Anatomska i mikromorfološka analiza korena, stabla i lista vrste Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.

The aim of this research was to investigate and characterise the anatomical structure of vegetative organs in Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., commonly known as cockspur or barnyardgrass. E. crus-galli is a member of the Poaceae family and a common weed species which occures in many crops. For the purposes of this research, fully developed plants were collected from the experimental field of the Institute of Vegetable crops in Smederevska Palanka. Several methodes of microslide preparation were employed to investigate the anatomy of root, stem, and leaf. Cockspur has high water requirements and belongs to the hygrophilous weed species (F4), which is anatomically reflected by the presence of large intercellular spaces (aerenchyma) present in the stem and root. Generally speaking, the anatomical characteristics of E. crus-galli, especially considering not only lignified endodermis, but also presence of lignified exodermis in roots, share similarities with anatomical characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.), in whose fields this species is considered one of the most troublesome weeds. The anatomical structure of the stem is typical of monocots, featuring a single-layered epidermis on the surface, a hypodermis composed of chlorenchyma and sclerenchyma, and collateral vascular bundles. The collateral vascular bundles were distributed in a pattern characteristic of the Poaceae family, and scattered throughout the stem’s main body, surrounded by well-developed parenchyma tissue. The leaves are characterized by Kranz anatomy, which is typical of plants with C4-type photosynthesis. The leaf surface is characterized by the presence of short, non-glandular trichomes on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, while silica cells are located exclusively in the adaxial epidermis. These morpho-anatomical characteristics could be an significant factor in the absorption of foliar-applied herbicides, making their understanding crucial for effective chemical control.Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., poznate kao korovsko proso ili koštan. Ova biljka pripada porodici Poaceae i predstavlja čestu korovsku vrstu koja se javlja na parcelama na kojima se gaje mnoge gajene biljke. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja, sakupljene su potpuno razvijene jedinke sa oglednog polja Instituta za povrtarstvo u Smederevskoj Palanci, a za anatomsko ispitivanje korena, stabla i listova primenjeno je nekoliko različitih metoda pripreme mikroskopskih preparata. Korovsko proso ima visoke potrebe za vodom i pripada higrofilnim vrstama korova (F4), što se u anatomskoj građi ogleda kroz dobro razvijen aerenhim, tj kroz prisustvo krupnih međućelijskih prostora u stablu i korenu. Generalno govoreći, u pogledu nekih anatomskih karakteristika, poput prisustva ne samo lignifikovanog endodrmisa već i lignifikovanog egzidermisa, E. crus-galli deli sličnosti sa anatomskom građom pirinča (Oryza sativa L.), na čijim poljima se ova vrsta smatra jednim od najproblematičnijih korova. Anatomska građa stabla je tipična za monokotile, sa jednoćelijskim epidermisom na površini, hipodermisom građenim od hlorenhima i sklerenhima, dok su kolateralni provodni snopići razbacani po najvećem delu stabla i okruženi dobro razvijenim parenhimskim tkivom. U anatomskom pogledu listovi se odlikuju tzv Krancovom anatomijom tipičnom za biljke sa C4 tipom fotosinteze. Površina listova se odlikuje prisustvom kratkih nežlezdanih dlaka koje se javljaju se na obe površine lista, adaksijalnoj i abaksijalnoj, dok su ćelije sa kristalima silicijum-dioksida prisutne isključivo u adaksijalnom epidermisu. Navedene morfo-anatomske karakteristike mogu biti značajan faktor u apsorpciji folijarno primenjenih herbicida, pa bi razumevanje njihove uloge moglo biti od velike važnosti za uspešnu hemijsku kontrolu

Sugar profile of tomato as an indicator of nutritional quality in integrated and organic production

