ZLOČIN GENOCIDA I MOGUĆA NOVA MEĐUNARODNA KRIVIČNA DELA

The crime of genocide was first defined by the Genocide Convention (1948), and this definition was subsequently repeated in the statutes of international criminal courts. However, in the legislation of individual states and in the practice of international criminal tribunals, there is a tendency to expand this crime so that acts such as torture, mass rape, and others are also considered genocide. This is unacceptable, as it may lead to various abuses and undermines the distinct gravity of genocide. It would be much better and more useful to distinct such crimes – crimes against humanity, which in some ways resemble genocide – as separate international criminal offenses, and even introduce completely new criminal offenses. This paper examines the place of genocide among other criminal offenses, points to the tendency to expand the concept of genocide, and considers potential new international criminal offenses. Some of these have already been criminalized in some way (such as sexual crimes and ethnic cleansing), but it would be useful to give them a new identity and independence by regulating them under a dedicated universal convention. Others are known mainly only in academic literature (such as ethnocide, democide, massacre, ecocide, biocide). The author also offers his proposal for a new crime of humanicide, by which he means the extermination of the entire human race or a significant part of it (i.e., the vast majority of people).Zločin genocida definisan je Konvencijom o genocidu (1948), a definicija je zatim ponovljena i u statutima međunarodnih krivičnih sudova. Ipak, u zakonodavstvima pojedinih država i u praksi međunarodnih krivičnih tribunala zapaža se tendencija proširenja tog zločina, tako da se genocidom smatraju i mučenje, masovna silovanja i dr. To nije prihvatljivo jer vodi raznim zloupotrebama, ruši prestiž genocida, itd. Mnogo bolje i korisnije je izdvojiti one zločine protiv čovečnosti koji po nečemu liče na genocid kao posebna međunarodna krivična dela, pa čak uvesti i neka potpuno nova krivična dela. U ovom radu obrađuje se mesto genocida u odnosu na druga krivična dela, ukazuje se na tendenciju proširenja pojma genocida i razmatraju se moguća nova krivična dela. Neka od njih su već na određeni način inkriminisana (seksualni zločini, etničko čišćenje), ali bilo bi korisno da dobiju novi identitet i samostalnost tako što će biti uređena posebnom univerzalnom konvencijom, dok su druga poznata uglavnom samo u naučnoj literaturi (etnocid, democid, masakr, ekocid, biocid). Autor daje i svoj lični predlog novog zločina humanicida, pod kojim ima u vidu ubistvo čitavog ljudskog roda ili značajnog dela istog (ogromne većine ljudi)

INSTITUT IZGUBLJENE ŠANSE – GUBITAK ŠANSE ZA OZDRAVLJENJE ILI ZA PREŽIVLJAVANJE

In order to facilitate the procedural-legal position of an injured patient in medical malpractice lawsuits, courts in various countries allow certain deviations from general rules for burden of proof and grant patients specific evidentiary reliefs. One way to strengthen the patient’s position in lawsuits against doctors is the application of the theory of loss of chance. In this paper, the authors will analyse the application of loss of chance theory in the US and European case law. They will demonstrate that the theory has been increasingly accepted since it first appeared, though many countries still refuse to apply it. The authors conclude that one of the goals of the theory of loss of chance is its preventative effect on healthcare professionals, as it further encourages them to exercise maximum care and caution in their treatment of patients, thereby restoring trust in the doctor-patient relationship.Da bi se olakšao procesnopravni položaj oštećenog pacijenta u sporovima zbog lekarske greške, sudovi različitih zemalja dopuštaju određena odstupanja od opštih pravila o dokazivanju i priznaju pacijentima određene dokazne olakšice. Jedan od načina jačanja položaja pacijenta u parnicama protiv lekara jeste primena instituta izgubljene šanse. Autori će u ovom radu analizirati primenu instituta izgubljene šanse u američkoj i evropskoj sudskoj praksi. Pokazaće da od trenutka kada se prvi put pojavio, institut izgubljene šanse sve više nailazi na razumevanje, ali da i dalje veliki broj država odbija njegovu primenu. Autori zaključuju da je jedan od ciljeva naknade izgubljene šanse njeno preventivno delovanje na pripadnike zdravstvene struke zato što ih dodatno podstiče na maksimalnu pažnju i oprez u njihovom postupanju sa pacijentima, vraćajući tako poverenje u odnos lekar–pacijent

