63 research outputs found

    The System for Dispute Settlement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Appropriate Responses of the Republic of Korea

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    Even though there are many benefits in the sea, there are also complex relationships among related countries in the management and use of the sea because of the characteristics of diversity and flexibility of the sea. As one of International Laws, The Law of the Sea has been developed as an unwritten law by the international practices for the purpose of reasonable and systematical use of these benefits of the sea among the complicatedly related international societies. After the World War II, the International Law Commission of U.N. began to make the International Law for the Sea. With the effort for making the International Law for the Sea, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) had been concluded in 1982 and became effective in 1994. The UNCLOS regulated the systemic organization of the law of the sea and the principles of the uses of the sea as well as focused on building the comprehensive and practical procedures for the settlement of the disputes on the Law of the Sea. The UNCLOS asks the concerned countries to follow the traditional methods of dispute settlement to solve the dispute peacefully and voluntarily according to the U.N. Charter 33. If the countries cannot reach the agreement, the forcible procedures of the UNCLOS are applied to the disputes. Also, the UNCLOS built the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and the Sea-Bed Dispute Chamber (SBDC) to treat with these disputes professionally. There can be proposed some improvements for the System for Dispute Settlement because it is not perfect. First, the System for Dispute Settlement allows the broad exceptions on the forcible dispute settlement procedures both comprehensively and optionally. Thus, the most importantly related issues can escape this forcible procedures. Therefore, the comprehensive and optional exceptions should be clearly regulated according to the characteristics of the disputes. Second, the executive authority and system should be established to carry out the decision of the Tribunal practically. Third, to prevent the dispute of jurisdiction among diverse tribunal authorities, the similar system with appeal should be developed to give powerful authority. With the 12 nautical mile of the Territorial sea and the new systems of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and Sea-bed, the original concepts of High Seas changed in meaning of the quality and space. Thus, the possibility of dispute in the declaration of boundary among countries became bigger. Even though Korea, Japan