Sunspot rotation. I. A consequence of flux emergence

Context. Solar eruptions and high flare activity often accompany the rapid rotation of sunspots. The study of sunspot rotation and the mechanisms driving this motion are therefore key to our understanding of how the solar atmosphere attains the conditions necessary for large energy release. Aims. We aim to demonstrate and investigate the rotation of sunspots in a 3D numerical experiment of the emergence of a magnetic flux tube as it rises through the solar interior and emerges into the atmosphere. Furthermore, we seek to show that the sub-photospheric twist stored in the interior is injected into the solar atmosphere by means of a definitive rotation of the sunspots. Methods. A numerical experiment is performed to solve the 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations using a Lagrangian-Remap code. We track the emergence of a toroidal flux tube as it rises through the solar interior and emerges into the atmosphere investigating various quantities related to both the magnetic field and plasma. Results. Through detailed analysis of the numerical experiment, we find clear evidence that the photospheric footprints or sunspots of the flux tube undergo a rotation. Significant vertical vortical motions are found to develop within the two polarity sources after the field emerges. These rotational motions are found to leave the interior portion of the field untwisted and twist up the atmospheric portion of the field. This is shown by our analysis of the relative magnetic helicity as a significant portion of the interior helicity is transported to the atmosphere. In addition, there is a substantial transport of magnetic energy to the atmosphere. Rotation angles are also calculated by tracing selected fieldlines; the fieldlines threading through the sunspot are found to rotate through angles of up to 353 degrees over the course of the experiment

The Simulation Model of the “HELPERS” Influence on the Population with Limited Resources

The research of various population processes is an important stage in the understanding of different patterns of the group behavior inside the population. In our time, the society goes through a significant amount of thrills connected with unusual behavior models of individuals, such as homosexual behavior, abandonment of children, etc. Different scientific underpinnings can help in accepting of this kind of individuals by radical-minded people. The simulation model of these processes allows evaluating them in different conditions and with a significant amount of cycles. This allows understanding the ways and under which conditions different behavioral models are the most efficient and are fixed in the population The model simulates competitiveness for common resource between two groups. The first group (G1) consist of “parents” (individuals that are engaged in reproduction) and “helpers” (that are not engaged in reproduction, but potentially influence the intra-group process). The second group (G2) consist of “parents” individuals. We believe that conditions, in which the model group displaces the alternative group, may in the real biological evolution contribute to the alleles pinning, which foster the emergence of the “helper”

Do imperfect budget policies lead to uneven year-end spending? The comparison of Ukraine & Canada

Many organizations have budgets that expire at the end of the year and they may face incentives to rush to spend resources on projects at the year-end. We are testing this hypothesis using data from Ukraine’s and Canada’s state budgets for 2013-2017. Budget expenditures for the last quarter of the fiscal year exceed the average and for the first quarter they are lower than they should be on average. It is known that the in Ukraine a budget policy became a state policy only in the 90s. Until that it was a part of the centralized budget policy of the USSR. After the declaration of independence, Ukraine started to introduce the scientific substantiation and practical implementation of decisions and measures aimed at improving the performance of a budget policy, so it is important to study the nature of this policy in order to use the positive experience of the developed countries

The Incoherence of American Corporate Governance and the Need For Federal Standards

This Comment suggests that the U.S. Congress should expand the SEC’s mandate so that it has clear authority to implement corporate governance standards. Part I provides an overview of problems regarding how much executive pay is given, how pay is set, and how it is disclosed. It then highlights regulatory responses to those problems, including how they provide contradictory incentives and result in unpredictability and over-regulation. Part II considers the current scope of the SEC’s mandate, including courts’ and commentators’ difficulty in defining its boundaries. Part II concludes that this difficulty sometimes makes the SEC’s regulatory actions either ineffective or beyond its mandate. Part III looks at the SEC’s recently enacted executive compensation rules and concludes that as a result of the SEC’s mandate, the rules will not fix the problems set out in Part I. Last, Part IV argues that the U.S. Congress must expand the SEC’s mandate to enable the SEC to set federal corporate governance standards, and to allow it to effectively regulate executive compensation

