Radiological control procedures applicable to radioisotope thermoelectric generator SNAP-27. Volume 2 - Radiological emergencies

Radiological control procedures for transportation, handling, and storage of SNAP 27 thermoelectric generator in radiological emergencie

Radiological control procedures applicable to radioisotope thermoelectric generator SNAP-27. Volume 1 - Normal operations

Radiological control procedures applicable to transport, handling, and storage of the thermoelectric generator SNAP 27 prior to launch during normal condition

Radiological health risks to astronauts from space activities and medical procedures

Radiation protection standards for space activities differ substantially from those applied to terrestrial working situations. The levels of radiation and subsequent hazards to which space workers are exposed are quite unlike anything found on Earth. The new more highly refined system of risk management involves assessing the risk to each space worker from all sources of radiation (occupational and non-occupational) at the organ level. The risk coefficients were applied to previous space and medical exposures (diagnostic x ray and nuclear medicine procedures) in order to estimate the radiation-induced lifetime cancer incidence and mortality risk. At present, the risk from medical procedures when compared to space activities is 14 times higher for cancer incidence and 13 times higher for cancer mortality; however, this will change as the per capita dose during Space Station Freedom and interplanetary missions increases and more is known about the risks from exposure to high-LET radiation

Validation procedures in radiological diagnostic models. Neural network and logistic regression

The objective of this paper is to compare the performance of two predictive radiological models, logistic regression (LR) and neural network (NN), with five different resampling methods. One hundred and sixty-seven patients with proven calvarial lesions as the only known disease were enrolled. Clinical and CT data were used for LR and NN models. Both models were developed with cross validation, leave-one-out and three different bootstrap algorithms. The final results of each model were compared with error rate and the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (Az). The neural network obtained statistically higher Az than LR with cross validation. The remaining resampling validation methods did not reveal statistically significant differences between LR and NN rules. The neural network classifier performs better than the one based on logistic regression. This advantage is well detected by three-fold cross-validation, but remains unnoticed when leave-one-out or bootstrap algorithms are used.Skull, neoplasms, logistic regression, neural networks, receiver operating characteristic curve, statistics, resampling

Educating Radiologists About Pain

It is vital that radiologists understand pain. After all, it is the most common symptom that leads patients to seek medical care, and represents one of the most common indications for diagnostic and interventional radiological procedures 1, 2 and 3. In addition, radiological procedures can be a source of pain to patients, particularly in the context of interventional procedures 4 and 5. By gaining a better understanding of the nature, assessment, and effective management of pain, radiologists and radiology personnel can do a better job of caring for patients

Pituitary gland imaging - review of the literature

Introduction: is an endocrine gland located upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity (sella turcica). Radiological procedures are playing essential role in present diagnostic of pituitary gland. Pituitary tumours can now be visualized more accurately due to continued improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques with gadolinium enhancement. Aim of the study: This article summarizes the current knowledge about radiological imaging of pituitary gland and in particular MRI scan procedures. In this paper we also want to show how the imaging of the pituitary gland looked like in the past and nowadays. Description of knowledge: Diagnostic procedures play primary role in present diagnosis and treatment of pituitary gland and sella turcica tumours. It is crucial for further diagnostic procedures to locate the tumour its size and margins. Currently magnetic resonance imaging is the more important examination just after the laboratory results. That modality easily shows exact location and tumours smaller than 1 cm. Radiological differentiation of lessions wouldn’t be possible without contrast agents. The latest MRI study protocols involve dynamic and delayed sequences for better visualisation and differential diagnostic. Conclusions: During the years radiological techniques evolved and gave us the perfect tool to visualize the pituitary gland and its pathologies

Unintended and accidental medical radiation exposures in radiology: guidelines on investigation and prevention

This paper sets out guidelines for managing radiation exposure incidents involving patients in diagnostic and interventional radiology. The work is based on collation of experiences from representatives of international and national organizations for radiologists, medical physicists, radiographers, regulators, and equipment manufacturers, derived from an International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Meeting. More serious overexposures can result in skin doses high enough to produce tissue reactions, in interventional procedures and computed tomography, most notably from perfusion studies. A major factor involved has been deficiencies in training of staff in operation of equipment and optimization techniques. The use of checklists and time outs before procedures commence, and dose alerts when critical levels are reached during procedures can provide safeguards to reduce risks of these effects occurring. However, unintended and accidental overexposures resulting in relatively small additional doses can take place in any diagnostic or interventional X-ray procedure and it is important to learn from errors that occur, as these may lead to increased risks of stochastic effects. Such events may involve the wrong examinations, procedural errors, or equipment faults. Guidance is given on prevention, investigation and dose calculation for radiology exposure incidents within healthcare facilities. Responsibilities should be clearly set out in formal policies, and procedures should be in place to ensure that root causes are identified and deficiencies addressed. When an overexposure of a patient or an unintended exposure of a foetus occurs, the foetal, organ, skin and/or effective dose may be estimated from exposure data. When doses are very low, generic values for the examination may be sufficient, but a full assessment of doses to all exposed organs and tissues may sometimes be required. The use of general terminology to describe risks from stochastic effects is recommended rather than calculation of numerical values, as these are misleading when applied to individuals

Overview of Methods to Quantify Invasiveness of Surgical Approaches in Orthopedic Surgery-A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND: There is a trend toward minimally invasive and more automated procedures in orthopedic surgery. An important aspect in the further development of these techniques is the quantitative assessment of the surgical approach. The aim of this scoping review is to deliver a structured overview on the currently used methods for quantitative analysis of a surgical approaches' invasiveness in orthopedic procedures. The compiled metrics presented in the herein study can serve as the basis for digitization of surgery and advanced computational methods that focus on optimizing surgical procedures. METHODS: We performed a blinded literature search in November 2020. In-vivo and ex-vivo studies that quantitatively assess the invasiveness of the surgical approach were included with a special focus on radiological methods. We excluded studies using exclusively one or multiple of the following parameters: risk of reoperation, risk of dislocation, risk of infection, risk of patient-reported nerve injury, rate of thromboembolic event, function, length of stay, blood loss, pain, operation time. RESULTS: The final selection included 51 articles. In the included papers, approaches to 8 different anatomical structures were investigated, the majority of which examined procedures of the hip (57%) and the spine (29%). The different modalities to measure the invasiveness were categorized into three major groups "biological" (23 papers), "radiological" (25), "measured in-situ" (14) and their use "in-vivo" or "ex-vivo" was analyzed. Additionally, we explain the basic principles of each modality and match it to the anatomical structures it has been used on. DISCUSSION: An ideal metric used to quantify the invasiveness of a surgical approach should be accurate, cost-effective, non-invasive, comprehensive and integratable into the clinical workflow. We find that the radiological methods best meet such criteria. However, radiological metrics can be more prone to confounders such as coexisting pathologies than in-situ measurements but are non-invasive and possible to perform in-vivo. Additionally, radiological metrics require substantial expertise and are not cost-effective. Owed to their high accuracy and low invasiveness, radiological methods are, in our opinion, the best suited for computational applications optimizing surgical procedures. The key to quantify a surgical approach's invasiveness lies in the integration of multiple metrics