Simultaneous co-Saccharification and Fermentation of Sago Hampas for Bioethanol Production

Abundance of lignocellulosic biomass provides a good solution to the demands of energy crops in producing biofuel like biodiesel and bioethanol. In this study, bioethanol was produced from sago hampas via the Simultaneous co-Saccharification and Fermentation (Sc-SF) process, at 2.5% and 5.0% (w/v) solid loadings. The processing step in Sc-SF is virtually similar to that of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF). However, during Sc-SF, two enzymes, amylase and cellulase, were added for the co-saccharification of sago starch and fiber. In addition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to ferment the sugars in the hydrolysates. The Sc-SF samples were analyzed for carbohydrate residues, ethanol and acetic acid using the dinitrosalicylic (DNS) acid assay and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that the Sc-SF of the sago hampas showed high efficiencies of hydrolysis and ethanol production within the first 6 hours of fermentation. Highest  glucose production was at 37.86 g/l for the 5.0% sago hampas load and 17.47 g/l for 2.5% sago hampas load. The highest ethanol production was observed in the broth with 5.0% sago hampas, with the theoretical yield of 80.50%. Meanwhile, the highest bioethanol yield in the sample with 2.5% sago hampas was 73.19%. This study indicated that there is feasibility of bioethanol production via Sc-SF from starch rich agricultural residues such as sago hampas

Effect of Glycidyl Methacrylate on Water Absorption Properties of Sago Hampas Biocomposite

This study examines the water absorption of sago hampas biocomposite utilizing glycidyl methacrylate as its matrix. Composites were fabricated with 25, 30, 40 wt% sago hampas content and another sample of pure sago hampas using hydraulics hot press machine. The water absorption properties of composites with different sago hampas composition were investigated according to Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials of ASTM D570. Water absorption of pure sago hampas composite have the highest average water absorption percentage with 59.1 wt% as compared to the lowest average water absorption percentage recorded for 30 wt% sago hampas content biocomposite with 16.8%. However sago hampas loading was increased resulting in the increased in average water absorption on biocomposite for 40 wt% sago hampas content which is 33.1%

Biobutanol production from sago hampas through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824

The mounting prices of the current gasoline have driven the attention of researchers towards the utilization of various biomass residue for the production of biobutanol as it has a superior fuel characteristic. Sago hampas contains starchy and lignocellulosic materials that is usually discharged to the nearby river without a proper treatment. It is composed of 54.6% starch and 31.7% of cellulose and hemicellulose with only 3.3% of lignin. High carbohydrate contents with low percentage of lignin and no pretreatment process is required, make the sago hampas as a promising feedstock for biobutanol production. Simultaneous saccharification and acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation approach which is the conjoint addition of glucoamylase and cellulase together with microorganism and biomass in a single vessel system is carried out in order to reduce step, cost and time in biobutanol production. In this study, the saccharification of sago hampas is done using Dextrozyme amylase and Acremonium cellulase. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of sago hampas conducted at the conditions needed for ABE fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 produced 3.81 g/L biobutanol concentration and yield of 0.11 g/gsugar. In this study, it suggested that sago hampas possess great potential to be implemented for biobutanol production using the simultaneous system integrated two different processes of saccharification and fermentation

Biomass Modification Using Cationic Surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) to Remove Palm-Based Cooking Oil

Adsorption based on natural fibre seems to widely used for oily wastewater recovery due to its low cost, simplicity, feasibility, easy handling, and effectiveness. However, oil sorbent based on natural fibre without modification has low adsorption capacity and selectivity. *us, this paper proposes chemical modification of sago hampas to improve its adsorbent efficiency for the removal of palm-based cooking oil. *e chemical modification was performed using a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). *e chemical and surface properties of both unmodified and modified sago hampas were characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Parameters studied for the removal of cooking oil using modified sago hampas were sorption time, adsorbent dosage, and initial pH.*e removal capacity was also compared using unmodified sago hampas. *e results showed that additional functional groups were introduced on the surface of modified sago hampas. Modified sago hampas also showed a greater porosity than unmodified sago hampas. *ese properties enhanced the adsorption of palm-based cooking oil onto the surface of modified sago hampas. Modified sago hampas shows better removal of palm-based cooking oil than unmodified sago hampas, where 84.82% and 68.08% removal were achieved by modified and unmodified sago hampas, respectively. *e optimum adsorption of palm-based cooking oil was identified at 45 min sorption time, pH 2, and 0.2 g adsorbent dosage

Production Of Sugars From Sago Hampas By Trichoderma Sp. During Solid Substrate Fermentation