and China temporarily made a contract about the Fisheries Agreement between each concerned two countries, there are still problems in the decision of the Territorial Waters, Continental shelf and EEZ. In these decisions of the sea boundaries, Korea should decide these boundaries with all together without separating the Continental Shelf and the EEZ in the way of agreement among the countries according to the principles of the Law of the Sea. The multi-national commission in which all concerned countries are participating should be established. It is reasonable for this commission to treat the decision of boundary collectively. In the case of dispute among countries in the process of deciding the boundary, the traditional direct dispute settlement system and the U.N. System for Dispute Settlement can be used appropriately. The multi-national commission, cooperative rescue training, the training for the prevention of sea pollution, and the training for the enforcement against international crimes such as piracy or terror among membership countries will be helpful to build the trust among the countries. With this trust among countries, the prevention of dispute will be more important than the settlement of the dispute later on.Abstract ็ฌฌ 1 ็ซ  ๅบ ่ซ– 1 ็ฌฌ 1 ็ฏ€ ็ก็ฉถ์˜ ็›ฎ็š„ 1 ็ฌฌ 2 ็ฏ€ ็ก็ฉถ์˜ ็ฏ„ๅœ ๋ฐ ๆ–นๆณ• 5 ็ฌฌ 2 ็ซ  ๆตทๆด‹็ด›็ˆญ็™ผ็”Ÿ์˜ ่ƒŒๆ™ฏ ๋ฐ ็ด›็ˆญ๏งๅž‹ 6 ็ฌฌ 1 ็ฏ€ ๆตทๆด‹็ด›็ˆญ็™ผ็”Ÿ์˜ ่ƒŒๆ™ฏ 6 ็ฌฌ 2 ็ฏ€ ๆตทๆด‹็ด›็ˆญ์˜ ๏งๅž‹ 12 โ… .ๅœ‹ๅฎถ็ฎก่ฝ„ๆฌŠ ๊ด€๋ จ ็ด›็ˆญ 13 โ…ก.ๅœ‹ๅฎถๆดปๅ‹• ๊ด€๋ จ ็ด›็ˆญ 23 ็ฌฌ 3 ็ซ  ๅ‚ณ็ตฑๆณ•ไธŠ ็ด›็ˆญ่งฃๆฑบๅˆถๅบฆ 25 ็ฌฌ 1 ็ฏ€ ๅœ‹้š›็ด›็ˆญ ่งฃๆฑบๅˆถๅบฆ ๆงช่ง€ 25 โ… . ๅœ‹้š›็ด›็ˆญ์˜ ็™ผ็ซฏ 25 โ…ก. ็ด›็ˆญ่งฃๆฑบๆ–นๆณ•์˜ ๅˆ†้กž 27 ็ฌฌ 2 ็ฏ€ ๅœ‹้š›็ด›็ˆญ์˜ ๅนณๅ’Œ็š„ ่งฃๆฑบ 27 โ… . ๅค–ไบค็š„ๆ‰‹ๆฎต์— ์˜ํ•œ ๅœ‹้š›็ด›็ˆญ์˜ ่งฃๆฑบ 29 โ…ก. ๅœ‹้š›็ต„็น”์„ ้€šํ•œ ๅœ‹้š›็ด›็ˆญ์˜ ่งฃๆฑบ 38 โ…ข. ๅœ‹้š›็ด›็ˆญ์˜ ๅธๆณ•็š„ ่งฃๆฑบ 46 ็ฌฌ 3 ็ฏ€ ็ด›็ˆญ์˜ ๅˆถ่ฃ์— ไพํ•œ ่งฃๆฑบ 63 โ… . ่‡ช็™ผ็š„ ๅˆถ่ฃ 64 โ…ก. UN์— ์˜ํ•œ ๅˆถ่ฃ 68 ็ฌฌ 4 ็ซ  UNๆตทๆด‹ๆณ•ๅ”็ด„ไธŠ ็ด›็ˆญ่งฃๆฑบๅˆถๅบฆ 72 ็ฌฌ 1 ็ฏ€ UNๆตทๆด‹ๆณ•ไธŠ ็ด›็ˆญ่งฃๆฑบๅˆถๅบฆ ๆงช่ง€ 72 โ… . ๆตทๆด‹็ด›็ˆญ่งฃๆฑบๅˆถๅบฆ์˜ ๏ฅ่ญฐ้Ž็จ‹ 72 โ…ก. UNๆตทๆด‹ๆณ•ๅ”็ด„ไธŠ ็ด›็ˆญ่งฃๆฑบๅˆถๅบฆ์˜ ็‰นๆ€ง 76 ็ฌฌ 2 ็ฏ€ UNๆตทๆด‹ๆณ•ๅ”็ด„ไธŠ ไธป่ฆ ็ด›็ˆญ่งฃๆฑบๅˆถๅบฆ 83 โ… . ่ชฟ ๅœ 83 โ…ก. ไปฒ่ฃ ๋ฐ ็‰นๅˆฅไปฒ่ฃ 87 โ…ข. ๅœ‹้š›ๆตทๆด‹ๆณ•่ฃๅˆคๆ‰€(ITLOS) 92 ็ฌฌ 3 ็ฏ€ ๆทฑๆตทๅบ•็ด›็ˆญ ่งฃๆฑบๅˆถๅบฆ 102 โ… . ๆทฑๆตทๅบ•็ด›็ˆญ่ฃๅˆค้ƒจ(SBDC) 102 โ…ก. ๅ•†ไบ‹ไปฒ่ฃ่ฃๅˆค้ƒจ 105 ็ฌฌ 5 ็ซ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ้—œ่ฏ ๆตทๆด‹็ด›็ˆญ์˜ UN ๆตทๆด‹ๆณ•ๅ”็ด„ไธŠ ๅฐๆ‡‰ๆ–นๆกˆ 107 ็ฌฌ 1 ็ฏ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ้—œ่ฏ ่ฑซๆƒณๆตทๆด‹็ด›็ˆญ 108 ็ฌฌ 2 ็ฏ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๅฐๆ‡‰ๆ–นๆกˆ 115 ็ฌฌ 6 ็ซ  ็ต ่ซ– 119 ๅƒ ่€ƒ ๆ–‡ ็ป 12