PRAVNI OKVIR I PRAKSA MEĐUNARODNE TRGOVINSKE ARBITRAŽE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI: “LEKCIJE” IZ REFORME REŠAVANJA SPOROVA IZMEĐU INVESTITORA I DRŽAVE (ISDS)

International arbitration, both commercial and investment, is generating increasing interest and practice in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), as well as more generally in the Western Balkans region. The past decade has seen an increased number of international business transactions and investments, but also related disputes involving parties or claims connected to BiH. However, the desired progress and growth of commercial arbitration are hampered by the outdated legislative and institutional framework, and the lingering lack of capacity of the local courts, which are expected to act as domestic legal anchors of arbitration agreements and awards. The sluggish development of the commercial arbitration framework lies in stark contrast to the dynamics in investment arbitration, which is undergoing intensive reforms in BiH and in the world. In this space, BiH has been at the forefront of innovative legal and institutional reforms, revitalizing its investment protection standards and creating mechanisms for their effective application. This paper explores the distinct features of the two legal systems in BiH, looking into the underlying issues faced, their common denominators, and the investment arbitration reform success factors that can be emulated to enhance the commercial arbitration framework. As such, it aims to reverse engineer the adopted reforms and lessons learnt from the investment arbitration sphere that could help unlock the potential of commercial arbitration in BiH. The article will unfold as follows: it will first provide a primer on the existing legal and institutional framework for commercial arbitration in BiH, highlighting their special features, distinct from the prevailing international standards. Then the analysis turns to investment arbitration, outlining the motivations, policy background, and concrete reform measures implemented in this field. Finally, the paper arrives at the potential intersections between the two fields and provides recommendations for their mutual reinforcement.Međunarodna arbitraža, kako trgovinska tako i investiciona, postaje predmet sve većeg interesovanja, a takođe i njena uloga u praksi u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH), kao i regionu Zapadnog Balkana uopšte sve više raste. U protekloj deceniji zabeležen je povećan broj međunarodnih poslovnih transakcija i investicija, što posledi no povećava i broj sporova koji iz njih nastaju. Međutim, željeni napredak i rast trgovinske arbitraže su otežani zastarelim zakonodavnim i institucionalnim okvirom, dugotrajnim nedostatkom kapaciteta lokalnih sudova. Spor razvoj okvira trgovinske arbitraže leži u oštroj suprotnosti sa dinamikom u investicionoj arbitraži, koji prolazi kroz intenzivne reforme u BiH i širom sveta. U tom smislu, BiH je na čelu inovativnih zakonskih i institucionalnih reformi, revitalizujući svoje standarde zaštite investicija i stvarajući mehanizme za njihovu efikasnu primenu. Ovaj članak istražuje različite karakteristike dva pravna sistema u BiH, te tako analizira osnovna pitanja sa kojima se isti suočavaju, zatim njihove zajednički osobine, i faktore koji su doveli do “uspeha” investicione arbitraže, a koji bi mogli poslužiti kao primer prilikom reforme trgovinske arbitraže. U radu će se najpre će pružiti analiza postojećeg pravnog i institucionalnog okvira trgovinske arbitraže u BiH, uz naglašavanje njihove posebnosti, te ukazivanje na razlike u odnosu na važeće međunarodne standarde. Zatim se analiza okreće investicionoj arbitraži i navode se motivi, pozadina i konkretne reformske mere sprovedene u ovoj oblasti. Konačno, u članku se ukazuje na pojedine razlike između ova dva polja, te se nastoje da daju preporuke za njihovo međusobno unapređenje

