impact of genotype and growing season on productive traits of spring two-row barley

Ječam (Hordeum vulgare L.) je jedna od najvažnijih žitarica u svetu, a u Srbiji zauzima treće mesto po površinama na kojima se gaji, odmah iza kukurza i pšenice. Međutim, proizvodnja jarog ječma se suočava sa izazovima usled sve izraženijih klimatskih promena, koje se negativno odražavaju na prinos i kvalitet zrna. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita uticaj genotipa, godine i njihove interakcije na produktivne osobine jarog dvoredog ječma. Istraživanje je sprovedeno tokom 2022. i 2023. godine na lokalitetu Kragujevac, gde je postavljen ogled po metodi slučajnog rasporeda u četiri ponavljanja. Korišćena su tri genotipa jarog dvoredog pivskog ječma: Jadran, Scarlett, i linija L-1/6-95. Genotip Scarlett je ispoljio najveće prosečne vrednosti broja zrna po klasu (24,4), broja zrna po m² (7821), mase 1000 zrna (47,3 g), mase zrna po klasu (1,25 g), i prinosa zrna (3,64 t ha-1). U drugoj sezoni, koja se odlikovala nižom temperaturom i ravnomerno raspoređenim padavinama u okviru višegodišnjeg proseka, ostvarene su veće vrednosti broja zrna po klasu (za 12,95%), broja zrna po m² (za 55,21%), mase zrna po klasu (za 11,82%) i prinosa zrna za (46,36%) u odnosu na vrednosti zabeležene u 2022. sezoni. Veća količina padavina tokom faze nalivanja zrna u drugoj sezoni je negativno uticala na masu 1000 zrna, koja je bila za 5,96% manja u odnosu na vrednost u 2022. sezoni. Ostvarena je visoko značajna pozitivna korelacija između prinosa zrna i broja zrna po m² (0,988), dok je broj zrna po m² bio u negativnoj korelaciji sa masom 1000 zrna (-0,500). Usled značajnog uticaja ispitivanih faktora, posebno vegetacione sezone, na produktivnost ječma, veoma je važno prilagoditi agrotehničke prakse i odabrati odgovarajuće genotipove, koji su tolerantni na promenljive uslove sredine.Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereals in the world, and in Serbia it ranks third in terms of cultivated area, after corn and wheat. However, the production of spring barley faces challenges caused by climate change, which have a negative impact on grain yield and grain quality. Therefore, the aim of this research was to examine the influence of genotype, growing season and their interactions on the productive traits of spring two-row barley. The research was conducted in Kragujevac during 2022 and 2023 growing seasons, where the experiment was set up using the method of random assignment in four replications. As plant material, three two-row spring barley genotypes were used: Jadran, Scarlett and L-1/6-95. The results of the research show that the factor of growing season had a dominant effect in the expression of the number of grains per spike, number of grains per m2, thousand grain weight, and grain yield, with the largest share in the variation of the number of grains per m2 (77% of the treatment sum of squares), while it did not significantly affect the expression of grain weight per spike, which was mostly influenced by the genotype (62.5% of the treatment sum of squares). In the second season (2023), which was characterized by lower temperatures and evenly distributed rainfall, higher values of number of grains per spike (by 12.95%), number of grains per m² (by 55, 21%), grain weight per spike (by 11.82%), and grain yield (by 46.36%) compared to the first season (2022). However, the higher amount of precipitation during the grain filling phase in 2023 season had a negative impact on the thousand grain weight, which was 5.96% less compared to 2022. These results indicate that excessive rainfall at the grain filling stage can negatively affect grain quality. Also, the factor of genotype had a significant influence on the variation of all traits, except for the number of grains per spike. Genotype Scarlett stood out as the most productive, with the highest average values of number of grains per spike (24.4), number of grains per m² (7821), thousand grain weight (47.3 g), grain weight per spike (1.25 g), and grain yield (3.64 t ha-1). On the other hand, genotype L-1/6-95 had slightly lower values of all these traits, while genotype Jadran had the lowest values in all parameters (except thousand grain weight). These results confirm that genotypes have a significant impact on productive traits, where the genotype Scarlett proved to be the most suitable for production in our agroecological conditions. The high correlation coefficient between grain yield and the number of grains per m² (0.988) confirms that the number of grains per m² is a key trait for achieving a high grain yield of two-row spring barley. On the other hand, a highly significant negative correlation was obtained between the number of grains per m2 and the thousand grain weight (-0.500), which is the result of the influence of excessive rainfall in June on grain filling, which did not negatively affect the number of grains. Nevertheless, a high value of the thousand grain weight was found in all genotypes, which makes them suitable for use in the brewing industry. Knowing the influence of genotype and the growing season and their interactions emphasizes the need to adapt agrotechnical practices, to choose appropriate genotypes to achieve high yield and high grain quality