Pattern Transitions in Unstable Viscous Convective Medium

Convection in a thin layer of liquid (gas) with temperature dependent viscosity between poorly heat conducting boundaries is studied within framework of the Proctor-Sivashinsky model. This model is examined in order to study both the flow pattern formation and the second-order structural phase transitions as between patterns with translational invariance as well as between structures with broken translational invariance but keeping a long-range order. The spatial spectrum of arising patterns and estimation of their visual defectiveness are analyzed. The relation between the density of pattern defects and spectral characteristics of the pattern is found. We also discuss the noise effects on the formation of pattern defects. The influence of temperature dependence of viscosity on the process of pattern formation and structure transformations is also discussed. It is shown that the temperature dependence of viscosity inhibits structural transition from regular rolls to square cells

International Tourism in the System of Modern Globalization Processes

Стаття присвячена процесам глобалізації, що відбуваються у сучасному світі. Особлива увага приділяється впливу глобалізації на туризм. Розглядаються як позитивні, так і негативні впливи глобалізаційних процесів на різні сфери життя суспільства. У статті описані основні фактори глобалізації у міжнародному туризмі та їх вплив на його розвиток. Глобалізація часто розглядається як особливий стан людського суспільства. В контексті туризму глобалізація дозволяє сприймати туристів як споживачів, привносячи культуру споживання в країни, що розвиваються і сприяючи зростанню глобального суспільства. Розглядається вплив COVID-19 на міжнародні туристичні потоки. Міжнародний туризм. Глобалізація. Короновірус Статья посвящена процессам глобализации, происходящим в современном мире. Особое внимание уделяется влиянию глобализации на туризм. Рассматриваются как положительные, так и отрицательные воздействия глобализационных процессов на различные сферы жизни общества. В статье описаны основные факторы глобализации в международном туризме и их влияние на его развитие. Глобализация часто рассматривается как особое состояние человеческого общества. В контексте туризма глобализация позволяет воспринимать туристов как потребителей, привнося культуру потребления в развивающиеся страны и способствуя росту глобального общества. Рассматривается влияние COVID-19 на международные туристические потоки. Международный туризм. Глобализация. КороновирусThe article is devoted to globalization processes taking place in the modern world. Particular attention is paid to the impact of globalization on tourism. Both positive and negative effects of globalization processes on different spheres of society are considered. The article describes the main factors of globalization in international tourism and their impact on its development. Globalization is often seen as a special state of human society. In the context of tourism, globalization allows tourists to be perceived as consumers, bringing a culture of consumption to developing countries and contributing to the growth of global society. International Tourism, Globalization, COVID-1

Simulation as a method for asymptotic system behavior identification (e.g. water frog hemiclonal population systems)

Studying any system requires development of ways to describe the variety of its conditions. Such development includes three steps. The first one is to identify groups of similar systems (associative typology). The second one is to identify groups of objects which are similar in characteristics important for their description (analytic typology). The third one is to arrange systems into groups based on their predicted common future (dynamic typology). We propose a method to build such a dynamic topology for a system. The first step is to build a simulation model of studied systems. The model must be undetermined and simulate stochastic processes. The model generates distribution of the studied systems output parameters with the same initial parameters. We prove the correctness of the model by aligning the parameters sets generated by the model with the set of the original systems conditions evaluated empirically. In case of a close match between the two, we can presume that the model is adequately describing the dynamics of the studied systems. On the next stage, we should determine the probability distribution of the systems transformation outcome. Such outcomes should be defined based on the simulation of the transformation of the systems during the time sufficient to determine its fate. If the systems demonstrate asymptotic behavior, its phase space can be divided into pools corresponding to its different future state prediction. A dynamic typology is determined by which of these pools each system falls into. We implemented the pipeline described above to study water frog hemiclonal population systems. Water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) is an animal group displaying interspecific hybridization and non-mendelian inheritance

Copyright in Central and Eastern Europe: An Intellectual Property Metamorphosis

Програму присвячено питанням організації і проходження виробничої практики студентами освітньо-професійної підготовки магістрів. Розглянуто мету й основні завдання практики, вимоги щодо підготовки та захисту звіту з виробничої практики, порядок виконання типових завдань. Посібник є допоміжним матеріалом для якісної практичної підготовки студентів, він містить зразки супровідних документів, необхідних для правильного оформлення звіту з практики. Програма розрахована на студентів, викладачів, керівників підприємств усіх форм власності

A Balance of Interests: the Concordance of Copyright Law and Moral Rights in the Worldwide Economy

LECTURE IN INTERNAL MEDICINE PROPAEDEUTIC