SPECIFIČNOSTI GRAĐANSKIH POSTUPAKA SA STRANIM ELEMENTOM I PROCESNI POLOŽAJ STRANIH DRŽAVLJANA PRED DOMAĆIM SUDOVIMA

The subject of this paper is the special legal regime applicable in civil proceedings involving a foreign element, limited exclusively to natural persons holding foreign nationality when participating in such proceedings. The aim of the paper is to highlight the need to actualize the issue of unification of national procedural laws in these cases, in order to reduce legal uncertainty, improve procedural efficiency, and reduce their costs. The research conducted through the application of comparative legal, doctrinal, and historical methods has pointed to potential reasons underlying the current state of affairs. The starting hypothesis, which is confirmed in the conclusion, is that progress in this area is possible, however, it is not sufficient for states to merely share the same legal objectives — it is also necessary for them to share common political, economic, and also social expectations.Predmet ovog rada je poseban pravni režim koji se primenjuje u građanskim postupcima u kojima je prisutan strani element i samo na fizička lica stranog državljanstva kada u njima učestvuju. Cilj rada je da skrene pažnju na potrebu aktuelizacije pitanja harmonizacije nacionalnih procesnih prava u ovim predmetima da bi se smanjila pravna nesigurnost, poboljšala efikasnost postupaka i redukovali njihovi troškovi. Istraživanje koje je sprovedeno primenom uporednopravnog, dogmatskopravnog i istorijskog metoda ukazalo je na moguće razloge takvog stanja. Polazna hipoteza koja se u zaključku potvrđuje je da su pomaci u ovoj oblasti mogući, ali da za to nije dovoljno da države imaju iste pravne ciljeve, već je pored toga potrebno da dele i zajednička politička, ekonomska pa i društvena očekivanja

POTENCIJAL DVA NEDAVNO USVOJENA EVROPSKA DOKUMENTA MEKOG PRAVA DA DOPRINESU UNAPREĐENJU STANDARDA KOJI SE ODNOSE NA SUDSKU UPRAVU

Judicial governance is a vital component of judicial independence, and yet its manifestations vary considerably across European countries. Judicial self-governance standards are articulated in a range of soft law instruments, and have prompted extensive academic debates. Starting from the premise that soft law is a relevant source of judicial independence and judicial governance standards, the author posits that two soft law instruments developed by the OSCE and the European Law Institute over the past two years enhance both the understanding and implementation of judicial independence standards by bringing added value. The hypothesis regarding the added value of the two instruments is examined through an analysis of the judicial governance and judicial self-governance concepts. Employing primarily comparative and dogmatic methods, the author demonstrates how these two instruments formulate judicial governance standards by systematising existing soft law norms and incorporating new academic developments.Sudska uprava predstavlja važan aspekt nezavisnog sudstva, ali su u praksi sudske uprave u evropskim državama veoma raznolike. Standardi koji se odnose na sudsku upravu oblikuju se u brojnim instrumentima mekog prava i daju povoda za plodne akademske rasprave. Polazeći od stanovišta da je meko pravo relevantan izvor standarda nezavisnog sudstva i sudske uprave, autorka ispituje hipotezu da dva instrumenta mekog prava razvijena od strane OEBS-a i Instituta za evropsko pravo u protekle dve godine mogu da doprinesu boljem razumevanju i primeni standarda sudske nezavisnosti. Hipoteza o dodatnoj vrednosti ova dva instrumenta se testira na način na koji su u njima određeni pojmovi sudske uprave i sudske samouprave. U radu autorka uglavnom koristi uporednopravni i dogmatski metod, utvrđujući da se u dva navedena dokumenta sistematizuje postojeće meko pravo i da se u standarde inkorporišu teorijskopravna dostignuća

ANALIZA NEZAVISNOSTI SUDIJA MEĐUNARODNOG SUDA PRAVDE

The author analyzes the position of judges of the International Court of Justice. At the beginning, he points out the importance of independence for the protection of the rights of subjects in the proceedings, and then moves on to formal legal guarantees of the independence of the judges of this court. The interpretation of the norms related to the independence of the judiciary is presented, and in particular the impossibility of equal representation of judges from different countries is highlighted, given that the permanent members of the Security Council always have a judge of this court. It has been noted that some important member states of the United Nations have never had a judge of this court in their history. Several examples from the Court's practice were presented that directly or indirectly concern the independence of judges. It was pointed out that it is necessary to change the procedure for the selection of judges in order to reduce the political influence, first of all of the Security Council, during the election, which has an effect later on during the work of the judges. The statistics related to the voting of judges with regard to citizenship or taking into account the membership of countries in some important inter- national organizations were pointed out. Special attention is paid to mechanisms that ensure independence in terms of control and review of their independence. At the end, concrete proposals were made to improve the independence of the judges of the International Court of Justice.Autor analizira položaj sudija Međunarodnog suda pravde. Na početku ukazuje na važnost nezavisnosti za zaštitu prava subjekata u postupku, a zatim prelazi na formalno-pravne garancije nezavisnosti sudija ovog suda. Iznosi se tumačenje normi koje se odnose na nezavisnost sudstva, a naročito se ističe nemogućnost ravnomerne zastupljenosti sudija iz različitih država s obzirom na to da stalne članice Saveta bezbednosti uvek imaju sudiju ovog suda. Primećeno je da neke važne države članice Ujedinjenih nacija nikada u istoriji nisu imale sudiju ovog suda. Izneto je i više primera iz prakse Suda koji se tiču neposredno ili posredno nezavisnosti sudija. Istaknuto je da je potrebno promeniti proceduru izbora sudija kako bi se umanjio politički uticaj, pre svih Saveta bezbednosti, prilikom izbora koji ima efekta i kasnije tokom rada sudija. Ukazano je na statistiku koja se odnosi na glasanje sudija s obzirom na državljanstvo ili imajući u vidu članstvo država u nekim važnim međunarodnim organizacijama. Naročita pažnja posvećena je mehanizmima koji obezbeđuju nezavisnost u smislu kontrole i preispitivanja njihove nezavisnosti. Na kraju su dati konkretni predlozi kojima bi se unapredila nezavisnost sudija Međunarodnog suda pravde

