

Produljenje bedrene kosti (femura) složen je ortopedski zahvat koji se koristi za liječenje nejednakosti duljine donjih ekstremiteta kod djece i odraslih. Tehnike poput Wagnerove metode, koja omogućuje postupno produljenje kosti uz istovremenu kontrolu mekih tkiva, široko su prihvaćene u kliničkoj praksi. Iako se osnovna kirurška tehnika može primijeniti u obje dobne skupine, biološke i biomehaničke razlike značajno utječu na tijek liječenja, rizike i očekivane ishode. U djece prednost proizlazi iz izražene sposobnosti kosti za regeneraciju i remodeliranje. Dječji periost je deblji i bogat osteogenim stanicama, što omogućuje bržu formaciju nove kosti i učinkovitije srastanje. Veća fleksibilnost dječjeg skeleta dodatno smanjuje rizik od prijeloma unutar regeneriranog segmenta. Zbog veće prilagodljivosti dječjih tkiva, oporavak nakon zahvata je kraći, a funkcionalni ishodi često su povoljniji u odnosu na odrasle bolesnike. Ipak, produljenje femura u dječjoj dobi nosi i određene izazove, prvenstveno rizik od poremećaja rasta, osobito ako se intervencija izvodi u blizini epifiznih zona. Potencijalne deformacije u području koštanih ploča rasta mogu rezultirati asimetrijama ili potrebom za naknadnim korektivnim zahvatima. U odraslih je produljenje femura najčešće indicirano kod posttraumatskih skraćenja, urođenih razlika u duljini ekstremiteta ili kao dio rekonstruktivnog liječenja nakon ortopedskih zahvata. Za razliku od djece, odrasli imaju smanjenu osteogenu aktivnost, što dovodi do sporijeg cijeljenja kosti i povećanog rizika od komplikacija, uključujući ukočenost zglobova, razvoj osteoartritisa i smanjenje mišićne snage. Rehabilitacija je zahtjevnija i dugotrajnija, a postoperativna bol i ograničenja u pokretljivosti mogu značajno utjecati na svakodnevno funkcioniranje i kvalitetu života. Ovaj rad analizira fizioterapijske postupke i uspoređuje liječenje nejednakosti duljine donjih ekstremiteta Wagnerovom metodom kod djece i odraslih, s posebnim naglaskom na razlike u biomehaničkim i fiziološkim odgovorima, kliničkim ishodima i mogućim komplikacijama. Cilj rada je unaprijediti razumijevanje i optimizirati terapijske protokole za različite dobne skupine kroz prikaz slučajeva i analizu individualiziranih fizioterapijskih pristupa.Femoral lengthening is a complex orthopedic procedure used to treat lower limb length discrepancies in both children and adults. Techniques such as the Wagner method, which enables gradual bone elongation with simultaneous soft tissue management, are widely accepted in clinical practice. Although the fundamental surgical technique can be applied to both age groups, biological and biomechanical differences significantly influence the course of treatment, risks, and expected outcomes. In children, the advantage lies in the pronounced capacity of bone for regeneration and remodeling. The pediatric periosteum is thicker and richer in osteogenic cells, which allows for faster new bone formation and more efficient healing. Greater flexibility of the pediatric skeleton further reduces the risk of fractures within the regenerated segment. Due to the higher adaptability of pediatric tissues, postoperative recovery is shorter, and functional outcomes are often more favorable compared to adult patients. However, femoral lengthening in childhood also presents certain challenges, primarily the risk of growth disturbances, especially if the intervention is performed near the epiphyseal zones. Potential deformities in the region of the growth plates may result in asymmetries or require subsequent corrective procedures. In adults, femoral lengthening is most commonly indicated for post-traumatic shortening, congenital limb length discrepancies, or as part of reconstructive treatment following orthopedic procedures. Unlike children, adults have reduced osteogenic activity, which leads to slower bone healing and an increased risk of complications, including joint stiffness, development of osteoarthritis, and decreased muscle strength. Rehabilitation is more demanding and prolonged, while postoperative pain and limitations in mobility can significantly affect daily functioning and quality of life. This paper analyzes physiotherapeutic procedures and compares the treatment of lower limb length discrepancies using the Wagner method in children and adults, with particular emphasis on differences in biomechanical and physiological responses, clinical outcomes, and possible complications. This paper aims to improve understanding and optimize therapeutic protocols for different age groups through case presentations and the analysis of individualized physiotherapeutic approaches

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Last time updated on 17/07/2025

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