The capsule polysaccharide structure and biogenesis for non-O1 Vibrio cholerae NRT36S: genes are embedded in the LPS region

BACKGROUND: In V. cholerae, the biogenesis of capsule polysaccharide is poorly understood. The elucidation of capsule structure and biogenesis is critical to understanding the evolution of surface polysaccharide and the internal relationship between the capsule and LPS in this species. V. cholerae serogroup O31 NRT36S, a human pathogen that produces a heat-stable enterotoxin (NAG-ST), is encapsulated. Here, we report the covalent structure and studies of the biogenesis of the capsule in V. cholerae NRT36S. RESULTS: The structure of the capsular (CPS) polysaccharide was determined by high resolution NMR spectroscopy and shown to be a complex structure with four residues in the repeating subunit. The gene cluster of capsule biogenesis was identified by transposon mutagenesis combined with whole genome sequencing data (GenBank accession DQ915177). The capsule gene cluster shared the same genetic locus as that of the O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biogenesis gene cluster. Other than V. cholerae O139, this is the first V. cholerae CPS for which a structure has been fully elucidated and the genetic locus responsible for biosynthesis identified. CONCLUSION: The co-location of CPS and LPS biosynthesis genes was unexpected, and would provide a mechanism for simultaneous emergence of new O and K antigens in a single strain. This, in turn, may be a key element for V. cholerae to evolve new strains that can escape immunologic detection by host populations

Measurement and structural invariance of cognitive ability tests after computer-based training

Ability tests are core elements in performance research as well as in applied contexts and are increasingly carried out using computer-based versions. In the last few decades a whole training and coaching industry has developed to prepare individuals for computer-based assessments. Evidence suggests that such commercial training programs can result in score gains in ability tests, thereby creating an advantage for those who can afford it and challenging the fairness of ability assessment. As a consequence, several authors recommended freely offering training software to all participants to increase measurement fairness. However, it is still an open question whether the unsupervised use of training software could have an impact on the measurement properties of ability tests. The goal of the present study is to fill this gap by examining the subjects’ ability scores for measurement and structural invariance across different amounts of computer-based training. Structural equation modeling was employed in a sample of 15,752 applicants who participated in high-stakes assessments with computer-based ability tests. Across different training amounts, our analyses supported measurement and structural invariance of ability scores. In conclusion, free training software is a means that provides fair preparation opportunities without changing the measurement properties of the tests

Pensamiento sistémico : el concepto de sistema en el currículo y en libros de texto de secundaria de biologia y geologia

Este trabajo es un estudio inicial sobre el concepto de sistema que desarrollan los alumnos a lo largo de su paso por la etapa escolar, en concreto dentro del ámbito de las ciencias naturales. Para ello hemos realizado un análisis del contenido de los textos que rigen el currículo de Biología y Geología en Aragón, así como de los libros de texto de dos de las editoriales más utilizadas en esta comunidad. Por otro lado, queremos ver la idea que los alumnos adquieren de sistema al finalizar esta etapa obligatoria, y para ello hemos realizado una encuesta a alumnos de 1º de bachillerato, unas actividades en donde podemos observar como utilizan este concepto y unas entrevistas semiestrucutradas

Terra boa program for pasture improvement: potential impact on greenhouse gasses mitigation through soils in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) State.

Mato Grosso do Sul State has about 20 million hectares of pastures (SIGA-MS, 2016). From this total, close to four million hectares are natural grasslands in the Pantanal wetlands. The balance, or about 16 million hectares, are sown pastures. The State Secretary of Agriculture (Secretaria de Estado de Produção e Agricultura Familiar - SEPAF) estimated that at least 50% of the total cultivated pasture are degraded or with some degree of degradation. These areas have low productivity and may negatively affect environment. To face the problem of degraded pastures, SEPAF created the “Terra Boa Program” focused on the improvement of pastures in Mato Grosso do Sul (SEPAF, 2016). The Program aims “to promote, within five years, restoration and maintenance of production capacity for two million hectares of degraded pastures in the state”. The Program addresses seven major actions: (i) improvement of pastures; (ii) conversion of pastures into cropland; (iii) integrated crop- livestock systems; (iv) integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems; (v) integrated livestock- forestry systems; (vi) conversion of pastures into sugarcane farming; and (vii) afforestation

Courier Gazette : Tuesday, October 30, 1917

Notes/stamp on vers

Alien Registration- Sarasin, Hermina (Lewiston, Androscoggin County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/28187/thumbnail.jp

Portland Daily Press: October 10,1866

https://digitalmaine.com/pdp_1866/1235/thumbnail.jp

Noon, Saturday, May 22, 1909. One of the many young girls who are working in Amoskeag Mills, Manchester, N.H. I saw them (and many others smaller) working at the spinning frames. Location: Manchester, New Hampshire.

Title from NCLC caption card.Attribution to Hine based on provenance.In album: Mills.Hine no. 0749

Hugh Oliphant, 12 years old driving a "double-shovel." Location: Warren County--Bowling Green, Kentucky

Title from NCLC caption card.In album: Agriculture.Hine no. 4506."Div. 5" recorded on caption card as part of the geographic location; probably refers to a school district

This is the attendance in the Sanders School, District #30 on December 6. Compare photograph 4042 showing attendance on October 25 - 7 weeks after school opened. Location: Sterling [vicinity], Colorado

Title from NCLC caption card.In album: Agriculture.Hine no. 4058