海をへだてた南北戦争―ヘンリー・アダムズの「外交教育」の背景―

本論考は，『ヘンリー・アダムズの教育』の「外交教育」の背景である，南北戦争時のアメリカ外交史の見取り図を描き出そうとする試みである。主として，アダムズがこの作品でテーマとしている外交的出来事（に関連する事項）を扱った外交史である。第1 章では，南北戦争初期における北部と南部の外交交渉を取り上げている。第2 章では，「トレント号事件」を中心に，米英の緊張関係が戦争の危機に瀕する様子を祖述した。また，第3 章では，イギリスを中心とした列強の，南北戦争に対する「干渉」の試みとその失敗を，当時の国際関係や政治・経済状況から重層的・多角的に分析・記述することを目的としている。『ヘンリー・アダムズの教育』における外交にかんする記述は，時として曖昧で，断片的で，謎めいている。この論考は，この作品の「外交教育」を，読者がより理解するための一助として書かれた，いわば一つの注釈である

アメリカ文学史へのアプローチ : 作品100選

第1章　植民地時代と清教徒の社会……………………1第2章　アメリカの独立と建国の父祖たち……………7第3章　国民文学の成立…………………………………15第4章　アメリカン・ルネッサンス……………………21第5章　4人の代表的詩人たち…………………………29第6章　南北戦争と文学…………………………………39第7章　リアリズム………………………………………45第8章　自然主義…………………………………………53第9章　中西部の作家たち………………………………61第10章　失われた世代の作家たちとモダニズム……67第11章　南部の作家たち………………………………75第12章　1930年代の小説………………………………81第13章　第二次世界大戦後の文学……………………87第14章　ポストモダニズム……………………………95第15章　ユダヤ系作家たち……………………………105第16章　アフロ・アメリカン文学……………………113第17章　女性作家たち…………………………………123第18章　ネイテイヴ・アメリカン文学………………139第19章　アメリカ演劇…………………………………143第20章　現代アメリカ詩………………………………15

20セイキ チュウゴク ノ アユミ

現代中国に関する１３の問い―中国地域研究講義

ラオス「中立化」の崩壊と第二次インドシナ戦争 : 1962年以後のアメリカの対ラオス政策

This study examines U.S. policy toward Laos from the Geneva Conference of 1962 through the beginning of U.S. military intervention in Laos in 1964. The agreement in Geneva ended the civil war and achieved the neutralization of Laos under the interim government of national union headed by Souvanna Phouma. It also stipulated the withdrawal of foreign military personnel from Laos. But the agreement left intact the administrative and military divisions of Laos among the competing forces of the rightist Phoumi, the neutralist Kong Le/Souvanna and the leftist Pathet Lao (PL) groups.The expected political and military integration of these groups soon bogged down after the assassination of Foreign Minister Quinim Pholsena in April 1963 and the evacuation of the two PL cabinet members from Vientiane. By the end of 1963, civil war seemed to have resumed in Laos.The U.S. supported the rightist group against the neutralist/PL coalition during the civil war. But it started non-military assistance to the neutralist group by the end of 1962 to lure them into rightist/neutralist cooperation against the PL. After the political crisis in April 1963, the U.S. reexamined its policy under the neutralization scheme and adopted various military measures to aid the rightist/neutralist groups in their renewed fighting against the PL.After the unexpected but failed coup against the Souvanna government led by some military leaders in April 1964, the fighting between Kong Le’s force and the PL force intensified in the critical province of Xieng Khouang. The U.S. increased its military assistance to the rightist and neutralist forces. In May, it started reconnaissance flights over Laos, using U.S. military jet aircraft stationed in South Vietnam and Thailand. However, two U.S. reconnaissance and fighter jets were shot down by the PL in early June.June 9, 1964, became the most symbolic day in U.S. military involvement in the Second Indochina War. On this day, the U.S. jet fighters executed “retaliatory strikes” against the PL’s anti-aircraft sites as well as its headquarters in Khang Khay. This occurred two months before the U.S. carried out retaliatory strikes against targets in North Vietnam after the Tonkin Gulf crisis in August 1964. The wars in Laos and Vietnam increasingly became closely intertwined and the U.S. military continued what they called “reconnaissance strike” missions in Laos in the latter half of 1964.In mid-December 1964, the U.S. started “Operation Barrel Roll” ― the code name given to the continuous U.S. “armed reconnaissance and air strike” missions over the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos. This was three months before “Operation Rolling Thunder” against North Vietnam began in March 1965.Most past studies on the “Vietnam War” don’t mention that the air war in Laos preceded the air war in Vietnam. The beginning of U.S. military intervention in Laos in 1964 was not totally secret at the time, but it is still mostly unknown in general, despite the fact that most of its details were disclosed by the early 1970s. We have yet to reexamine the “Vietnam War” in the larger framework of the Second Indochina War