Advances in industrial biotechnology offer potential opportunities for economic utilization of agro-industrial residues such as sago hampas. Sago hampas, which is a complex material, is one of the major by-product of the sago starch industry. It contains about 69.82% of starch and 13.88% lingo cellulose materials on dry weight basis. Due to its abundant availability, it can serve as an ideal substrate for microbial processes for the production of sugars. Application of solid substrate fermentation technology is an attractive possibility for such bioconversions. In this study, solid substrate fermentation (SSF) of sago hampas by indigenous isolated Trichoderma sp. was carried out. In laboratory scale, SSF was conducted in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask contains 5g of hampas was used as solid substrate and 10% (v/w) of mycelia suspension was used as inoculum. Parameters optimised includes the initial moisture content (60, 65, 70, 75 and 80%), mineral salts solution (10, 20 and 30% vlw), urea concentration (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% wlv), inoculum density (10, 20 and 30% vlw), incubation temperature (25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 "C), incubation time (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 and 120 h) and homogenisation speed (8,000, 9,500 and 13,500 rpm) and time (1, 3 and 5 min) on reducing sugars recovery. Maximum reducing sugars obtained after optimisation was 460 mglg substrate on 96 h incubation with 80% of initial moisture content, 10% (vlw) of inoculum density, 1.0% of urea concentration in 20% (wlv) of mineral salts solution and incubated at 30 + 2 OC. The solid culture was homogenised at 9, 500 rpm for 3 minutes for reducing sugars recovery. Meanwhile, the maximum enzyme activities obtained were 3.19 UImL, 2.22 UImL, 1.66 UImL, 1.1 1 UImL and 1.48 UImL for a-amylase, glucoamylase, carboxymethyl cellulase, filter paperase and Ij-glucosidase respectively. Bioconversion of sago hampas using a rotary drum was conducted by using a modified cement mixer. Operating parameters such as temperature, moisture, agitation and aeration via SSF were studied to achieve higher production of reducing sugar. After 96 h of fermentation, maximum reducing sugar obtained was 380 mglg substrate. Maximum enzyme activities achieved were 2.74 UImL, 2.19 UImL, 1.33 UImL, 1.12 UImL and 1.07 UImL for a-amylase, glucoamylase, carboxymethyl cellulase, filter Paperase and I3-glucosidase, respectively

Isolation and Identification of Glucoamylase Producer Fungus from Sago Hampas

Waste of sago processing, notably hampas (ela) still contains sago starch is waste that has not been utilized optimally yet  and causing pollution. Isolation and identification of glucoamylase producer fungus of sago hampas waste  were aims to obtain isolates that have gluco-amylolytic properties, and to know glucoamylase activity of selected fungus isolates after grown on artificial medium.  Indegeneous isolates that can produced glucoamylase will be use to get sugar hidrolysate from starch of sago hampas waste for bioetanol production. The study was conducted with the following stages: 1)Take the sample from the tennis, 2) Isolation and Identification, 3) Characterization (clear zone), and 4) The production of glucoamylase from selected isolates, The results obtained are: 1) Isolation of fungi gluco-amylolytic from 2 sources sago hampas were produced 10 isolates. Ten isolates were divided into 4 genuses: Gliocladium (as dominant isolate), Aspergilus, Rizhopus and Geotrichum. Isolates of Gliocladium KE gaves the largest degradation of starch on PDA-Starch medium (clear zone), and followed by isolates of Aspergillus GA; 2) Production of glucoamylase on sago hampas with modificated Danial medium (1992) gave the highest activity of Gliocladium KE   on the fifth day of incubation, namely: 10.72 U / mL of crude enzyme   from the supernatant of fermentation substrate (S), and 17.16 U / mL for crude enzyme from the extract of isopropanol isolation (E)

Sago wastes and its applications

The sago starch industry is one of the major revenue sources of the Malaysian state of Sarawak. This state is currently among the world’s leading producers of sago starch, exporting more than 40,000 tons every year to different Asian countries. This number is expected to rise since starch production and export value have been increasing 15.0%-20.0% each year. Sago palm is subjected to various processes to obtain starch from its trunk. During processing, a huge amount of residual solid wastes is generated, such as bark and hampas, and in general, is burned or washed off to nearby streams. Along with the rising sago starch demand, the sago starch industry is now facing waste management problems, which have resulted in environmental pollution and health hazards. These wastes comprise starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin; hence, can be valorized into feedstock as value-added products. To date, these wastes have been utilized in the production of many materials like adsorbents, sugars, biofuels, nanomaterials, composites, and ceramics. This review article aims to summarize the various methods by which these wastes can be utilized besides to enlighten the major interest on sago hampas and bark

Utilization Of Indonesian Sago Hampas Waste For Biohydrogen Production: Effect Of Dilute Acid Pretreatment

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui produksi biohidrogen dari limbah sagu hampas di Indonesia terutama pada perlakuan pretreatment asam encer. Sampah sagu tersebut dihasilkan dari industri rumahan yang menghasilkan bubuk tapioka dari log Arengapinnata. Perlakuan pretreatment asam encer dilakukan dengan menggunakan asam sulfat (H2SO4) pada konsentrasi 0,27,3, dan 0,6 M dengan berbagai periode waktu paparan 30, 60 dan 90 menit. Setelah menyelesaikan pretreatment tersebut, sagu mengangkut limbah padat kemudian mengalami fermentasi gelap ar 30, 1 atm dan pH awal 5.0. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa total hasil gas berada pada kisaran 1 - 4 ml / g VS. Konsentrasi H2 meningkat secara signifikan pada maksimum 27,7% v. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa limbah sagu di Indonesia berpotensi menjadi sumber energi terbarukan biohidrogen