The Effects of Artificial Lighting during the Seedling Stage on the Yield Structure of Sweet Pepper from a Single Harvest

Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a globally cultivated vegetable, whose yield is affected by light intensity and photoperiod. This paper aimed to determine the effects of the applied light treatments during the seedling stage on the pepper yield after being transplanted into a greenhouse. The study utilized a commercial sweet pepper variety known as the Morava cultivar. When the plants reached the phenophase of forming their first permanent leaves, they were placed in closed plant growth chambers and grown under the following light treatments: full-spectrum white light-emitting diodes (W-LEDs) as the control group, blue LEDs (B-LEDs), a combination of red and blue LEDs in a 1:1 ratio (RB-LEDs), and red LEDs (R-LEDs), with a photoperiod of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness, at a temperature of 23 ± 2°C. After 20 and 27 days of cultivation in these conditions, pepper seedlings were transplanted into bigger plastic pots and removed to the greenhouse, where plants were cultivated for the next 51 and 44 days, respectively. Fruits were picked in a single harvest, and the number of fruits, the yield and its structure, depending on the fruit color stages, were determined. Our results show that light treatments significantly influenced the total number of red fruits, while the length of exposure to light treatments significantly increased red fruit yield. The highest number of red fruits was observed in plants grown under RB-LEDs and R-LEDs, while the highest red fruit yield was achieved in plants grown under R-LEDs for 27 days. The number of yellow fruits was not affected by applied treatments, however, the interaction between light treatments and length of exposure to light treatments significantly influenced yellow fruit yield; it was the highest in plants grown under W-LEDs and B-LEDs for 20 days

Improvement of qualitative components and yield with the contribution of biological fertilizers in organic pepper production

The European Green Directive includes a series of requirements in food production aimed at reducing the emission of gases that contribute to increased climate change, as well as standards that define products with high biological value. Awareness of the need to use health-safe food in nutrition is steadily growing. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of applying microbiological preparations – effective microorganisms (EM) in the form of the EM Aktiv preparation and Trichoderma spp. (Vital Tricho – VT preparation) – on the yield and quality of pepper fruits. The research was conducted in a protected environment in 2016, 2017, and 2018 using an organic cultivation system for the Blondy F1 pepper hybrid. The application of microbiological fertilizers included the following variants: T1 – control, T2 – EM preparation, T3 – VT preparation, T4 – EM + VT. The highest statistically significant results were obtained in treatment T4. Compared to the control, pepper yield increased by 28.38%, dry matter content by 14.05%, protein content by 28.04%, carbohydrate content by 7.16%, and vitamin C content by 10.22%. The use of these preparations makes it possible to achieve stable pepper production in organic systems, while adhering to all principles of sustainability and the production of health-safe fruits

Influences of Sowing Date and Climate Conditions on the Phenological Phases of Different Maize Hybrids

The experiment was set up during 2016 and 2017 in the Leskovac area on an alluvial soil. For research purposes, the duration of certain phenological phases, the entire vegetation period of 6 maize hybrids, and three FAO maturity groups (400–600) were monitored. The research aims to determine the duration of each phenological phase and the entire growing season based on the number of days, the sum of the total, and the sum of the effective temperatures, and to recommend suitable hybrids for the investigated area. In terms of years and sowing dates, the difference in vegetation period between the hybrid with the longest and the hybrid with the shortest vegetation period was 38 days, the difference in SUT was 414.7°C, and the difference in SET was 240.0°C. On average over two years, the lowest sum of effective temperatures was measured at 1158.8°C for the FAO hybrid group 400, ZP 434, and the highest at 1398.9°C for the FAO hybrid group 600, NS 6030. Depending on the temperature conditions, the year in the first sowing period of the individual phases was shortened with increasing temperature. The onset of periods with lower air temperatures and the length of the phenological phases lasted longer. The method of the sum of effective temperatures proved to be the most reliable method for determining the vegetation length of the maize hybrids examined

