Electric Vehicle Battery - Wind Energy Storage System

The proposed concept utilizes the EV battery waste stream as a means to store wind energy in order to increase wind energy capacity factor, improve utilization, and make more efficient use of EV batteries prior to recycling. Michigan is an ideal location for such a facility because many of the battery and automotive manufacturers are located here. A 200 MW wind farm can charge a battery farm which consists of all reject and post-consumer batteries and all EVs located in Michigan by 2015. Michigan is on track to meet a 10% renewable portfolio by 2015 with over 1100 MW of planned new wind projects to be installed by then. Therefore, Michigan has plenty of wind capacity to charge the EV battery wind-storage facility and all of Michigan consumer EVs

The climatological relationships between wind and solar energy supply in Britain

We use reanalysis data to investigate the daily co-variability of wind and solar irradiance in Britain, and its implications for renewable energy supply balancing. The joint distribution of daily-mean wind speeds and irradiances shows that irradiance has a much stronger seasonal cycle than wind, due to the rotational tilt of the Earth. Irradiance is weakly anticorrelated with wind speed throughout the year ($-0.4 \lesssim \rho \lesssim -0.2$): there is a weak tendency for windy days to be cloudier. This is particularly true in Atlantic-facing regions (western Scotland, south-west England). The east coast of Britain has the weakest anticorrelation, particularly in winter, primarily associated with a relative increase in the frequency of clear-but-windy days. We also consider the variability in total power output from onshore wind turbines and solar photovoltaic panels. In all months, daily variability in total power is always reduced by incorporating solar capacity. The scenario with the least seasonal variability is approximately 70%-solar to 30%-wind. This work emphasises the importance of considering the full distribution of daily behaviour rather than relying on long-term average relationships or correlations. In particular, the anticorrelation between wind and solar power in Britain cannot solely be relied upon to produce a well-balanced energy supply.Comment: 19 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in Renewable Energy. Text updated to match accepted version (one footnote added, some references corrected

Theoretical evaluation of the power efficiency of a moored hybrid floating platform for wind and wave energy production in the Greek seas

In this study, an extreme value analysis of wind and wave parameters is presented for three specific locations in the Greek seas that are known to be advantageous in terms of joint power production (both offshore wind and wave) and bathymetric conditions. The analysis is conducted via the Peak-Over-Threshold method, examining wind speed, significant wave height and peak wave period data from the ERA5 reanalysis dataset. Moreover, a multi-purpose floating platform suitable for offshore energy production is presented, which combines wind and wave energy resources exploitation and can be adequately utilized at the selected locations. The analysis is built to incorporate the solutions of the diffraction, motion-dependent and pressure-dependent radiation problems around the floating structure, along with the mooring line and wind turbine (WT) characteristics. Subsequently, a coupled hydro-aero-elastic analysis was performed in the frequency domain, while a dynamic analysis was conducted in order to evaluate the mooring characteristics. Lastly, offshore wind output and absorbed wave energy values were estimated, and different types of mooring systems were compared in terms of efficiency. It has been concluded that the wind energy capacity factor is higher than 50% in all the examined locations, and by the mooring system comparison, the tension-leg platform (TLP) represents the best-case scenario for wave energy absorption

Variability analysis of wind and solar energy for optimal power system integration