    ๆตทๅ•†ๆณ•่ˆ‡ๆตทๆด‹ๆณ•ๅฐˆ้กŒ็ ”็ฉถ

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    [[abstract]]1042ๆตทๅ•†ๆณ•่ˆ‡ๆตทๆด‹ๆณ•ๅฐˆ้กŒ็ ”

    ๆตทๆด‹ๆณ•ๅฐˆ้กŒ็ ”็ฉถ

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    ๅœ‹้š›็งๆณ•

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    [[abstract]]1042ๅœ‹้š›็ง

    UNํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ์กฐํ•ญ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ์ด๊ทผ๊ด€.ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์†Œ์œ„ ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์œ ์—” ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํ˜‘์•ฝ(UNCLOS)์€ ์ œ15๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณธ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํŠน์ด์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋กœ์จ UNCLOS๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ(compulsory jurisdiction)์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ทน์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋ถ€๋œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ์•ž์„  ํŒ๋ก€์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์•ž์„  ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ •๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š”, ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ์กฐํ•ญ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์„ ์ฃผ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์žฌํŒ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ๋Š” ์•ž์„  ํŒ๋ก€์—์„œ ์ทจํ•ด์ง„ ํŒ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ž˜ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ํŒ๋ก€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ์กฐํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ•ด์„์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ตœ๊ทผ ํŒ๋ก€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ฒœ์€ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์˜ ํ•จ์˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ UNCLOS์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์ด ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•, ํ˜น์€ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ• ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ํ•จ์˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์„ฑ์•ˆ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ผ์ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ์™”์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ˜‘์•ฝ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ ˆ์ถฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ์•ˆ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด์„์ƒ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์กŒ๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์„ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ ํŒ๋ก€์ธ ๋‚จ๋ฐฉ์ฐธ๋‹ค๋ž‘์–ด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ, ์ฐจ๊ณ ์Šค ํ•ด์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค์ง„ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์†์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ ๊ฒฐ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ฌผ์  ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ† ์ฃผ๊ถŒ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค ๋ณธ ํ›„ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์„ธ ํŒ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์€ ํ•ด์„์˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์˜ ์›์น™์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํŒ์ •์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์€ ํ•œํŽธ ํ–ฅํ›„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ํ˜‘์•ฝ ์ œ15๋ถ€์— ๋”์šฑ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ œ์†Œ๋˜๋„๋ก ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™•์žฅ์ ์ธ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์›”๊ถŒ์  ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์€ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋กœ์„œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ˜‘์•ฝ ์ œ15๋ถ€์— ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ํ˜‘์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ํ˜‘์•ฝ ํ•ด์„์˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ž์„  ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ์•ž์œผ๋กœ UNCLOS ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ฐจ: ์™œ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์ธ๊ฐ€ 8 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์  ๋„์ž… 14 โ… . ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋„์ž… ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์žฌ๊ฐœ 14 โ…ข. ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์  ๋„์ž… 18 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ 22 โ… . ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ ์ ์šฉ์˜ ์„ ๊ฒฐ์š”๊ฑด 23 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜‘์•ฝ ์™ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ 23 ๋‚˜. ์˜๊ฒฌ ๊ตํ™˜์˜ ์˜๋ฌด 26 โ…ก. ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์ œํ•œ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์™ธ 28 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์ œํ•œ 29 ๋‚˜. ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ 31 โ…ข. ํ‰๊ฐ€ 33 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ํŒ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์–‘์ƒ ๊ฒ€ํ†  35 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ฐœ์š” 35 โ… . ๋‚จ๋ฐฉ์ฐธ๋‹ค๋ž‘์–ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 35 โ…ก. ์ฐจ๊ณ ์Šค ํ•ด์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 38 โ…ข. ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 41 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ๊ฒฐ์š”๊ฑด ์ถฉ์กฑ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™” 44 โ… . ๋ช…์‹œ์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ 45 ๊ฐ€. SBT ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 45 ๋‚˜. ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 50 โ…ก. ์˜๊ฒฌ๊ตํ™˜ ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ์ถฉ์กฑ์š”๊ฑด 55 ๊ฐ€. SBT ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 56 ๋‚˜. Chagos MPA ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 58 ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 62 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฌผ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ 64 โ… . ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ์กฐํ•ญ 64 ๊ฐ€. SBT ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 64 ๋‚˜. Chagos MPA ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 66 ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 70 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์˜ํ† ์ฃผ๊ถŒ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 71 โ… . ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€ 72 ๊ฐ€. Chagos MPA ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 73 ๋‚˜. ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 76 โ…ก. ์„ ํƒ์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ์กฐํ•ญ๊ณผ ์˜ํ† ์ฃผ๊ถŒ๋ฌธ์ œ 79 ๊ฐ€. Chagos MPA ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 80 ๋‚˜. ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 84 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ํ•จ์˜ 89 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ 89 โ… . ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ 91 โ…ก. ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ 96 โ…ข. ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ 99 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ•จ์˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ง 104 โ… . ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๊ด€๋ จ ์†Œ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ 104 โ…ก. ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์›”๊ถŒ์  ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค 109 โ…ข. ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ์ง„ํ™” 114 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  121 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 125 ๋ถ€๋ก 141 ๋ถ€๋ก 1. UNCLOS ์ œ15๋ถ€ ์ „๋ฌธ 141 ๋ถ€๋ก 2. Lancaster House Undertakings 151 ๋ถ€๋ก 3. ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ทจ์ง€ 152 Abstract 154Maste