Agriculture is one of the key economic sectors, with the primary goal of achieving high and stable yields through sustainable development measures and environmental protection. This study analyzed the influence of integrated and organic production systems on the sugar profile of tomato fruits. Hybrids of round (salad-type) and cherry tomatoes were examined under both systems. Eleven sugar components were identified by HPAEC-PAD analysis, with fructose and glucose being dominant. Cherry tomatoes had a higher total sugar content in both systems, while organic production contributed to increased levels of trehalose and melibiose, indicating a significant impact of the production system on fruit nutritional quality. The highest total sugar content was observed in cherry tomatoes (5.49 g·100g⁻¹ integrated, 5.90 g·100g⁻¹ organic), while round tomatoes contained 5.02 g·100g⁻¹ (integrated) and 5.32 g·100g⁻¹ (organic)

Pokrovni usevi u održivom sistemu gajenja i njihov uticaj na sadržaj organske materije u zemljištu

Cover crops are very important, especially from the aspect of sustainability of agricultural production. This biological measure maintains or increases the level of organic matter in the soil, improves the physical properties of the soil, accumulates nitrogen in legumes, improves microbiological activity in the soil, suppresses weeds and increases soil fertility. In the research, 4 plant species were included as cover crops: common vetch, winter forage peas, winter oats and winter forage kale. The experiment was carried out on the experimental field of the Maize Institute "Zemun Polje" during two growing seasons on low-carbon chernozem. Autumn soil preparation (deep plowing and fine pre-sowing preparation) was carried out immediately before the sowing of cover crops in early November. Original seeds from the Institute for forage crops of the Institute for Agriculture and Vegetables from Novi Sad were used for sowing. In the spring before mowing, the biomass of cover crops was measured, then mowing and plowing, after which half of the plot was treated with microbiological fertilizer, which helped in the mineralization of plant residues, which would further influence the increase of soil fertility. The aim of the work is to examine different types of cover crops, which by plowing the biomass produced contribute to the increase of organic matter in the soil, prevent leaching of nutrients and have an impact on the general fertility of the soil. The highest above-ground biomass was measured in fodder kale (54040 t ha⁻¹) in the second year of the study, which had more favorable meteorological conditions. After winter oats, the content of organic matter increased the most and averaged 4.467% and 4.090%, which was statistically significantly higher compared to other cover crops.Pokrovni usevi su veoma važni posebno sa aspekta održivosti poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Ova biološka mera održava ili povećava nivo organske materije u zemljištu, poboljšava fizička svojstva zemljišta, akumulira azot u mahunarkama, poboljšava mikrobiološku aktivnost u zemljištu, suzbija korov i povećava plodnost zemljišta. U istraživanje su kao pokrovni usevi uključene 4 biljne vrste: obična grahorica, ozimi krmni grašak, ozimi ovas i ozimi krmni kelj. Eksperiment je sproveden na oglednom polju Instituta za kukuruz "Zemun Polje" tokom dve vegetacione sezone na slabo karbonatnom černozemu. Jesenja priprema zemljišta (duboko oranje i fina predsetvena priprema) sprovedena je neposredno pred setvu pokrovnih useva početkom novembra. Za setvu je korišćeno originalno seme Zavoda za krmno bilje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada. Na proleće, pre košenja i zaoravanja merena je nadzemna biomasa pokrovnih useva, nakon čega je polovina parcele tretirana mikrobiološkim đubrivom, koje je pomoglo u mineralizaciji biljnih ostataka i dodatno uticalo na povećanje plodnosti zemljišta. Cilj rada je ispitivanje različitih vrsta pokrovnih useva, koji zaoravanjem nadzemne biomase doprinose povećanju sadržaja organske materije u zemljištu, sprečavaju ispiranje hranljivih materija i utiču na opštu plodnost zemljišta. Najveća nadzemna biomasa je izmerena kod ozimog krmnog kelja (54040 t ha⁻¹) u drugoj godini istraživanja, koja je imala povoljnije meteorološke uslove. Nakon ozimog ovsa, sadržaj organske materije se najviše povećao i prosečno je iznosio 4.467% i 4.090%, što je bilo statistički značajno više u poređenju sa ostalim pokrovnim usevima