The development of renewable energy has made a significant contribution to the mitigation of global climate change and environmental pollution. In particular, the installed capacity of intermittent wind and solar power in the world has increased significantly in the past decade, and this growth is expected to be maintained in the future. Due to the intermittence and uncontrollability of wind and solar energy, the integration of wind and solar energy into power systems brings significant impacts on the operation and profit of power systems. This thesis focuses on exploring the wind and solar power variability and its impacts on power system integration. Chapter 2 proposes a new measure to assess the variability of wind power, solar power and mixed wind-solar at one site, and the variability of interconnected wind and solar power from different sites in both the time domain and frequency domain. In the time domain, the measure mainly includes inter-annual variation, smoothness coefficient and correlation coefficient; while in the frequency domain, it mainly includes frequency spectrum analysis, fluctuation rate, and cumulative energy distribution index. The implications of the proposed measure are explored to facilitate power system integration. Without loss of generality, enormous wind and solar data collected at various locations and spanning a long period are employed to assess the variability of wind and solar power, which are taken from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) databases. The measurement results indicate that the variability of solar power highly depends on the latitude of its geographic location; the interconnection of wind power can effectively reduce the variability of wind power in the high-frequency range; the intermittent wind/solar power in the time domain can be treated as a Quasi-Time-Invariant (QTI) source of power harmonics in the frequency domain. Based on the proposed variability measure, Chapter 3 investigates the impacts of the wind and solar power variability on the sizing of the standalone wind/solar power systems. Taking the impacts of wind and solar power variability into consideration, big data simulations of the six Satandalone Wind Power (SAWP) and six Standalone Photovoltaic power (SAPVP) systems with the same residential load demand at the six sites were carried out to reveal the dependency between the sizing of the system components (i.e., the battery and the wind turbines/PV panels) and the power supply reliability. Case studies of optimal sizing of the SAWP system at Chicago and optimal sizing of the SAPVP system at Houston were carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methods, which aims is to minimize the system cost while satisfying the requirement of power supply reliability. The chapter 4 attempts to employ the cumulative energy distribution index to evaluate the variability costs for the integration of high penetration level wind/solar power into power grids. Big data simulations of the Electric Reliability Council of Texas power system (ERCOT) in 2018 reveal the impacts of grid flexibility on wind/solar energy curtailment rate and capacity factor at different penetrations. The maximum wind/solar energy penetration can be roughly determined according to the requirements of the wind/solar power capacity factor and energy curtailment of the power systems with specific flexibility. A case study of 70% grid flexibility with 20 wind farms and 10 solar plants interconnected ERCOT power system shows that the developed large time scale variability costs index can be used to estimate the variability cost when wind and solar energy penetration is between 30% to the maximum penetration

Climate change impacts on wind energy generation in Ireland

An ensemble of high-resolution regional climate model simulation data is used to examine the impacts of climate change on offshore and onshore wind energy genera- tion in Ireland. Two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) are analysed for the mid-term (2041–2060) and the long-term (2081–2100) future. Wind energy is projected to decrease (≤2%) overall in future climate scenarios. Changes are evident by mid-century and are more pronounced by late 21st century, particularly for RCP 8.5 offshore. Seasonally, wind energy is projected to decrease by less than 6% in summer and to increase slightly in winter (up to 1.1%). The distinct changes in different parts of the power curve, presented here for the first time, show a reversed pattern of duration at certain levels of the power curve. In summer, there is an increase of low-power and a decrease of high-power generation, whereas during winter, there is a projected increase in the time spent at high power. This could lead to diverse consequences for system operators depending on the season. The impacts of climate change on the duration and frequency of long periods (longer than 24 h) of low-/high-power wind energy events in Ireland are also presented. The frequency of low-power events is projected to increase slightly, especially during summer. Onshore and offshore events are considered separately, demonstrating the complementarity of developing both onshore and offshore wind farms for future energy systems. Regional analysis highlights the benefit of developing a geographically dispersed wind farm network incorporating different local wind conditions

Options for renewable hydrogen supply to urban centres : a modelling approach

Imperial Users onl

Utilising stored wind energy by hydro-pumped storage to provide frequency support at high levels of wind energy penetration

Wind farms (WFs) contribution in frequency deviations curtailment is a grey area, especially when WFs replace large conventional generation capacities. This study offers an algorithm to integrate hydro-pumped storage station (HPSS) to provide inertial and primary support, during frequency drops by utilising stored wind energy. However, wind turbines follow maximum power tracking, and do not apply frequency support methods, thus the wasted wind energy is mitigated. First, HPSS rated power and energy capacity are determined based on several givens, including wind speed and load characteristics. Thus, HPSS major aspects are estimated [e.g. pump(s), reservoir layout and generator(s)]. Second, offered algorithm coordinates energy storage, and releasing through several dynamic and static factors. HPSS output is continuously controlled through a timed approach to provide frequency support. A hypothetical system is inspired from Egyptian grid and real wind speed records at recommended locations to host WFs. Case studies examine the algorithm impact on frequency recovery, at 40% wind power penetration. The responses of thermal generation and HPSS are analysed to highlight the influence of tuning the parameters of the proposed algorithm. The assessment of several frequency metrics insures the positive role of HPSS in frequency drops curtailment. Simulation environments are MATLAB and Simulink