The Influence of the Intended Application of Ammonium Nitrate on Some Morphological Characteristics of Soybean

Predsetvena primena amonijum nitrata obezbeđuje biljkama azot u početnim fazama rasta, sprečava azotnu depresiju pri nicanju biljaka i pozitivno utiče na prinos gajenih biljaka. Predsetvena primena većih količina amonijum nitrata kod mahunarki može imati i negativan efekat, jer blokira razvoj i efikasnost kvržičnih bakterija, što se negativno odražava na ostvareni prinos i morfološke osobine biljaka. Uticaj predsetvene primene različitih doza amonijum nitrata na prinos i morfološke osobine biljaka soje istraživan je tokom 2023. i 2024. godine na parcelama Poljoprivredne škole u Baču, sa srednjestasnom sortom soje NS Apolo. Dvogodišnji rezultati pokazuju da je predsetvena primena Amonijum nitrata od 100 kg ha-1 statistički veoma značajno povećala prinos soje, broj zrna po biljci i masu zrna po biljci, dok je primena amonijum nitrata u količini od 300 kg ha-1, u odnosu na primenu amonijum nitrata od 100 kgha-1, statistički veoma značajno smanjili prinos soje, a u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu ogleda statistički veoma značajno smanjila broj zrna po biljci i masu zrna po biljci. Prevelike doze amonijum nitrata mogu dovesti do smanjenja prinosa i negativno uticati na morfološke osobine biljaka soje.Pre-sowing application of ammonium nitrate provides plants with nitrogen in the initial stages of growth, prevents nitrogen depression during plant emergence and has a positive effect on the yield of cultivated plants. The pre-sowing application of larger amounts of ammonium nitrate in legumes can also have a negative effect, because it blocks the development and efficiency of nodule bacteria, which negatively affects the achieved yield and morphological characteristics of the plants. The influence of the pre-sowing application of different doses of ammonium nitrate on the yield and morphological characteristics of soybean plants was investigated during 2023 and 2024 on the plots of the agricultural school in Bač, with the medium-sized soybean variety NS Apolo. The two-year results show that the pre-sowing application of ammonium nitrate of 100 kg ha-1 statistically significantly increased the yield of soybeans, the number of grains per plant and the weight of grains per plant, while the application of ammonium nitrate in the amount of 300 kgha-1, compared to the application of ammonium nitrate of 100 kg ha-1, statistically significantly reduced the yield of soybeans, and compared to the control variant, it statistically significantly reduced the number of grains per plant and the weight of grains per plant. Excessive doses of ammonium nitrate can lead to a decrease in yield and negatively affect the morphological characteristics of soybean plants

Efficacy of Herbicides for Control of Eleusine indica Species Resistant to Glyphosate