Sustainable wheat production system under the influence of different fertilizers and climatic conditions

The yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains are largely influenced by genotype, fertilization and climatic conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different fertilization treatments on grain yield, hectoliter weight and 1000-grain weight in four wheat genotypes during two growing seasons. Fertilization treatments included a control treatment without fertilizer application (F0), a combination of mineral (F1), mineral and microbiological (F2), microbiological (F3), as well as mineral, microbiological, organic fertilizers and lime (F4). The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with three replicates. Treatment F4 achieved the highest grain yields for the ‘Ikona’ genotype (6.45 and 7.37 t ha⁻¹), showing significant differences (P < 0.01) compared to the control. The ANOVA confirmed significant effects of year, genotype and fertilization on all investigated traits. Significant interactions between year and treatment were observed for grain yield (P < 0.01), while 1000-grain weight was affected by interactions between year, genotype and treatment (P < 0.01). Higher yields in the second season were attributed to more favorable rainfall distribution, although excessive pre-harvest rainfall reduced grain quality. The highest average values of hectoliter weight (76.60 and 74.20 kg hL⁻¹) and 1000-grain weight (45.07 and 41.33 g) were measured for the ‘Ikona’ genotype in F4. Positive correlations were found between grain yield, hectoliter weight and 1000-grain weight. The research results emphasize the importance of genotype selection and fertilization combination for achieving sustainable wheat production and stable grain quality in different agroecological conditions

Genotypic variability of grain number and grain mass per spike in bread wheat cultivars

U radu je proučena varijabilnost komponenti prinosa (broj zrna po klasu i masa zrna po klasu) kod deset sorti ozime pšenice (Aleksandra, Planeta, Ana Morava, Toplica, KG-56S, Studenica, Kruna, Takovčanka, Vizija i Pobeda). Ogledi su izvedeni u Centru za strna žita Kragujevac tokom dve vegetacione sezone, po modelu retke setve (dužina reda 1m, sa razmakom 0,20 m između redova i 0,10 m između biljaka u redu), kako bi biljke ispoljile svoj genetički potencijal za ispitivane komponente prinosa. Analiza primarnog klasa urađena je u punoj fiziološkoj fazi zrelosti na uzorku od 60 biljaka (20 biljaka po ponavljanju). Ustanovljene su statistički visoko značajne razlike kod obe ispitivane komponente prinosa za genotip (F=25,84** za broj zrna/klasu; F=7,67** za masu zrna/klasu), godinu (F=255,98**; F=85,86**), i interakciju genotip×godina (F=15,45**; F=8,79**). Varijabilnost ispitivanih osobina bila je visoka, u proseku za obe godine. Koeficijent varijacije za broj zrna po klasu je iznosio 16,6%, a za masu zrna po klasu 19,3%). Najveći broj zrna po klasu, u proseku, imale su sorte Kruna (81,3) i Pobeda (77,0), a prosečna vrednost za ovu osobinu iznosila je 68 zrna po klasu. Prosečna vrednost mase zrna po klasu bila je 2,8 g, a najveću vrednost za ovo svojstvo ostvarile su sorte Vizija i Pobeda (3,1 g). Istraživanjima je ustanovljeno da su ispitivane komponente prinosa veoma varijabilne i da na njihovo ispoljavanje značajno utiču genetički i ekoloških faktori.In the paper, the variability of yield components (number of grains per spike and weight of grains per spike) was studied in ten varieties of winter wheat (Aleksandra, Planeta, Ana Morava, Toplica, KG-56S, Studenica, Kruna, Takovčanka, Vizija and Pobeda). Experiments were carried out at the Center for Small Grains in Kragujevac during two growing seasons, according to the sparse sowing model (row length 1m, with a distance of 0.20 m between rows and 0.10 m between plants in a row), so that the plants could express their genetic potential for the tested yield components. The analysis of primary spike was performed in the full physiological stage of maturity on a sample of 60 plants (20 plants per replication). Statistically highly significant differences were found in both examined components of yield for genotype (F=25.84** for number of grains per spike; F=7.67** for weight of grains per spike), year (F=255.98**; F=85.86**), and genotype×year interaction (F=15.45**; F=8.79**). The variability of the examined traits was high, on average for both years. The coefficient of variation for the number of grains per spike was 16.6%, and for the weight of grains per ear 19.3%). The cultivars Kruna (81.3) and Pobeda (77.0) had the highest number of grains per spike, and the average value for this trait was 68 grains per spike. The average value of grain mass per spike was 2.8 g, and the highest value for this property was achieved by the Vizija and Pobeda cultivars (3.1 g). Research has established that the tested yield components are highly variable and that their expression is significantly influenced by genetic and environmental factors