Co-design of sectoral climate services based on seasonal prediction information in the Mediterranean

We present in this contribution the varied experiences gathered in the co-design of a sectoral climate services collection, developed in the framework of the MEDSCOPE project, which have in common the application of seasonal predictions for the Mediterranean geographical and climatic region. Although the region is affected by low seasonal predictability limiting the skill of seasonal forecasting systems, which historically has hindered the development of downstream services, the project was originally conceived to exploit windows of opportunity with enhanced skill for developing and evaluating climate services in various sectors with high societal impact in the region: renewable energy, hydrology, and agriculture and forestry. The project also served as the scientific branch of the WMO-led Mediterranean Climate Outlook Forum (MedCOF) that had as objective -among others- partnership strengthening on climate services between providers and users within the Mediterranean region. The diversity of the MEDSCOPE experiences in co-designing shows the wide range of involvement and engagement of users in this process across the Mediterranean region, which benefits from the existing solid and organized MedCOF community of climate services providers and users. A common issue among the services described here -and also among other prototypes developed in the project- was related with the communication of forecasts uncertainty and skill for efficiently informing decision-making in practice. All MEDSCOPE project prototypes make use of an internally developed software package containing process-based methods for synthesising seasonal forecast data, as well as basic and advanced tools for obtaining tailored products. Another challenge assumed by the project refers to the demonstration of the economic, social, and environmental value of predictions provided by these MEDSCOPE prototypes.The work described in this paper has received funding from the MEDSCOPE project co-funded by the European Commission as part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, grant agreement 690462.Peer Reviewed"Article signat per 16 autors/es: Eroteida Sánchez-García, Ernesto Rodríguez-Camino, Valentina Bacciu, Marta Chiarle, José Costa-Saura, Maria Nieves Garrido, Llorenç Lledó, Beatriz Navascués, Roberta Paranunzio, Silvia Terzag, Giulio Bongiovanni, Valentina Mereu, Guido Nigrelli, Monia Santini, Albert Soret, Jostvon Hardenberg"Postprint (published version

Co-design of sectoral climate services based on seasonal prediction information in the Mediterranean

We present in this contribution the varied experiences gathered in the co-design of a sectoral climate services collection, developed in the framework of the MEDSCOPE project, which have in common the application of seasonal predictions for the Mediterranean geographical and climatic region. Although the region is affected by low seasonal predictability limiting the skill of seasonal forecasting systems, which historically has hindered the development of downstream services, the project was originally conceived to exploit windows of opportunity with enhanced skill for developing and evaluating climate services in various sectors with high societal impact in the region: renewable energy, hydrology, and agriculture and forestry. The project also served as the scientific branch of the WMO-led Mediterranean Climate Outlook Forum (MedCOF) that had as objective -among others- partnership strengthening on climate services between providers and users within the Mediterranean region. The diversity of the MEDSCOPE experiences in co-designing shows the wide range of involvement and engagement of users in this process across the Mediterranean region, which benefits from the existing solid and organized MedCOF community of climate services providers and users. A common issue among the services described here -and also among other prototypes developed in the project- was related with the communication of forecasts uncertainty and skill for efficiently informing decision-making in practice. All MEDSCOPE project prototypes make use of an internally developed software package containing process-based methods for synthesising seasonal forecast data, as well as basic and advanced tools for obtaining tailored products. Another challenge assumed by the project refers to the demonstration of the economic, social, and environmental value of predictions provided by these MEDSCOPE prototypes.The work described in this paper has received funding from the MEDSCOPE project co-funded by the European Commission as part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, grant agreement 690462