Rezistentnost korova na herbicide jedan je od najvećih izazova konvencionalne poljoprivredne proizvodnje, koji je u svetu do sada potvrđen za 273 vrste korova (u 102 useva u 75 država), koje su rezistentne na 168 različitih herbicida, što uključuje rezistentnost na čak 21 od 31-og mehanizma delovanja herbicida. U Srbiji je, osim rezistentnosti populacija četiri korovske vrste (Amaranthus retroflexus L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Helianthus annuus L., Sorghum halepense L. (Pers.)) uglavnom na herbicide ALS inhibitore, nedavno potvrđena i rezistentnost jedne populacije vrste Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (guščija trava) na glifosat. E. indica je invazivna korovska vrsta, koja se najčešće sreće na neobradivim površinama u seoskim i gradskim sredinama. Prvi slučaj njene rezistentnosti na herbicide u Srbiji je potvrđen za populaciju sa lokaliteta Bežanijska Kosa na osnovu biotesta u kontrolisanim uslovima, pri čemu su biljke ove populacije preživele primenu 72 L ha-1 preparata Sikario ( SL, 480 g glifosat IPA L-1). U cilju procene efikasnosti herbicida drugačijeg mehanizma delovanja za suzbijanje rezistentne populacije E. indica postavljen je poljski ogled na parceli na kojoj je dominantno zastupljena ova populacija (pokrovnost >80% parcele). Primenjeni su herbicidi čiji mehanizam delovanja je inhibicija ALS enzima (nikosulfuron: Derbi, OD, 40 g a.s. L-1) i enzima ACC-aze (kletodim: Select super, EC, 120 g a.s. L-1 i fluazifop- P-butil: Fusilade forte, EC, 150 g a.s. L-1). Svi herbicidi su primenjeni u preporučenoj količini (nikosulfuron: 1,2 L ha-1; kletodim: 1 L ha-1; fluazifop- P-butil: 1 L ha-1). Herbicidi su primenjeni leđnom prskalicom uz primenu 200 L herbicidnog rastvora ha-1. Efikasnost je ocenjena 14 i 31 dan nakon primene herbicida vizuelnom procenom brojnosti vrste. Dobijeni rezultati su potvrdili visoku efiksnost herbicida nikosulfuron (97%) i kletodim (92%), dok je efikasnost herbicida fluazifop- P-butil bila nezadovoljavajuća (55%)

Chlorophyll content in pepper leaves under the influence of meliorative measures

Smanjenje plodnosti poljoprivrednog zemljišta, uz konstantan pad sadržaja organske materije i nepovoljne fizičko-hemijske osobine, predstavlja ozbiljan izazov za održivu biljnu proizvodnju. Visoke temperature, loš raspored i male količine padavina dodatno utiču na pojavu stresa kod biljaka, što se odražava na fiziološke procese, uključujući sadržaj hlorofila u listovima. U skladu sa prioritetima Evropskog zelenog plana, istraživanje se fokusira na proučavanje načina đubrenja i meliorativnih mera za poboljšanje plodnosti zemljišta i produktivnosti paprike (Capsicum annuum L.). Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitivanje uticaja meliorativnih mera popravke zemljišta na sadržaj hlorofila u listovima paprike sorte Dora u uslovima visokih temperatura. Novina rada ogleda se u kombinovanoj upotrebi organskih đubriva i zeolita na slabo humusnom zemljištu, uz procenu njihovog uticaja na fiziološke parametre biljaka u uslovima klimatskog stresa. Rezultati pokazuju da kombinacija meliorativnih mera i folijarne ishrane kalcijumom značajno povećava sadržaj hlorofila i humusa u zemljištu, doprinoseći ublažavanju posledica visokih temperatura i suše.The decline in agricultural soil fertility, accompanied by decreasing organic matter content and poor physical and chemical properties, poses a challenge to sustainable plant production. High temperatures and insufficient rainfall additionally contribute to plant stress, reflected in physiological processes such as chlorophyll content. In line with the European Green Deal priorities, this study focuses on fertilisation and soil amelioration measures to improve soil fertility and pepper productivity (Capsicum annuum L.). The aim was to assess the effect of ameliorative measures on chlorophyll content in the leaves of the Dora pepper variety under high temperatures. The novelty lies in combining organic fertilisers and zeolite on low-humus soil and assessing their effect on plant physiological parameters under climate-induced stress. Results show that combining ameliorative measures with foliar calcium treatment significantly increases leaf chlorophyll and soil humus content, helping plants tolerate high temperatures and drought

The Effects of Indoor Light-Emitting Diodes on Sweet Pepper Seedling Growth and the Yield per Plant