    Research of Marine Culture Concept in East Asia

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    The 21st century is the century of the oceans; development of human society has gradually began to focused on the oceans. Now it is obviously that all countries are actively striving for ocean-related resources. The importance of the oceans to humanity has become a globally issues. All people around the world have become concerned with interregional, regional, sub regional and national marine activities. The United Nations Convention On the Law of the sea (UNCLOS), completed in 1982, replaced four 1958 treaties. UNCLOS came into force in 1994, a year after Guyana became the 60th nation to ratify the treaty. In June 2018, 167 countries and the European Union have joined the Convention. It is uncertain as to what extent the Convention codifies customary international law. UNCLOS are relevant to the maritime interests of all States. As a result of publication of the Convention, more countries have become interested in marine matters and have increased research activities in this area. In East Asia UNCLOS is also an important convention. Taiwan, Japan and China are all in same area, the Pacific Ocean. This research focuses on Taiwan, Japan and China\u27s maritime concepts. By analyzing the data on the policies of these three countries, the paper explores how they view and developed marine culture. The paper examines the period following promulgation of UNCLOS, including the concepts and definitions of national marine cultures, to better understand the interrelationship between the oceans and cultures.ๆ–‡้ƒจ็ง‘ๅญฆ็œใ‚ฐใƒญใƒผใƒใƒซCOEใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ  ้–ข่ฅฟๅคงๅญฆๆ–‡ๅŒ–ไบคๆธ‰ๅญฆๆ•™่‚ฒ็ ”็ฉถๆ‹ ็‚น[ๆฑใ‚ขใ‚ธใ‚ขใฎ่จ€่ชžใจ่กจ่ฑก

    A Study of the Dispute Settlement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

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    In recent times, due to rapid development of maritime science technologies and the establishment of newly independent countries, the tensions among countries have been intensified in using and controling many types of the sea. According to complicated maritime circumstances being surrounded by the international maritime system, international disputes related to the ocean have been increasing and the need for a new revision on the existing maritime system is needed Developed countries in the field of maritime are trying very hard to analyze and authorize the matters internationally that could affect maritime policies, industries and economic structures. and which are an effort for reflecting the benefit of nation in international agreements involving in the ocean. Korea is also observing the settled conventions in order to be adapted for rapidly changing maritime system and to improve domestic law system as a member of international maritime society. The UN convention on the Law of the Sea which is a comprehensive and overall on the sea has played important roles in establishing and maintaining orders at the sea which is full of potentially occurred disputes. Especially the system for settling disputes Under the UN convention on the Law of the Sea is being recognized as a unique system for enhancing the value of the UN convention on the Law of the Sea. However a new law under the convention on the law on the Sea would also means that this could raise many disputes on interpretation or applications of The UN convention on the Law of the Sea and there are chances that the sharp conflicts among the nations can be grown to a great extent This study is focused on how international maritime disputes were settled through both general way and unique way based on the UN convention on the law of the sea politically and judicially. Especially, it is also focused on the role of ITLOS and unique analyzing methods of settling international disputes. Firstly, disputes on the Law of the Sea indicate that they could be caused by both the interpretation and the usage of the sea. they also indicate the disputes regarding on water jurisdictions and waters away from jurisdictions. With regard to the methods for resolving international maritime disputes cases, there are both ways to handle them in politically and judicially. Considering varieties and specialties, the UN convention on the Law of the Sea provides with special process and system As a dispute settlement process under the UN convention on the Law of the Sea, there are the International Tribunal for the Law of the sea(ITLOS), the International Court of Justice(ICJ), the Permanent Court of Arbitration(PCA), and the Special Court of Arbitration. Especially ITLOS is mainly dealing with the maritime related conflicts among the nations After the research on the methods for dispute settlement cases and research on the organization and jurisdiction of ITLOS, I found out that the guidelines in choosing the Court-case to settle the dispute by force are ambiguous. Also, the effort for resolving budget management problems and effort for taking transparency in organizing trial members of ITLOS are apparently needed. It is also necessary to apply various dispute cases to ITLOS which is neither based on a few fields, nor based on only small scope of judgements.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2 ์ œ2์žฅ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐœ๋… 4 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์˜์˜ 4 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ 5 1. ํ•ด์–‘๊ด€ํ• ์ˆ˜์—ญ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ„์Ÿ 5 2. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ด€ํ•  ์ˆ˜์—ญ๋‚ด ํ™œ๋™ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ„์Ÿ 9 3. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ์ด์›์˜ ํ™œ๋™ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ„์Ÿ 13 ์ œ3์žฅ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 15 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ •์น˜์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 15 1. ๊ต์„ญ 15 2. ์ค‘๊ฐœ 25 3. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์กฐ์‚ฌ 30 4. ์กฐ์ • 35 5. ๊ตญ์ œ์กฐ์ง์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 38 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 45 1. ์ค‘์žฌ์žฌํŒ 45 2. ์ƒ์„ค์ค‘์žฌ๋ฒ•์› 50 3. ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ 51 4. ์ง€์—ญ์  ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ 60 ์ œ4์žฅ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 61 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํ•ด์–‘๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ œ๋„์˜ ์—ฐํ˜ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ 61 1. ํ•ด์–‘๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ œ๋„์˜ ์—ฐํ˜ 61 2. ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ 65 ์ œ2์ ˆ ITLOS์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ 74 1. ITLOS์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 74 2. ITLOS์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ 78 ์ œ5์žฅ ITLOS์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 85 ์ œ1์ ˆ ITLOS์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 85 1. Camoucoํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 85 2. Monte-Confurcoํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 89 3. Grand Princeํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 91 4. Volgaํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 93 5. Juno Traderํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 95 6. Hoshinmaruํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 98 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 100 ์ œ6์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  103 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 10