CRNA GORA: STANDARD FER I PRAVIČNOG POSTUPANJA KAO INICIJATOR INVESTICIONIH SPOROVA

The fair and equitable treatment (FET) standard stands for one of the most significant yet debated principles in safeguarding foreign investments. While its wording is often broad and vague, its definition often emerges through arbitral awards based on the particulars of each case. This paper analyses the FET clauses in Montenegro’s Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) within the context of its EU accession and modern approaches to FET regulation. By examining Montenegrin BITs and reviewing past disputes, the paper explores key aspects of FET application in Montenegro’s Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) practice so far. Given that the FET standard has been a central issue in nearly all disputes against Montenegro, the analysis underscores the need to review and refine FET regulation in Montenegrin BITs, in order to ensure better protection for foreign investments and clarify which state actions violate FET. Furthermore, the paper compares Montenegro’s FET clauses with those in EU practice, offering recommendations for aligning it with more robust frameworks.Standard fer i pravičnog tretmana (FET) je jedan od najznačajnijih, ali i najviše diskutovanih standarda u oblasti zaštite stranih investicija. Iako je njegova formulacija često široka i nejasna, definicija ovog standarda se uglavnom nalazi u arbitražnim odlukama koje su zasnovane na činjenicama svakog pojedinog slučaja. Ovaj rad analizira odredbe fer i pravičnog tretmana u bilateralnim investicionim sporazumima Crne Gore, a u kontekstu njenog pristupanja Evropskoj uniji i savremenih pristupa regulisanju standarda fer i pravičnog tretmana stranih investicija. Analizom crnogorskih bilateralnih investicionih sporazuma i pregledom dosadašnjih sporova Crne Gore, ovaj rad istražuje ključne aspekte primjene standarda fer i pravičnog tretmana u dosadašnjoj praksi rješavanja sporova između Crne Gore i stranih investitora. S obzirom na to da se ovaj standard javlja kao jedno od glavnih pitanja u skoro svim sporovima pokrenutim protiv Crne Gore, analiza podvlači potrebu da se preispita i precizira njegovo regulisanje u crnogorskim bilateralnim investicionim sporazumima, kako bi se osigurala bolja zaštita stranih investicija i razjasnilo koje radnje države podrazumijevaju kršenje ovog standarda. U radu se dalje porede crnogorske odredbe o fer i pravičnom tretmanu stranih investicija sa takvim odredbama usvojenim na nivou EU, uz preporuke za usklađivanje regulisanja ovog standarda po ugledu na snažnije regulatorne okvire

JUGOSLOVENSKI FEDERALIZAM PREMA USTAVU IZ 1974. GODINE – KONSOCIJACIJA ILI KONFEDERACIJA?