Pepper is a widely cultivated vegetable, whose growth and development are significantly influenced by various light wavelengths. This paper aimed to examine the effects of different light treatments on the growth of pepper seedlings and their development and yield after transplanting into the greenhouse. As a plant material, we used a commercial sweet pepper of the Morava genotype. In the phenophase of the first permanent leaf formation, plants were placed in closed plant growth chambers under the following treatments: full-spectrum white light-emitting diodes (W-LEDs) (control group), blue LEDs (B-LEDs), the combination of red and blue LEDs (1:1) (RB-LEDs) and red LEDs (R-LEDs). Plants were cultivated for 20 and 27 days with a photoperiod 12/12h (day/night), at a temperature of 23 ± 2°C. At 20 and 27 days of light treatment, the growth rate of seedling height and plant compactness were calculated. Five uniform pepper seedlings per light treatment were transplanted into bigger plastic pots, removed into the greenhouse, and cultivated for the next 51 and 44 days, respectively, under natural daily light. At 51 and 44 days, respectively, the total number of fruits and yield per plant were measured. Our results indicate that light treatments and length of exposure to light treatments, as well as their interaction significantly influenced seedling growth height rate, while seedling compactness was influenced only by length of seedling exposure to light treatments. The length of seedling exposure to light treatments and its interaction with light treatments during the seedling stage significantly affected the total number of fruits and yield per plant after transplanting into the greenhouse. The highest number of fruits and yields per plant was observed in plants grown under R-LEDs for 27 days

Biotehnologija i savremeni pristup u gajenju i oplemenjivanju bilja: Zbornik izvoda

Hiljadama godina, poljoprivredna proizvodnja predstavlja osnovu razvoja i napretka različitih civilizacija na Zemlji. Poslednjih decenija, rizik od pojave gladi je daleko od poimanja realnosti savremenog čoveka. Kao društvo i deo savremenog čovečanstva, naviknuti smo na izobilje i dostupnost poljoprivrednih proizvoda kakvo do današnjih dana nije viđeno uprkos rekordnom povećanju broja stanovnika na našoj planeti. Dobrim delom, ovo je omogućeno trudom i radom naših starijih kolega oplemenjivača, selekcionera i agronoma i njihovih prethodnika, koji su predanim naučnoistraživačkim radom i deljenjem stečenih znanja i iskustava, uspešno realizovali brojna istraživanja i projektne aktivnosti u vezi sa gajenjem i oplemenjivanjem bilja. S druge strane, istraživači se danas susreću sa novim izazovima i problemima savremene poljoprivrede (genetička erozija, klimatske promene, neravnomerne i nedovoljne padavine, suša, pojačano sunčevo zračenje, i dr). U okviru Zbornika V Naučnog skupa sa međunarodnim učešćem „Biotehnologija i savremeni pristup u gajenju i oplemenjivanju bilja”, štampano je 54 izvoda, u kojima su prikazani rezultati istraživanja usmereni na selekciju, oplemenjivanje, agrotehniku i zaštitu ratarskog i povrtarskog bilja. Učesnicima skupa, članovima odbora, autorima radova, recenzentima i svima koji su doprineli realizaciji skupa srdačno se zahvaljujemo. Posebnu zahvalnost dugujemo Ministarstvu nauke, tehnološkog razvoja i inovacija Republike Srbije koje je i ove godine prepoznalo i podržalo naš trud i učinjene napore, materijalno podržavši skup. Takođe, zahvaljujemo se i suorganizatorima skupa: Institutu za kukuruz Zemun polje, Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad, institutu od nacionalnog značaja za Republiku Srbiju, Poljoprivrednom fakultetu Zemun-Beograd, Univerzitetu u Bijeljini, Institutu za ekonomiku poljoprivrede Beograd i Akademiji strukovnih studija Šabac

Potential of experimental hot pepper hybrids for nutritional fruit quality

The research is aimed at evaluating the experimental hybrids of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) obtained by crossing the male sterile line HM5 with pure lines (LDC4, LDC5, LDC6), with a focus on the content of dry matter and total soluble matter in the fruits (long pointed pepper type) in protected space conditions. The experiment was conducted in the period 2022-2025. in the Institute for Vegetable Crops Smederevska Palanka and placed according to a random block system in three repetitions, with 40 plants per repetition. Fruits were harvested at technological maturity. Hybrids showed significant variations: HM5xLDC6 stood out with 8.87% dry matter and 7.37 Brix, while HM5xLDC4 and HM5xLDC5 had lower values (7.13% and about 7-8% dry matter; 5.70-6.17 Brix). The results show a strong positive correlation between dry matter and total soluble matter (r=0.83**), which contributes to the improvement of nutritional quality. The research identifies desirable combinations for the selection of hot hybrids adapted to the production conditions of the Republic of Serbia and support for sustainable production