Supplementary data for: Grujić, T., Saljnikov, E., Mutavdžić, D., Jovković, M., Stefanović, S., Miladinović, V., Krnjajić, S., Belanović Simić, S.,& Marjanović, Ž.. (2025). Impact of Microplastics on Forest Soil Properties in Pollution Hotspots in Alluvial Plains of Large Rivers (Morava, Sava, and Danube) of Serbia. in Forests MDPI., 16(2 (special issue)), 363

first_pagesettingsOrder Article ReprintsOpen AccessArticleImpact of Microplastics on Forest Soil Properties in Pollution Hotspots in Alluvial Plains of Large Rivers (Morava, Sava, and Danube) of Serbiaby Tara Grujić 1ORCID,Elmira Saljnikov 2ORCID,Dragosav Mutavdžić 2,Marina Jovković 1,Slobodan Stefanović 3ORCID,Vladimir Miladinović 4ORCID,Slobodan Krnjajić 2ORCID,Snežana Belanović Simić 5ORCID andŽaklina Marjanović 2,*ORCID1Institute of Soil Science, Teodora Drajzera 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia2Institute of Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia3Faculty for Applied Ecology “Futura”, Metropolitan University, Požeška 53a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia4Institute for Vegetable Crops Smederevska Palanka, Karađorđeva 71, 11420 Smederevska Palanka, Serbia5Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.Forests 2025, 16(2), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16020363Submission received: 3 January 2025 / Revised: 30 January 2025 / Accepted: 6 February 2025 / Published: 17 February 2025(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influence of Environmental Changes on Forest Soil Quality and Health)Downloadkeyboard_arrow_down Browse Figures Versions NotesAbstractPlastic pollution has become a major environmental problem, while the products of its degradation, microplastics (MPs), appear everywhere on Earth. Data on MPs in agricultural soils have appeared lately, but a significant knowledge gap exists regarding forest soils. In Serbia, municipal waste is often dumped in forests, creating environmental problems that have not been documented. To explore the impact of waste dumping and MPs on forest fluvisols, we evaluated MPs from topsoils of three waste dumps and adequate visibly plastic non-contaminated forest sites located in alluviums of the largest rivers in Serbia. For assessing the influence of environmental factors on soil MPs, samples were taken in three forest vegetational seasons, in two years. The impact of MPs on soil structure, chemistry, and microbial respiration (MR) was examined. Undisturbed soil columns from uncontaminated sites with added known MP particles were used to estimate the dynamic of MP transfer through the topsoil. Large aggregate formation, soil coarse sand content, specific mass, porosity, and available P, but not MR were affected by contamination. Seasonal and annual environmental changes significantly influenced the behavior of MPs in forest luvisols. MPs effectively penetrated the deeper layers of soil columns within 3 months, with strong accumulation in the 0–10 cm layer.Supplementary data for: [https://rivec.institut-palanka.rs/handle/123456789/1056]Supplementary data for: [https://doi.org/10.3390/f16020363