    A Study on the Maritime Court and Protection of Criminal Defendant's Right to Defend

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    Korea has jurisdiction over maritime criminal cases in general courts. In recent years, China has tended to use the exclusive jurisdiction over maritime criminal cases in maritime courts. As for the maritime case, there is an evaluation that the exercise of jurisdiction in the special court of maritime courts is increasing international competitiveness. In spite of this tendency, since there is no maritime court in Korea, large-scale litigation cases involving maritime cases, especially marine insurance cases, are usually carried out in maritime courts in the UK. The competitiveness of the company is weakening. In this situation, law and academia as well as related industries are actively forming a consensus on the necessity of establishing maritime courts. However, there is a disagreement over maritime court jurisdiction and the place of establishment. In addition, the issue of including criminal cases as a jurisdiction of maritime courts is also a subject of controversy. The reason for this is that the establishment of a specialized court in accordance with the special nature of the maritime case and the criminal jurisdiction of the maritime court can enhance the expertise of the criminal trial as well as guarantee the defendant's right of defense. The reason why the court has jurisdiction over criminal jurisdiction based on this argument is that the current system which is judging the criminal case of maritime criminal case in the general court is considering the reality that the lack of expertise does not sufficiently receive the trust of the people. In addition, the main principle for the defendant's right of defense is to give the defendant the opportunity to choose the court of the first trial from among the general courts and the maritime courts, thereby firmly securing his status as a party to the criminal defense criminal, It is because they can improve their trust and give them an opportunity to be faithful to more democratic procedures. Also the courts have increased the competitiveness of the international case by raising the legal service for solving international disputes. Considering that the maritime courts already have jurisdiction over the maritime criminal cases in neighboring China, the maritime courts in the country also recognize the criminal jurisdiction This is because there seems to be enough room. In this way, maritime criminal cases can be solved through maritime courts, not only securing the expertise of the trial but also protecting the defense rights of the defendant more carefully, and it can be expected that the international competitiveness of related industry can be enhanced.|์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์ „์†๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ด์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ „๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์›์ธ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•จ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ด์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํŠนํžˆ ํ•ด์ƒ๋ณดํ—˜์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก๊ฐ€์•ก์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€ํ˜•์†Œ์†ก์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ์ด ์œ ์ถœ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•์กฐ๊ณ„์™€ ํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ด€๋ จ ์—…๊ณ„๋„ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์„ค๋ฆฝ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํŽผ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ๋กœ์„œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํŽด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ•ด์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ „๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•จ์ด ํ˜•์‚ฌ์žฌํŒ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ถŒ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์žฌํŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„ํ–‰์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ถŒ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์›์น™์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์ด ์ œ1์‹ฌ ์žฌํŒ์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ๋ฒ•์›์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฒ•์›๊ณผ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์› ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜•์‚ฌํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์›๋„ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์  ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹ ์žฅํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์›ƒ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์ด ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋„ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํ˜•์‚ฌ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋„ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์žฌํŒ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ถŒ๋ณด์žฅ์—๋„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ๋„ ์ œ๊ณ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค.ABSTRACT โ…ด ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ…ถ ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 โ… . ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 5 ์ œ2์žฅ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์› ์„ค๋ฆฝ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 7 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํ•ด์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ๋… 7 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š”๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์› 8 โ… . ์ค‘๊ตญ 10 โ…ก. ์˜๊ตญ 15 โ…ข. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 16 โ…ฃ. ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ 18 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์šด์˜์‹คํƒœ 20 โ… . ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์› 20 โ…ก. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์› ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 23 โ…ข. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŠน์ง• 25 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์› ์„ค๋ฆฝ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 27 โ… . ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์› ์„ค๋ฆฝ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ 27 โ…ก. ํ•ด์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฒ•์› ๊ด€ํ• ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  30 ์ œ3์žฅ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›๊ณผ ํ˜•์‚ฌ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ 31 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ฒ•์ •๊ด€ํ•  31 โ… . ํ˜•์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ์ง€์œ„ 31 โ…ก. ํ˜•์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ฒ•์ •๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ 35 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ˜•์‚ฌ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ์ธ์ •์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒ 36 โ… . ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์› ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 36 โ…ก. ๊ด€ํ• ๋Œ€์ƒ 38 โ…ข. ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ „์†๊ด€ํ• ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ 39 ์ œ4์žฅ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ˜•์‚ฌํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ถŒ ๋ณด์žฅ 41 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํ˜•์‚ฌํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ถŒ 41 โ… . ํ˜•์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ถŒ 41 โ…ก. ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ถŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 42 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ˜•์‚ฌํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ถŒ ๋ณด์žฅ 46 โ… . ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ˜•์‚ฌํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ถŒ ๋ณด์žฅ 46 โ…ก. ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ˜•์‚ฌํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 47 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  51 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 54Maste

