Zločin genocida i moguća nova međunarodna krivična dela

Abstract

The crime of genocide was first defined by the Genocide Convention (1948), and this definition was subsequently repeated in the statutes of international criminal courts. However, in the legislation of individual states and in the practice of international criminal tribunals, there is a tendency to expand this crime so that acts such as torture, mass rape, and others are also considered genocide. This is unacceptable, as it may lead to various abuses and undermines the distinct gravity of genocide. It would be much better and more useful to distinct such crimes – crimes against humanity, which in some ways resemble genocide – as separate international criminal offenses, and even introduce completely new criminal offenses. This paper examines the place of genocide among other criminal offenses, points to the tendency to expand the concept of genocide, and considers potential new international criminal offenses. Some of these have already been criminalized in some way (such as sexual crimes and ethnic cleansing), but it would be useful to give them a new identity and independence by regulating them under a dedicated universal convention. Others are known mainly only in academic literature (such as ethnocide, democide, massacre, ecocide, biocide). The author also offers his proposal for a new crime of humanicide, by which he means the extermination of the entire human race or a significant part of it (i.e., the vast majority of people).Zločin genocida definisan je Konvencijom o genocidu (1948), a definicija je zatim ponovljena i u statutima međunarodnih krivičnih sudova. Ipak, u zakonodavstvima pojedinih država i u praksi međunarodnih krivičnih tribunala zapaža se tendencija proširenja tog zločina, tako da se genocidom smatraju i mučenje, masovna silovanja i dr. To nije prihvatljivo jer vodi raznim zloupotrebama, ruši prestiž genocida, itd. Mnogo bolje i korisnije je izdvojiti one zločine protiv čovečnosti koji po nečemu liče na genocid kao posebna međunarodna krivična dela, pa čak uvesti i neka potpuno nova krivična dela. U ovom radu obrađuje se mesto genocida u odnosu na druga krivična dela, ukazuje se na tendenciju proširenja pojma genocida i razmatraju se moguća nova krivična dela. Neka od njih su već na određeni način inkriminisana (seksualni zločini, etničko čišćenje), ali bilo bi korisno da dobiju novi identitet i samostalnost tako što će biti uređena posebnom univerzalnom konvencijom, dok su druga poznata uglavnom samo u naučnoj literaturi (etnocid, democid, masakr, ekocid, biocid). Autor daje i svoj lični predlog novog zločina humanicida, pod kojim ima u vidu ubistvo čitavog ljudskog roda ili značajnog dela istog (ogromne većine ljudi)