UJI AKTIVITAS PENGHAMBATAN POLIMERISASI HEME (1)-N-(2-NITROBENZIL)-1,10- FENANTROLINIUM IODIDA DAN (1)-N-(4-NITROBENZIL)-1,10- FENANTROLINIUM IODIDA SECARA IN VITRO

Kemampuan penghambatan polimerisasi heme (1)-N-(2-nitrobenzil)-1,10-fenantrolinium iodida dan (1)-N-(4-nitrobenzil)-1,10-fenantrolinium iodida telah diteliti. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan dari senyawa baru (1)-N-(2-nitrobenzil)-1,10-fenantrolinium iodida dan (1)-N-(4-nitrobenzil)-1,10-fenantrolinium iodida dalam menghambat polimerisasi heme. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental secara in vitro. Aktivitas penghambatan polimerisasi heme dilihat berdasarkan nilai IC50 (konsentrasi ekstrak yang mampu menghambat polimerisasi heme hingga 50%). Nilai IC50 diperoleh menggunakan analisis probit. Aktivitas penghambatan polimerisasi heme ditunjukkan dengan nilai IC50 Nilai IC50 senyawa (1)-N-(2-nitrobenzil)-1,10-fenantrolinium iodida tidak dapat ditentukan. Nilai IC50 senyawa (1)-N-(4-nitrobenzil)-1,10-fenantrolinium iodida dan klorokuin secara berturut–turut adalah 0,571±0,071; 25,498±1,876 mg/mL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa (1)-N-(4-nitrobenzil)-1,10-fenantrolinium iodida memiliki kemampuan penghambatan polimerisasi heme yang lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan klorokuin sedangkan senyawa (1)-N-(2-nitrobenzil)-1,10-fenantrolinium iodida tidak memiliki aktivitas penghambatan polimerisasi heme

EKSTRAK HEKSAN BIJI JINTAN HITAM (Nigella sativa L) MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS FAGOSITOSIS MAKROFAG TIKUS BETINA GALUR SD (Sprague Dawley) YANG DIINDUKSI DMBA (7,12Dimetilbenz(α)antrasen) SECARA IN VITRO

Penelitian yang dilakukan sebelumnya telah membuktikan bahwa minyak biji jinten hitam bersifat sebagai imunomodulator, namun bagaimana mekanisme MBJH sebagai imunomodulator pada makrofag yang diinduksi DMBA belum diketahui. Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui efek Ekstrak Hexana Biji Jinten Hitam (EHBJH) terhadap aktifitas fagositosis makrofag peritoneal tikus SD yang diinduksi DMBA. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 10 ekor tikus betina Sprague Dawley yang dibagi dalam dua kelompok, yaitu 5 tikus kelompok tanpa perlakuan DMBA dan 5 tikus kelompok perlakuan DMBA. Setelah satu minggu pemberian DMBA sebanyak 15 mg perekor tikus, tikus dibedah dan diambil cairan peritonealnya untuk dilakukan isolasi makrofag yang akan dikultur selama 24 jam. Makrofag peritoneal tersebut diberi ekstrak heksan BJH (Nigella sativa Lour) sebanyak 1 μg/mL, 5 μg/mL, 25 μg/mL, dan diberi standar timokuinon untuk masing-masing kelompok tanpa induksi DMBA dan kelompok perlakuan DMBA. Makrofag diinkubasi kembali selama 2 jam. Uji fagositosis dilakukan dengan menambahkan partikel lateks pada makrofag berbudaya dan pewarnaan Giemsa. Data persentase jumlah makrofag yang makan lateks dan indeks fagositosis dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov yang dilanjutkan dengan uji ANOVA dan uji LSD dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktifitas dan indek fagositosis makrofag yang tidak diinduksi DMBA lebih besar dari pada aktifitas dan indek fagositosis makrofag yang diinduksi makrofag (p<0,05). Kelompok 25 µg/mL EHBJH memiliki aktifitas dan indek fagositosis paling tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok perlakuan yang lain (p<0,05). Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak heksan BJH (Nigella sativa Lour) dapat meningkatkan aktivitas fagositosis makrofag tikus betina galur Sprague Dawle

EFEK EKSTRAK ETANOL GANGGANG HIJAU (Ulva Lactuca L) TERHADAP BERAT BADAN DAN KADAR TRIGLISERIDA TIKUS JANTAN YANG DIBERI DIET LEMAK TINGGI

Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan potensi kandungan melatonin dalam ganggang hijau (Ulva Lactuca L) untuk mengurangi resiko penyakit jantung koroner dengan aktivitas anti hiperlipidemia. Obesitas dan hiperlipidemia merupakan faktor resiko penyakit degeneratif seperti penyakit jantung. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat efek ekstrak etanol ganggang hijau terhadap berat badan dan konsumsi pakan dari hewan uji tikus putih jantan yang diberi diet lemak tinggi. Penelitian ini diawali dengan ekstraksi ganggang hijau cara maserasi menggunakan etanol 96% sampai diperoleh ekstrak kental. Ekstrak yang diperoleh diujikan kepada hewan uji tikus jantan galur Wistar umur 2 bulan. Hewan uji dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok masing masing 6 ekor. Kelompok I kontrol diet lemak tinggi diberi minyak babi 2 ml/200g BB , kelompok II diberi diet lemak tinggi dan Simvastatin, kelompok III, IV dan V diberi diet lemak tinggi dan ekstrak ganggang hijau dosis 50 mg/kg BB, 100 mg/kg BB dan 200 mg/kg BB. Kelompok VI merupakan kelompok kontrol tanpa diet lemak tinggi. Perlakuan dilakukan selama 28 hari. Tikus di ukur berat badannya setiap 5 hari selama 28 hari dan di ukur konsumsi pakan dengan mengukur berat pakan sisa dari pakan awal 20 g. Data selisih berat badan tikus per 5 hari dan konsumsi pakan selama 28 hari dihitung area under curve (AUC) dari kurva waktu versus berat badan. Terakhir dilakukan pengukuran kadar trigliserida. Data dianalisis secara statistik dengan SPSS. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan pemberian diet lemak tinggi berupa minyak babi 2 ml/200g BB selama 1 bulan menurunkan berat badan dan konsumsi pakan tikus secara bermakna dibanding kontrol tanpa diet lemak tinggi. Pemberian ekstrak etanol dosis 50, 100 dan 200 mg/kg BB tidak menurunkan berat badan, konsumsi pakan dan kadar trigliserida tikus yang diberi diet lemak tinggi

Distribution of cytochrome P450*4 (CYP2A6*4) allele gene among Javanese Indonesian T2DM patients

Smoking had been increasing the risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), both active and passive smokers, which is caused by nicotine contained in cigarettes. Nicotine has metabolized by cytochrome p450 2a6 (CYP2A6) enzyme coded by the CYP2A6 gene. This gene was a high polymorphism that is the CYP2A6*4 allele gene was inactive. Thus, our objective was to describe the CYP2A6*4 allele gene among active and passive Javanese smokers with T2DM. From this cross-sectional study, we identified this allele gene among 46 of the adults with T2DM, which were consist of 23 active smokers and 23 passive smokers. The CYP2A6*4 allele gene identification has done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The CYP2A6*4 allele frequency was analyzed to describe the distribution of this allele among the participants. This study supports the hypothesis that smoking, including cigarette smoke, was an environmentally modifiable risk factor for developing T2DM. Based on our result, the allele frequency among the participants was 42.39%. A high frequency of the CYP2A4 allele gene among the participants was indicating that the CYP2A4 allele gene was also the other risk factor in developing T2DM

Burn wound healing activity of ethanol extract gel of Green Algae (Ulva lactuca L) in mice

Recently, burn injuries have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-middle-income countries. Burn injuries are tissue loss caused by contact with heat sources such as hot water, fire, chemicals, electricity, and radiation. According to the WHO Global Burden Disease, in 2017 an estimated 180.000 people died from burn injuries. Ethanol extract of green algae (EEGA) contains compounds that potentially heal burn injuries. The research was conducted to obtain a gel formulation from EEGA and test its burn wound healing properties in mice (Mus musculus). Forty-five mice were divided into five groups: I (negative control), II (treated with gel base), III (positive control, Bioplacenton gel), IV (5% EEGA gel), and V (10% EEGA gel). Wound diameters and description scores were observed every fourth, seventh, and fourteenth day, and the derived data were analyzed in the SPSS program with the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significance difference (LSD) test. The results indicate that EEGA can be formulated into gels with physical properties compliant with the requirements of the dosage form. Further, it was found that Groups IV and V showed significant reductions in wound description scores and diameters (p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, gels containing 5% and 10% EEGA possess burn wound healing properties

EFEK FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT EKSTRAK ETANOL AKAR PASAK BUMI (Eurycoma longifolia, Jack) TERHADAP AKTIVITAS FAGOSITOSIS MAKROFAG SECARA IN VITRO

Eurycoma longifolia has been used as a remedy for detoxification, aphrodisiaca, anticancer andimmunistimulant. The quassinoids of pasak bumi root extract, have antioxidant activity andimmunomodulatory activity by increasing IL-12. This study aims to determine the effect of the ethylacetate fraction of ethanolic extract of pasak bumi root on macrophages phagocytic activity in vitro.Macrophages were isolated from peritoneal fluid of male Balb/Cmice, and thenwere cultured for 24hours in 24 well plate. The ethyl actetate fraction ethanolic extract of pasak bumi root withconcentration of 10, 50, and 100 µg/ml, lipopolysaccharides and dimethyl sulfoxide were added, andincubated for 1.5 hours. The phagocytosis tests was carried out by adding latex with density5x104/well and incubated for 1.5 hours at incubator (5% CO2,37oC). Macrophage were then stained byGiemsa. The results showed that the percentage of active phagocytic cells treated with ethyl actetatefraction of ethanolic extract of pasak bumi root of 10, 50 and 100 µg/ml, lipopolysaccharides, anddimethyl sulfoxide were 95.4%, 90%, 85.4%, 83.4%, and 79% respectively. Phagocytic capacity attreatment levels of 10, 50, and 100 µg/ml, lipopolysaccharides,and dimethyl sulfoxide were 469; 439.8; 360.8; 204.6; and 147.6 respectively. The result showed thatreatment of ethyl acetate fractionof ethanolic extract of pasak bumi root can increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages in vitro