    A Study on the Application of Rules & Regulations and Settlement of Disputes for Port State Control

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    Port State Control (hereinafter referred to as "PSC") inspection has been carried out aiming to protect the safety of life at sea and the marine environment from casualties by inspecting foreign ships in most harbors of the world. It has been much more tightened over the operation of substandard ships through a cooperative system called Memorandum Of Understanding on Port State Control on a regional basis recently. However, it is apt to cause serious disputes since PSC officers are most likely to have their subjective judgement for taking steps for ship detention on the spot against defects that found during PSC inspection according to the international convention. Furthermore, the disputes could cause a trade reprisal between countries, which does not suit its purpose. Although a provision on flag State's responsibility and Port State's right was adopted in the UN law of the sea and various international conventions to prevent the dispute, it is inevitable because there is no organization that can perform an unified interpretation and application of the provision and what Port States or PSC officers expound and apply it for the benefit of themselves. Therefore, this study will delve into present PSC problems and suggest a plan for improvement by researching on problems of the domestic maritime law and international conventions related to PSC to drive out the operation of substandard ships, causes and examples of present PSC dispute. First of all, this study is mainly focused on presenting a method for distinguishing between compulsory and recommendatory International Maritime Organization (hereinafter referred to as "IMO") resolution when substandard ships are detained by PSC. It is also discussed why non-contracting parties are applied in IMO convention. Besides, problems and Improvement measures of individual maritime affairs law and foreign ship PSC procedure in the intervention of PSC will be explained after studying interpretation and problems of priority application of international convention that is prescribed in national laws such as ship safety law. Secondly, this study will discuss dispute factors resulting from PSC and conflicts of interests among charterers, ships owners and consignors due to ship detention and so forth by showing those examples. Also, it is helpful to consider responsibility of any loss of lives and injuries happened during detailed PSC inspection. Finally, problems concerning current PSC system will be discussed. Also, three different solutions are presented, which are port state control