The significance of heterosis in cabbage seed production

In order to examine the importance of hybrid vigor - heterosis in the production of cabbage seeds, three cabbage hybrids (Scc x N, B x N, Scc x B) were created in diallel. The vernalization pathway of flowering was used in the ame to activate the flowering gene during the winter. Five traits of seed yield components were monitored: number of siliques per plant, seed yield per plant (g plant -1), number of seeds per silique, seed yield per plant (g plant-1), seed germination energy (%). The Scc x N hybrid, according to the calculated heterozoic values, proved to be superior in all characteristics, especially for the weight of seeds per plant with a value of relative heterosis Hr=113.42%, the number of siliques per plant 91.61%, as well as the energy of germination, which has a value of Hr=21.93%. The influence of heterosis on the increase in germination energy of hybrids compared to parents has been shown to be important information in plant breeding. In the case of the Scc x N hybrid, heterosis contributed to the achievement of the prescribed seed quality according to the ISTA rules as a condition for seed commercialization

Morfološke i biohemijske osobine plodova eksperimentalnih hibrida paprike (Capsicum annuum L.) dobijeni ukrštanjem sa sterilnim (ms) linijama

The method of hybridizing male-sterile lines with pure lines enabled the development of F₁ hybrids with pronounced heterosis effects, particularly for yield-related traits as well as dry matter and total sugar content. The dataset was collected over a two-year study involving nine experimental pepper hybrids from three groups (LDC×HM6, LDC×HM5, LDC×HM4), based on male-sterile lines. For each hybrid, values of morphological and biochemical parameters were recorded, including fruit weight, fruit length, pericarp thickness, number of fruits per plant, dry matter content, and total sugar content. The data are organized by replications and provided in tabular form for further statistical analysis and use in scientific research. The aim of the study was to select high-yielding hybrids with enhanced fruit quality, suitable for both fresh consumption and industrial processing.Metod hibridizacije sterilnih linija sa čistim linijama omogućio je stvaranje F₁ hibrida sa izraženim efektima heterozisa, posebno kod parametara koji određuju prinos, kao i kod sadržaja suve materije i ukupnih šećera. Istraživački podaci prikupljeni su tokom dvogodišnjeg istraživanja, u kojem je ispitivano devet eksperimentalnih hibrida paprike iz tri grupe (LDC×HM6, LDC×HM5, LDC×HM4), na osnovu muških sterilnih linija. Za svaki hibrid zabeležene su vrednosti morfoloških i biohemijskih parametara, uključujući masu ploda, dužinu ploda, debljinu perikarpa, broj plodova po biljci, sadržaj suve materije i sadržaj ukupnih šećera. Podaci su organizovani po replikacijama i dostupni su u tabeli radi dalje statističke obrade i korišćenja u naučnoistraživačke svrhe. Cilj istraživanja je selekcija visokoprinosnih hibrida sa izraženim kvalitetom plodova, pogodnih za svežu potrošnju i industrijsku preradu

Maize vegetation period length depending on climate conditions and sowing date

The corn vegetation length, which is genetically determined, is greatly influenced by the external environmental factors, especially temperature. To determine the length of individual phenophases, as well as the entire vegetation period, sums of heat units and the number of days are used. The experiment was carried out in fields in the South of Serbia (surroundings of Leskovac), at 430 01' 476'' north latitude and 21° 56' 126'' east longitude, and 225 m above sea level. The experiment was set up according to a random block system in three repetitions. The following maize hybrids were included in the experiment: ZP 434, NS 4023, ZP 555, NS 5051, ZP 666, NS 6030, which were sown in two periods: the beginning and the end of April. The length of the growing season was measured based on the number of days and the sum of the effective heat units (SET). The results of the research show that the length of the maize vegetation is directly dependent on the climatic conditions of the year (temperature) and the hybrids. The average length of the growing season from emergence to full maturity ranged from 127 to 129 days when hybrids of FAO ripening group 400 were in question, from 137-142 days for FAO ripening group 500, and 146-148 days for hybrids of FAO group 600. In the same period, the sum of effective temperatures was 1162-1187°C when hybrids FAO ripening group 400 were in question, 1263-1318°C for hybrids FAO ripening group 500, that is, from 1350-1366°C for hybrids FAO ripening group 600. The period from physiological to full maturity was 28-37 days, depending on the FAO ripening group, and the sum of effective temperatures was 249-316°C. The hybrid ZP 434 had the shortest vegetation period, while the hybrid NS 6030 had the longest one

