Improvisation of Power Quality in Power System with the Integration of Renewable Energy using FACTS Devices

The main goal in the power system is to transmit the power in a more economical way with high power quality and power factor, having a smaller possibility of system collapse or failure. Operation of power system network is going complex day by day and insecure with higher power flows without adequate control. Renewable energy when connected to the power grid can invite a lot of new problems and challenges. The output power of the wind generator is greatly affected by the variable nature of the wind speed which can cause power quality issues while integrating it to the grid network. The power quality issues include voltage fluctuation and reduced power factor. One solution is to introduce Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) like, Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and Static Synchronous convertors. The main objective of power electronic convertors is to integrate renewable energy or any distributed generation to the standard of grid power factor. However, the troubles like injecting additional harmonics to the system due to the high switching frequency can cause immense power quality issues [1]. Custom power devices (CPD), which includes Shunt controllers like Static Synchronous Compensator or Static Var Compensator (STATCOM or SVC), Series Controllers like Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC or TCSC), Combination of Series and Shunt Controller like Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) are used to interface devices between distributed generation and Series Compensator (SSSC) to improve the power factor and regulate the terminal voltage by installing it at the critical locations. MATLAB/PSAT is used to simulate the FACTS devices control scheme connected with the Wind turbine. And the effectiveness of the FACTS devices is tested by connecting the controllers at critical location of the power grid using IEEE 14 bus System. Keywords: Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Static Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Serie

Effects of VSM convertor control on penetration limits of non-synchronous generation in the GB power system

2013 saw the presentation of a paper [1][2] to the wind integration workshop, which demonstrated 26 high convertor penetration scenarios, 17 of which introduced a type of instability in RMS models previously unseen by the researchers. It also provided an indication of the constraints necessary if NSG levels where to be limited, potentially placing practical limits on the amount of NSG which could be accommodated. It demonstrated that Synchronous Compensation (SC) could be used to mitigate these and other problems but this is believed to be an expensive solution. Further publications have demonstrated that convertor instability at high NSG extends beyond RMS models and is believed to occur in real systems [3]. In addition, Swing Equation Based Inertial Response (SEBIR) control, sometimes referred to as "Synthetic Inertia", has been shown to be ineffective as a countermeasure against the instability observed in [1][2] and can in some circumstances make it worse [4][5]. Whilst SEBIR improves RoCoF, its inability to address the wider range of problems resulted in the need for more comprehensive solutions. Several authors have proposed converters using principles aligned with VSM and VSM0H concepts and controllers using these concepts exist within marine power networks. This paper returns to the studies presented in [1][2], which used a reduced 36 node GB model in PowerFactory (PF). However here, some of the convertors are replaced with VSM convertor models described in [6] to investigate the effects on Instantaneous Penetration Level (IPL) limit of NSG in terms of transient stability and steady-state stability. These and further results presented demonstrate the potential of VSM, in mitigating the effects of various challenges associated with high NSG, potentially allowing 100% penetration

Performance of Wind Farm Employing Type-4 Wind Turbine with D-Statcom

Wind power is environmentally friendly and cost-predictable nature. It is widely recognized as a promising alternative electric power generation source at a time of uncertain fossil fuel costs and concern over the harmful effects of climate change. Various problems arise due to the rapid injection of wind power in the electrical grid, affecting the power quality. Harmonics and various power quality problems like voltage sag and swell are of common occurrence due to the voltage injected by the wind generators in the electrical grid. These may result into severe problems such as system frequency mismatch and change in power line capability. To reduce such problems a distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) is employed.  The DSTATCOM is an effective way of reducing power quality problems, removing the wind speed fluctuations and improving the transient stability of wind farm. Simulation results show the proposed effectiveness of wind farm stability and power quality. The generating system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB environment using Simulink and Simpower System toolboxes. Keywords: Wind Farms (WF), Wind Energy, Distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM

Exploring the strengths and weaknesses of European innovation capacity within the Strategic Energy Technologies (SET) Plan