study group formation, sea safety law enactment and the training of PSC specialists. PSC inspection results could be extended to diplomatic disputes associated with equability between countries since they are likely to be affected by some powerful countries. Therefore, it needs to establish an unified and consistent procedure to prevent the disputes in the process of PSC officer's inspection regardless of ship's registers and nationality. It is true that PSC disputes might be decreased fairly, if the interpretation of convention text follows an ordinary meaning of the convention according to its purpose. Also, customary practices of PSC should be considered in the application of international covention when the meaning of terminology is vague and uncertain. In the end, PSC plays a very important role in most harbors of the world. Therefore, PSC is expected to enhance it's function in the future.์ œ1์žฅ ๅบ ่ซ– 1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ็ก็ฉถ์˜ ่ƒŒๆ™ฏ๊ณผ ็›ฎ็š„ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ็ก็ฉถ์˜ ็ฏ„ๅœ์™€ ๆ–นๆณ• 4 ์ œ2์žฅ ๆธฏ็ฃๅœ‹็ตฑๅˆถๅˆถๅบฆ์˜ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ ่€ƒๅฏŸ 6 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๆธฏ็ฃๅœ‹็ตฑๅˆถ์˜ ๆงช่ง€ 6 1. ๆธฏ็ฃๅœ‹็ตฑๅˆถ์˜ ๆงช่ฆ 6 2. ๆธฏ็ฃๅœ‹็ตฑๅˆถ์˜ ๆณ•ๆบ 13 3. ๆธฏ็ฃๅœ‹็ตฑๅˆถ ๅŸท่กŒ็ฏ€ๆฌก 15 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๅ•้กŒ้ปž๊ณผ ๆ”นๅ–„ๆ–นๆกˆ 18 1. ๆธฏ็ฃๅœ‹็ตฑๅˆถๅˆถๅบฆ ๆ–ฝ่กŒ ๅ•้กŒ้ปž 18 2. ๆธฏ็ฃๅœ‹็ตฑๅˆถๅˆถๅบฆ ๆ”นๅ–„ๆ–นๆกˆ 20 ์ œ3์žฅ ๆธฏ็ฃๅœ‹็ตฑๅˆถ ่ฆ็จ‹์˜ ้ฉ็”จไธŠ์˜ ๅ•้กŒ 23 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๅœ‹้š›ๅŸบๆบ– 23 1. ้—œ่ฏ IMO ๋ฐ ILO ๅ”็ด„ 23 ๊ฐ€. ็‰ฉ็š„ๅˆ†้‡Ž(SOLAS, TONNAGE, ILL, MARPOL) 25 ๋‚˜. ไบบ็š„ๅˆ†้‡Ž(STCW, ILO No.147) 31 ๋‹ค. ๅ…ถ ไป–(Tokyo MOU, Paris MOU) 34 2. IMO ๆฑบ่ญฐ ้ฉ็”จ์˜ ๅ•้กŒ 36 3. ILO ๅ”็ด„ 147ํ˜ธ ้ฉ็”จ์˜ ๅ•้กŒ 40 4. ้žๅ”็ด„ ็•ถไบ‹ๅœ‹์— ๅ”็ด„้ฉ็”จ์˜ ๅ•้กŒ 41 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๅœ‹ๅ…งๅŸบๆบ– 44 1. ๅœ‹ๅ…งๆตทไบ‹ๆณ•่ฆ 44 2. ๅœ‹ๅ…งๅ‘Š็คบ 46 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๅœ‹้š›ๆตทไบ‹ๅ”็ด„๊ณผ ๅœ‹ๅ…งๆณ•์˜ ้—œไฟ‚ 49 1. ๏งค่ซ–็š„ ๅด้ข์—์„œ์˜ ๏ฅธ ่ฆ็จ‹ ้—œไฟ‚ 49 2. ๆธฏ็ฃๅœ‹็ตฑๅˆถ ๊ด€๋ จ ๅœ‹ยทๅ…งๅค– ่ฆ็จ‹์˜ ้—œไฟ‚ 51 3. ๅ…ท้ซ”็š„ ๏ฆต็คบ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๏ฅธ ่ฆ็จ‹์˜ ้ฉ็”จ ้—œไฟ‚ 53 ์ œ4์žฅ ๆธฏ็ฃๅœ‹็ตฑๅˆถ ๊ด€๋ จ ๅœ‹้š›็ด›็ˆญ๊ณผ ่งฃๆฑบๆ–นๆกˆ 58 ์ œ1์ ˆ ็ด›็ˆญ ๏งๅž‹ ๋ฐ ๅฏฆไพ‹ 58 1. ๅ‚ญ่ˆน่€…์™€ ่ˆน่ˆถๆ‰€ๆœ‰่€…(่ฒจไธป)์˜ ็ด›็ˆญ 58 2. ่ˆน่ˆถ้‹่ˆช่€…์™€ ๆธฏ็ฃๅœ‹็ตฑๅˆถๅฎ˜์˜ ็ด›็ˆญ 61 3. ไบบ็š„ ๆญปๅ‚ท ๋ฐ ็‰ฉ็š„ ่ขซๅฎณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ่ฒฌไปป 63 ์ œ2์ ˆ ็ด›็ˆญ์˜ ็™ผ็”Ÿ๊ณผ ่งฃๆฑบๆ–นๆกˆ 67 1. ็ด›็ˆญ์˜ ่ฆๅ›  67 2. ็ด›็ˆญ์˜ ่งฃๆฑบๆ–นๅผ 75 ์ œ5์žฅ ่ฆ็ด„ ๋ฐ ็ต่ซ– 81 ๅƒ่€ƒๆ–‡็ป 8