The cholesterol-lowering activity of Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves ethyl acetate fraction in hypercholesterolemic model

Averrhoa bilimbi L. is used widely as spices and traditional medicine, which contained several chemical compounds such as alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin. The aim of this study is to discover the best dose of ethyl acetate fraction from A.bilimbi leaves, which have pharmacology activity on total cholesterol and triglycerides in the hypercholesterolemic model. Thirty adult male white mice were divided into six groups; each group was containing five animals. Five groups were given high-fat diet foods and PTU induced the animals to obtain hypercholesterolemia with a frequency of 1 time a day orally for 14 days, while the normal group was given vehicle (Na CMC 5%) and standard feed. On the 15th day the normal group was given vehicle (Na CMC 5%), negative control group was given high-fat feed, positive control group was given atorvastatin dose 0.26 mg/kg BW, and another group was given ethyl acetate fraction of A.bilimbi leaves dose 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW orally. All animal were treated until the 28th day. On day 29, the bloods were taken to determine the total cholesterol and trygliceride levels using clinical photometer 5010 v5+. The data was statistically analyzed using a one-way ANOVA followed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test.. This study indicates that administration of ethyl acetate fraction from A.bilimbi leaves can affect the total cholesterol levels and triglycerides in hypercholesterolemic mice (P&lt;0.05). Ethyl acetate fraction dose 200 mg/kg BW shows the best activity in decreasing total cholesterol levels and triglycerides on mice hypercholesterolemic model (P&lt;0.05)

The effect of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb rhizome extract on in vitro phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation

Zingiber cassumunar Roxb (bengle) is one of the plants with the potential as an immunomodulator. It contain curcumin and some volatile compounds which previously reported to be potential as immunomodulator. This study aims to examine and determine the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract on phagocytic activity of macrophages and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. The bengle rhizome is macerated with 96% etanol solvent and then followed by ethyl acetate fractionation. The macrophage and lymphocyte were used in this study was isolated from male Balb/C strain mice. The macrophage phagocytosis activity was carried out using latex bead assay, and lymphocyte proliferation assay was carried out using MTT assay method. The concentration of extract was used in this study were 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL. The effect of treatment was compared to negative control group.  The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract can increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages was shown by increasing of active phagocytes cells (SFA) and phagocytosis index. The highest percentage of SFA and phagocytic index results were shown at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract could increase lymphocyte proliferation significantly compare to the negative control (p&lt;0.05). This study showed the potential of bengle as immunomodulatory agent

Free fatty acids regulating action of Capparis decidua fruit on dyslipidemia in rats

Capparis decidua belongs to family Capparidaceae in wastelands of India. The study aim was to determine the role of C. decidua fruits on the free fatty acids (FFA) profile in fat-rich diet (FRD) dyslipidemic rats. The methanolic extract of edible fruit of C. decidua (CD) was given orally to obese dyslipidemic rats at the dose of 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg for consecutive 28 days. CD treatment in FRD rats significantly restricts the body weight gains. Blood lipid profile was altered dose dependently and significantly after 4-week treatment with CD to FRD. rats. It significantly (p&lt;0.05) enhanced serum FFA especially, g-linolinate, a-linolinate, arachidonate, ecosapentaenoate, docosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate. Moreover, w3-PUFA content was also enhanced (50.3% and 78.8%) in the serum of CD treated animals, whereas MUFA was lowered (31.1% and 40%). Therefore, Capparis decidua fruit has a promising role on dyslipidemia and obesity and has the capabilities to regulate beneficial free fatty acids.

Formulation self nano emulsifying drug delivery system glimepiride using oleic acid as oil phase

Glimepiride is a third generation sulphonylurea antidiabetic drug. Glimepiride is poorly water soluble drug that may cause poor dissolution and unpredicted bioavailability. Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) have become a popular formulation option as nanocarriers for poorly water-soluble drugs. The objective of this research was to develop SNEDDS formulation of glimepiride to improve oral dissolution and bioavailability. Glimepiride SNEDDS  was formulated using oleic acid as oil phase, tween 80 as surfactant, and transcutol as co-surfactant due to their higher solubilization effect. The formulated SNEDDS were evaluated for % transmittance, dispersibility, thermodynamic stability, dissolution, globule size and morphology analysis. The results showed that the glimepiride SNEDDS was rapidly formed clear emulsion and stabile based on thermodynamic test. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the spherical droplets morphology in nanometer range. The globule average diameter size was 45 nm. The SNEDDS formulation significantly increase dissolution of glimepiride compared with pure drug