The last constitution of socialist Yugoslavia, the Constitution of 1974, continued the trend that marked the evolution of Yugoslav federalism – the position of federal institutions was weakened, and the position of the republics and provinces was strengthened. All federal bodies, from the Assembly to the Constitutional Court, were formed according to the principle of parity of republics (and provinces). Our constitutional and political science has characterized such a model of federalism as the incorporation of confederal elements into the federal arrangement, while today it can be read that according to that constitution, Yugoslavia was a state of consociative democracy, according to the theory developed by Arend Lijphart. The aim of this paper is to present the basic theoretical propositions about the Yugoslav model of federal organization and examine whether such an organization can fit into the theoretical foundations of consociational democracy.Poslednjim ustavom socijalističke Jugoslavije, Ustavom iz 1974. godine, nastavljen je trend koji je obeležio evoluciju jugoslovenskog federalizma – oslabljen je položaj federalnih institucija, a ojačan položaj republika i pokrajina. Svi savezni organi, počev od Skupštine pa do Ustavnog suda, formirani su prema načelu pariteta republika (i pokrajina). Naša pravna nauka je takav model federalizma okarakterisala kao ugradnju konfederalnih elemenata u federalno uređenje, dok se danas može pročitati da je Jugoslavija prema tom ustavu bila država konsocijativne demokratije, prema teoriji koju je razvio Arend Lijphart. Cilj ovog rada je da izloži osnovne teorijske postavke o jugoslovenskom modelu federalnog uređenja i ispita da li se takvo uređenje može uklopiti u teorijske osnove konsocijativne demokratije

OSVETNIČKA PORNOGRAFIJA U PRAVU I STVARNOSTI – POJMOVNA RAZGRANIČENJA I REGULATIVA

Essentially, revenge pornography is the act of abusing and distributing intimate images or recordings, without the consent of the person on those materials. By use of technology, this kind of abuse can reach large proportions and the contents gets to the general public. Revenge pornography is a type of online pornography that, although created with the consent of another person, is distributed further without their consent (Salter & Crofts, 2015). Unequivocally, revenge pornography, as a modern phenomenon, represents a serious challenge and victimization, because thanks to the abuse of technique and technology, it becomes available to an even wider public. Victims of revenge pornography experience post-traumatic stress, similar to that experienced by victims of sexual harassment and bullying (Gruber & Fineran, 2007). In this paper, apart from conceptual definitions and delimitation of terms, we will show how revenge pornography is depicted and sanctioned in different legislations and try to make a proposal on how this act can be included in our Criminal Code.Suštinski, osvetnička pornografija je delo zloupotrebe i distribucije intimnih slika ili snimaka bez pristanka osobe koja se na tim materijalima nalazi. Zahvaljujući savremenoj informaciono-komunikacionoj tehnologiji, ovakva zloupotreba može dostići velike razmere i sadržaji dospeti do šire javnosti. Osvetnička pornografija je vrsta onlajn pornografije koja, mada kreirana uz pristanak druge osobe, biva distribuirana dalje bez njenog pristanka (Salter & Crofts, 2015). Nedvosmisleno osvetnička pornografija, kao savremena pojava, predstavlja ozbiljan izazov i viktimizaciju jer zahvaljujući zloupotrebi tehnike i tehnologije biva dostupna još široj javnosti. Kod žrtava osvetničke pornografije javlja se posttraumatski stres, poput onog koji doživljavaju žrtve seksualnog uznemiravanja i maltretiranja (Gruber & Fineran, 2007). Ovo delo prepoznato je od strane zakonodavstava brojnih zemalja, pre svega SAD i država Zapadne Evrope. U ovom radu, osim pojmovnih definisanja i razgraničenja termina, prikazaćemo kako je osvetnička pornografija predstavljena i sankcionisana u različitim zakonodavstvima i pokušati da damo predlog kako se ovo delo može uvrstiti u naš Krivični zakonik

MEĐUNARODNA ARBITRAŽA U GRČKOJ

Arbitration in Greece has both a long history, and an exciting present. This paper explores the landscape of arbitration in Greece and its key features. Recent key points include the reform of arbitration legislation, modernising the legal framework to make Greece a popular and trusted arbitration centre. Similarly, as an EU Member State, Greece has been involved in the ongoing post-Achmea investment arbitration turbulence in the EU, and it remains to be seen what the future will bring.Arbitraža u Grčkoj ima i dugu istoriju i uzbudljivu sadašnjost. Ovaj rad istražuje arbitražu u Grčkoj i njene ključne karakteristike. Fokus analize stavljen je na reformu arbitražnog zakonodavstva, te modernizaciju pravnog okvira kako bi Grčka postala popularan i pouzdan arbitražni centar. Takođe, kao država članica EU, Grčka je uključena u tekuće turbulencije investicione arbitraže nakon Achmea u EU, te, u tom smislu, ostaje da se vidi šta će budućnost doneti