    A Study on the North Koreaโ€™s Legal Status in Perspective of South-Korean Legal System

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    The June 15th South-North Joint Declaration enjoys a positive appreciation in respect of preparing a springboard for the age of reconciliation and cooperation from South-North confrontation by agreeing to 5 clauses such as the independent settlement for the reunification matter, the reunion of dispersed family members, the recognition of common feature between union system and confederation system for South and North, the revitalization of interchange in economic cooperation and various fields, the resumption of inter-authorities dialogue. However, last year a feverish controversy about nuclear development and human right of North Korea was developed between the conservatives who support a hard-line policy against North and the progressives who criticize the American pressure policy against North in our society, such ideology dispute between the conservative and the progressives is never desirable in respect that it might eventually lead to the internal disunion and the exhaustion of national strength. There are differences shown in the definite means and approach method although the general aspect of human rights and the aiming objective with our policy toward North Korea in the progressive position seem to be the same as they hope the improvement of human rights. This study presents an analysis theory of reality and logic in the system of South-North relationship law as an alternative forecognize the political entity of North Korea to be a party for South-North talks able to back up the permanent and concrete practice of South-North interchange with the preservation of our national land and the more solidification of basic order for freedom and democracy at the same time, while it deals with the validity of constitutional territory clauses, the anti-national organization clause of the National Security Law, the simultaneous entry of both Koreas into the UN in 1991, the characteristic of South-North basic agreement and the June 15th South-North Joint Declaration, the meaning of Northern Limit Line(NLL) in the Western Sea and the status matter for escapees from North mainly around the system of our domestic laws of the Republic of Korea, and analyzes and criticizes the emptiness and inconsistency of political assertion beyond the constitutional foundation.Abstract ็ฌฌ1็ซ  ๅบ ่ซ– = 1 ็ฌฌ1็ฏ€ ็ก็ฉถ์˜ ็›ฎ็š„ = 1 ็ฌฌ2็ฏ€ ็ก็ฉถ์˜ ็ฏ„ๅœ์™€ ๆ–นๆณ• = 4 ็ฌฌ2็ซ  ๏ฆดๅœŸๆข้ …์˜ ๆณ•็š„ ๆ„ๅ‘ณ = 7 ็ฌฌ1็ฏ€ ๏ฆดๅœŸๆข้ …์˜ ่ฆ็ฏ„็š„ ๆ•ˆๅŠ› ๏ฅ็ˆญ = 7 ็ฌฌ2็ฏ€ ๅญธ ่ชช = 9 1. ๏ฆดๅœŸๆข้ … ๆญฃ็•ถๅŒ–๏งค่ซ–(็ฌฌ3ๆข ๅ„ชๅ…ˆ่ซ–) = 10 2. ๏ฆดๅœŸๆข้ …์˜ ็พๅฏฆ็š„ ่งฃ้‡‹่ซ–(็ฌฌ4ๆข ๅ„ชๅ…ˆ่ซ–) = 12 3. ๏ฆดๅœŸๆข้ …์˜ ๆœชไพ†ๆข้ …่ชช = 19 ็ฌฌ3็ฏ€ ๅˆคไพ‹์˜ ๆ…‹ๅบฆ = 21 1. ๅคงๆณ•้™ข ๅˆคไพ‹ = 21 2. ๆ†ฒๆณ•่ฃๅˆคๆ‰€์˜ ๏งทๅ ด = 22 ็ฌฌ4็ฏ€ ๅญธ่ชช์˜ ๆชข่จŽ = 22 ็ฌฌ5็ฏ€ ๅŒ—ๆ–น้™็•Œ็ทš(NLL)์˜ ๆ€งๆ ผ = 25 1. ๅŒ—ๆ–น้™็•Œ็ทš์˜ ็™ผ็”Ÿ ่ƒŒๆ™ฏ = 25 2. ๅŒ—ๆ–น้™็•Œ็ทš์˜ ่จญๅฎš ๅŸบๆบ– ๋ฐ ็ถ“้Ž = 2
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