This report explored the strengths and weaknesses of the European innovation capacity within the Strategic Energy Technologies (SET) Plan Integrated Roadmap through the assessment of energy technology R&I in these specific sectors. The methodology is based on collating publicly available data and compares how the EU performs in comparison to other key countries worldwide through key indicators (e.g., patents, publications and export/import) across these 13 SET Plan themes

Conducting a feasibility study for generating power from renewable energy resources and utilizing High Voltage Direct Current for interconnection in the Middle East and North Africa

Electricity consumption is on the rise as the global population is increasing. The need of energy has been discussed in length over the years. Oil and gas have been the primary resource for generators fuel. As oil and gas are a finite resource, an alternative resource that does not harm the environment is needed to generate energy. The Middle East and North Africa have a huge potential for using solar and wind energy to generate electricity as MENA region has one of the highest levels on solar irradiation. A new system of transferring the power through the MENA region is proposed. HVDC can be utilized to transfer energy over large distance with minimal losses where it is used for an interconnection grid between the MENA countries. Moreover, factors affecting future project, in the MENA region, such as the political atmosphere of the MENA countries, and how it affects the decision of constructing a project are analyzed. Secondly, the infrastructure and readiness of the MENA countries toward building Renewable energy and HVDC substation. Thirdly, risks and constrains of implementing these projects. Fourthly, the financial cost of the RE and HVDC projects. Fifthly, how social media and news orient the people thinking and decision making. Sixthly, existing rules and regulations in the energy sector are investigated. Finally, recommendations were given to each factor to ensure the smooth transition to produce green energy by utilizing renewable energy

Fault Management in DC Microgrids:A Review of Challenges, Countermeasures, and Future Research Trends

The significant benefits of DC microgrids have instigated extensive efforts to be an alternative network as compared to conventional AC power networks. Although their deployment is ever-growing, multiple challenges still occurred for the protection of DC microgrids to efficiently design, control, and operate the system for the islanded mode and grid-tied mode. Therefore, there are extensive research activities underway to tackle these issues. The challenge arises from the sudden exponential increase in DC fault current, which must be extinguished in the absence of the naturally occurring zero crossings, potentially leading to sustained arcs. This paper presents cut-age and state-of-the-art issues concerning the fault management of DC microgrids. It provides an account of research in areas related to fault management of DC microgrids, including fault detection, location, identification, isolation, and reconfiguration. In each area, a comprehensive review has been carried out to identify the fault management of DC microgrids. Finally, future trends and challenges regarding fault management in DC-microgrids are also discussed

Integration of Utility-Scale Variable Generation into Resistive Networks.

Wind and solar power account for half of newly installed electricity generation capacity worldwide. Due to falling technology costs, this trend is expected to continue despite the global economic turmoil and uncertainty over policy incentives for these fledgling sectors. A sizable portion of this capacity is connected to sub-transmission networks that typically have mesh configurations and are characterized by resistive lines (i.e. lines with X=R 4). The resistivity of subtransmission networks creates a strong coupling between power flows and voltage magnitudes that is atypical in high-voltage transmission systems. In the presence of generation variability, this can lead to extreme voltages, unacceptable voltage fluctuations, unusual (active and reactive) power flow patterns throughout the network, line congestions and increased losses. This can also cause excessive tap-changing operation of transformers with On-Load Tap Changers (OLTCs). These issues can be substantially mitigated with flexible methods of network operation and control. This dissertation examines the impact of variable embedded generation on the voltage profile, structural stability and the OLTC operation of the DTE/ITC network serving Eastern Michigan. It introduces a number of tools and methods to analyze the impact of variable generation in meshed resistive networks. It investigates how network resistivity transforms the impact of the reactive compensation, associated with variable generation, on the structural stability of the system. Finally an optimal voltage control scheme is presented to better coordinate the voltage regulation of variable generation with OLTCs, reduce network losses and enhance the structural stability of the system. The scheme is a model predictive control with an equivalent mixed integer formulation which models the hybrid dynamics of OLTC tap operations.PhDElectrical Engineering: SystemsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113584/1/sinasb_1.pd

Використання засобів силової електроніки при керуванні режимами розподільних мереж