Content of mineral elements in maize seed subjected to accelerated aging test

Mineralni elementi u semenu predstavljaju ključne nutrijente koji učestvuju u metaboličkim procesima klijanja i ranog razvoja biljaka, te mogu značajno uticati na vitalnost i prinos useva. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi sadržaj odabranih mineralnih elemenata (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, S i Zn) u organskom i konvencionalnom semenu kukuruza (sorta Rumenka poreklom sa oglednog polja Instituta za kukuruz “Zemun Polje”), kao i da se isprati njihova raspodela u klijancima nakon primene testa ubrzanog starenja. Seme kukuruza bilo je izloženo temperaturi od 41 °C i relativnoj vlažnosti vazduha od 100% tokom 72 h. Nakon tretmana određena je klijavost semena standardnom metodom prema ISTA pravilima, a sadržaj mineralnih elemenata analiziran je primenom ICPOES metode. Najveće koncentracije Fe zabeležene su u korenu kontrolnih biljaka organskog porekla (799,68 μg/g), dok su nakon ubrzanog starenja pale na 590,80 μg/g. Sličan trend zabeležen je i za Mn, koji je u kontrolnom korenu konvencionalnog kukuruza iznosio 79,19 μg/g, a nakon tretmana 30,79 μg/g. Ca je bio posebno zastupljen u korenu organskog kukuruza (5139,07 μg/g u kontroli), dok su S i Zn pokazali umereniju promenu, pri čemu su vrednosti Zn u nadzemnom delu konvencionalnog kukuruza rasle sa 58,92 μg/g na 64,60 μg/g. Na je u semenu organskog kukuruza bio ispod granice detekcije (<0,005 μg/g), dok je u korenu kontrolnih biljaka dostizao 3774,53 μg/g. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da ubrzano starenje dovodi do smanjenja sadržaja većine elemenata, posebno Fe, Mn i Na, i da su promene izraženije kod organskog semena, dok konvencionalno u pojedinim slučajevima zadržava stabilniji mineralni profil.Mineral elements in seeds are essential nutrients involved in the metabolic processes of germination and early plant development, and can significantly influence crop vitality and yield. The aim of this study was to determine the content of selected mineral elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, S, and Zn) in organic and conventional maize seeds (cv. Rumenka, originating from the experimental field of the Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”), as well as to monitor their distribution in seedlings after the application of the accelerated aging test. Maize seeds were exposed to a temperature of 41 °C and relative air humidity of 100% for 72 h. After the treatment, seed germination was determined using the standard method according to ISTA rules, and the mineral element content was analyzed by ICP-OES. The highest Fe concentrations were recorded in the roots of control plants of organic origin (799.68 μg/g), decreasing to 590.80 μg/g after accelerated aging. A similar trend was observed for Mn, which in the control roots of conventional maize was 79.19 μg/g, decreasing to 30.79 μg/g after treatment. Ca was particularly abundant in the roots of organic maize (5139.07 μg/g in control), while S and Zn showed moderate changes, with Zn values in the shoots of conventional maize increasing from 58.92 μg/g to 64.60 μg/g. Na in organic maize seeds was below the detection limit (<0.005 μg/g), while in the roots of control plants it reached 3774.53 μg/g. The results indicate that accelerated aging leads to a reduction in the content of most elements, particularly Fe, Mn, and Na, with changes being more pronounced in organic seeds, whereas conventional seeds in some cases maintained a more stable mineral profile