The use of force in international affairs

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Police Use of Force with the Mentally ill

Police officers experience many difficult situations in their line of duty, but two situations stand out as particularly unsettling for police officers: when they interact with people who are (a) under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and when (b) people appear to be suffering from serious mental illness (Kaminski, DiGiovanni, & Downs, 2004). This study explores the impact of these conditions on whether or not police officers resort to using force within a Northwestern metropolitan police department. A set of archival data consisting of force incidents was divided into four subgroups depending on subject (suspect) substance use and mental illness status and coded based on subject threat, subject force, and officer force levels. After analysis, it is determined no significant differences exist between groups, indicating no relationship between subject substance use and mental illness status with police level of force. These findings suggest police officers use no more or less force when interacting with people under the influence of a substance or suffering from mental illness than officers do with people where these conditions are absent

Media Coverage of Law Enforcement Use of Force and Disability

Disability intersects with other factors such as race, class, gender, and sexuality, to magnify degrees of marginalization and increase the risk of violence. When the media ignores or mishandles a major factor, as we contend they generally do with disability, it becomes harder to effect change.This white paper focuses on the three years of media coverage of police violence and disability since the death of a young man with Down syndrome, named Ethan Saylor, in January 2013. After reviewing media coverage of eight selected cases of police violence against individuals with disabilities, the paper reveals the following patterns in the overall data:? Disability goes unmentioned or is listed as an attribute without context.? An impairment is used to evoke pity or sympathy for the victim.? A medical condition or "mental illness" is used to blame victims for their deaths.? In rare instances, we have identified thoughtful examinations of disability from within its social context that reveal the intersecting forces that lead to dangerous use-of-force incidents. Such stories point the way to better models for policing in the future. We conclude by proposing best practices for reporting on disability and police violence

Researching the use of force: The background to the international project

This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in eight countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology

The Science of Justice, Race, Arrests, and Police Use of Force

The current report examines racial disparities in use of force across 12 law enforcement departments from geographically and demographically diverse locations and reveals that racial disparities in police use of force persist even when controlling for racial distribution of local arrest rates. Additionally, multiple participating departments still demonstrated racial disparities when force incidents were benchmarked exclusively against Part I violent arrests, such that Black residents were still more likely than Whites to be targeted for force

Use of Force Doctrine: How the League of Nations Forged The Modern Interpretation of Use of Force?

The objectives include: 1. To drive home the need for today's networked organizations to support the notion that the professional practice of computer forensics and knowledge of relevant laws is essential. 2. To help stakeholders consider how technology forensics blends into overall corporate computer security as a strategic feature. 3. To enlighten the mass on issues associated with computer forensics. 4. To embark on product awareness and campaign to leverage cybercrime. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The researcher has adopted the doctrinal study as the information of policy decisions and analysis of precedents and its implications have already been made available through journals, research papers, and other scholarly works in circulation. The doctrinal study aids the researcher in presenting a practical and real-world view of the method in which investigations for cybercrime are being carried out in the country in the present scenario. The present research can be called doctrinal as it is an examination that has been finished on an honest to goodness social word by strategy for exploring present statutory courses of action as well as going through various precedents and examining the operation of the concerned statutes in real-life scenarios. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Whether the present statutory provisions regarding the investigation are achieving their desired objectives? 2. Whether our current laws and investigative mechanisms are sufficiently equipped to deal with the burgeoning volume of cyber-crimes in the post-covid era? 3. Whether the current strength of investigating officers and cybercrime cells are adequate to ensure proper investigation? 4. Whether there is a need to undertake the training of officers and up gradation of technology to keep pace with the rapidly involving ways in which cybercrime is committed

Use of Force Citizen Complaints, Use of Force Violations, and Early Intervention

Abstract Mounting public protests, increasing expensive payouts, and shootings of unarmed victims by police is a call to reexamine options to problem solving, service recovery, and preventing police misconduct as it pertains to the use of force. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the correlation between early intervention system data (a) use of force, citizens\u27 complaints (race and gender), and use of force violations (race, gender, and years of service for officers). The disruptive theoretical framework provided an innovative lens to examine police misconduct of a large midwestern large law enforcement agency. This secondary data study did not find significant relationships between stated variables using chi-square analyses. Although consistent with other studies, males were found likely victims of excessive use of force (X2 = 114.093, p =.000) using multiple regression. By expanding the characteristics of basic variables based on a (use of force) continuum model, the data can be treated as a disruptor with potential to reach maintenance or high productivity and sustainability. The fields of healthcare and education have made strides using this model, and this model may also add to the existing knowledge to create greater transparency, service recovery, and policy modification needed to reduce the use of force police misconduct. As society changes with varying political mandates, public opinions and technological communications, it is apparent that law enforcement must also continually improve efforts to enhance accountability and transparency relating to the use of forc

Use of Force Citizen Complaints, Use of Force Violations, and Early Intervention

Abstract Mounting public protests, increasing expensive payouts, and shootings of unarmed victims by police is a call to reexamine options to problem solving, service recovery, and preventing police misconduct as it pertains to the use of force. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the correlation between early intervention system data (a) use of force, citizens\u27 complaints (race and gender), and use of force violations (race, gender, and years of service for officers). The disruptive theoretical framework provided an innovative lens to examine police misconduct of a large midwestern large law enforcement agency. This secondary data study did not find significant relationships between stated variables using chi-square analyses. Although consistent with other studies, males were found likely victims of excessive use of force (X2 = 114.093, p =.000) using multiple regression. By expanding the characteristics of basic variables based on a (use of force) continuum model, the data can be treated as a disruptor with potential to reach maintenance or high productivity and sustainability. The fields of healthcare and education have made strides using this model, and this model may also add to the existing knowledge to create greater transparency, service recovery, and policy modification needed to reduce the use of force police misconduct. As society changes with varying political mandates, public opinions and technological communications, it is apparent that law enforcement must also continually improve efforts to enhance accountability and transparency relating to the use of forc