Під час виконання дипломного проекту було проведено розрахунок навантажень промислового району міста, а саме промислового цеху і жилого району . Вибрано живлячі мережі до 1 кВ та вище 1 кВ, силові трансформатори, апарати захисту та автоматики. Проведено розрахунок струмів короткого замикання. У якості спец питання було розглянуто вплив засобів силової електроніки встановлених в розподільні мережі 6, … , 20 кВ на зниження втрат потужності в повітряних лініях.During the implementation of the diploma project, the loads of the industrial area of the city, namely the industrial shop and the residential area, were calculated. Supply networks up to 1 kV and above 1 kV, power transformers, protection devices and automation are selected. The calculation of short-circuit currents is carried out. The influence of power electronics installed in 6,…, 20 kV distribution networks on the reduction of power losses in overhead lines was considered as a special issue

Optimal redundans i Dogger Bank referansevindpark

I denne oppgaven er det utført analyser av optimal redundans i Dogger Bank referansevindpark (DRW). DRW har en lokalisering ved «Dogger Bank Creyke Beck A», øst for Yorkshire. Parken består av 120 x 10 MW DTU referanse turbiner aggregert i et 66 kV nettverk. I denne oppgaven er det utført analyser av optimal redundans i Dogger Bank referansevindpark (DRW). Oppgaven analyserer optimal redundans i DRWs interne elkraftstruktur, og kvantifiserer relativ lønnsomhet, leveringspålitelighet og driftssikkerhet i nettkonfigurasjonen multi-ring. Nettkonfigurasjoner med optimal redundans har evne til å maksimere tilgjengeligheten av vindkraftproduksjonen, mens høyere investeringskostnader er «kostnader til inntekts ervervelse.» Lønnsomheten av høyere leveringspålitelighet og driftssikkerhet i nettkonfigurasjonen multi ring er analysert når bryterkonfigurasjoner, tekniske restriksjoner, feilstatistikk og tidsvariasjon i vindkraftproduksjonen er inkludert. Leveringspålitelighet i DRW er hovedsakelig bestemt av tekniske restriksjoner og feilstatistikk tilknyttet 66 kV XLPE sjøkabler. Av den grunn er det analysert optimal nettkapasitet ved maksimal vindkraftproduksjon via kortslutningsanalyser. På den måten er det identifisert et redundansnivå som muliggjør optimal gjenoppretting ved feil, slik at termisk overbelastning og avvik i spenningsverdier reduseres. Oppgavens lønnsomhetsanalyser inkluderer diskontert kostnad av tapt produksjon, kabel-, bryter- og installasjonskostnader. Diskontert kostnad av tapt produksjon ble identifisert ved å analysere leveringspålitelighet i nettkonfigurasjonen, og ved å bruke Storbritannias «Contracts for Difference strike price (CfDs).» Tilgjengelighet av vindkraftproduksjonen er analysert via programvaren DIgSILENT PowerFactory. I programvaren ble det implementert feilstatistikk og tekniske restriksjoner for kabler og brytere. Leveringspålitelighet i DRW er basert på programvarens pålitelighetsalgoritme, som inkluderer lastflytanalyser og feilanalyser. Ved feilsituasjoner søker algoritmen å minimalisere termisk overbelastning via optimal produksjonsallokering og optimal gjenoppretting. Videre ble kostnaden av tapt produksjon kvantifisert med og uten tidsvariasjon i vindkraftproduksjonen. Nettkonfigurasjonens tilgjengelighet ble hovedsakelig bestemt av utfallskombinasjoner for uavhengige og avhengige feil. Det er identifisert at nettkonfigurasjonen multi-ring bidrar til relativt høyere lønnsomhet, leveringspålitelighet og driftssikkerhet sammenlignet med radielt nett. Det er utført sensitivitetsanalyser basert på prosentvis reduksjon i feilstatistikk og investeringskostnader, og det er kvantifisert absolutt og relativ endring av tapt produksjon. Avslutningsvis ble det identifisert hvor stor endring i feilstatistikk og investeringskostnader som må til for at resultatet svekker sin troverdighet