Process Design of Patchouli Oil Distillation by Varying Operating Conditions to Increase Yields of Patchouli Oil

Patchouli oil is part of the essential oils obtained from patchouli plants by distillation. Patchouli oil is widely used in industry as provider of aroma and flavour. Quality of patchouli oil is determined by its natural characteristics and foreign materials contain in the patchouli oil. The foreign materials contain in the patchouli oil can be damage the quality of patchouli oil. Aceh Province is the largest contribute in producing patchouli oil in Indonesia. Patchouli oil processing areas in the Aceh region, precisely in the North Aceh and South Aceh district. In generally farmer of patchouli in Aceh is traditional farmer and many of them not yet follow the best refine system. They do it base of previously experience. Refinery equipment that used from former drum that can be reaction with patchouli oil, with the result can to change chemistry structure of patchouli oil, so that the oil produced is dirty and has dark colour and does not meet the specified quality requirements). The main purpose of this research is to increase yield and the quality of patchouli oil by using of refinery equipment modification process to meet quality standards. In this research the former drum is replaced by stainless steel drum. Method of test quality and procedure of test quality same as standard method of SNI-06-2385-2006. The results showed that the using of refinery equipment (stainless steel drum) able to increase the yield and oil quality, especially in terms of colour, physicochemical properties and concentration of its main components and also meet the quality requirements of national standard

Economic and environmental strategies for process design

This paper first addresses the definition of various objectives involved in eco-efficient processes, taking simultaneously into account ecological and economic considerations. The environmental aspect at the preliminary design phase of chemical processes is quantified by using a set of metrics or indicators following the guidelines of sustainability concepts proposed by . The resulting multiobjective problem is solved by a genetic algorithm following an improved variant of the so-called NSGA II algorithm. A key point for evaluating environmental burdens is the use of the package ARIANE™, a decision support tool dedicated to the management of plants utilities (steam, electricity, hot water, etc.) and pollutants (CO2, SO2, NO, etc.), implemented here both to compute the primary energy requirements of the process and to quantify its pollutant emissions. The well-known benchmark process for hydrodealkylation (HDA) of toluene to produce benzene, revisited here in a multiobjective optimization way, is used to illustrate the approach for finding eco-friendly and cost-effective designs. Preliminary biobjective studies are carried out for eliminating redundant environmental objectives. The trade-off between economic and environmental objectives is illustrated through Pareto curves. In order to aid decision making among the various alternatives that can be generated after this step, a synthetic evaluation method, based on the so-called Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) (), has been first used. Another simple procedure named FUCA has also been implemented and shown its efficiency vs. TOPSIS. Two scenarios are studied; in the former, the goal is to find the best trade-off between economic and ecological aspects while the latter case aims at defining the best compromise between economic and more strict environmental impact

Lunar fiberglass: Properties and process design

A Clemson University ceramic engineering design for a lunar fiberglass plant is presented. The properties of glass fibers and metal-matrix composites are examined. Lunar geology is also discussed. A raw material and site are selected based on this information. A detailed plant design is presented, and summer experiments to be carried out at Johnson Space Center are reviewed

A mathematical solution for food thermal process design

A new mathematical procedure was developed to correlate g (the difference between the retort and the coldest point temperatures in canned food at the end of the heating process), fh/U (the ratio of the heating rate index to the sterilizing value), z (the temperature change required for the thermal destruction curve to traverse one log cycle) and Jcc (the cooling lag factor). These are the four heat penetration parameters of 57 Stumbo's tables (18,513 datasets) in canned food. The quantities fh/U, z and Jcc are input variables to determine the g values, which is used in Ball's formula to calculate the heating process time B at constant retort temperature. The new procedure was based on three equations; the first was obtained by the inversion of the function that expresses the process lethality, F, and hence the fh/U parameter. However, the inversion was possible for a sub-domain of the function. The inverse function g = g(fh/U, z, Jcc ) was then extended to the entire domain (10\ub0C 64 z 64111\ub0C , fh/U 65 0.3 and 0.4 64 Jcc 64 2 ) using two polynomials (second and third equation) obtained with articulated multiple regressions starting from the Stumbo's datasets. A comparison between the calculated value of g and desired Stumbo's values of g provided the following values: a determination coefficient R2=0.9999, a mean relative error MRE=0.85\ub10.91% and a mean absolute error MAE=0.06\ub0\ub10.09\ub0C (0.11\ub0\ub10.16\ub0F). The results obtained by applying the mathematical procedure of this work, namely the g values using the three equations and the process time B using Ball's formula, closely followed the process time calculated from tabulated Stumbo's g values (root mean square of absolute errors RMS=0.393 min, average absolute error=0.259 min with a standard deviation SD=0.296 min). The high accuracy and simplicity of the procedure proposed here, make it useful in the development of mathematical algorithms for calculating and controlling, by computer, of food thermal processes. These algorithms replace the 57 look-up tables and 18,513 data sets needed in the Stumbo formula method. As such, this work offers a computerized formula method as an alternative to existing computerized numerical methods for this purpose

Collaborative information systems and business process design using simulation

The Information Systems (IS) community promotes the idea that IS analyst should have a clear understanding of the way the organization operates before attempting to propose an IS solution. It is argued that to take a complete advantage of the underlying Information Technology (IT), organizations should first identify any process flaw and then propose a suitable IT solution. Similarly, many process design approaches claim that Business Process (BP) design should be done considering the advantages provided and the limitations imposed by the underlying (IT). Despite this fact research in these domains provides little indication of which mechanisms or tools can help BP and IS analyst to understand the complex relationships amongst these two areas. This paper describes the insights gained during a UK funded research project, namely ASSESS-IT, that aimed to depict the dynamic relationships between IT and BP using simulation. One of the major limitations of the ASSESS-IT project is that it looked at relationship between BP and IT as a three layered structure, namely BP, IS and Computer Networks (CN), and did not explore in detail the relationships between BP and IS alone. This paper uses the outcomes derived from this project and suggests that, is some cases, the relationship between BP and IT could be analyzed by looking at the relationship between BP and IS alone. It then proposes an alternative simulation framework, namely BPISS, that provides the guideline to develop simulation models that portray BP and IS behavior performance measurements, offering in this way an alternative mechanism that can help BP and IS analyst to understand in more detail the dynamic interactions between BP and IS domains

The boundary flux. New perspectives for membrane process design

In the last decades much effort was put in understanding fouling phenomena on membranes. Many new concepts have been introduced in time, and parallel to this many parameters capable to quantify fouling issues and fouling evolution. One successful approach was the introduction of the critical flux theory. At first validated for microfiltration, the theory applied to ultrafiltration and nanofiltration, too. The possibility to measure a maximum value of the permeate flux for a given system without incurring in fouling issues was a breakthrough in membrane process design. Nevertheless, the application to the concept remains very limited: in many cases, in particular on systems where fouling is a main issue, critical fluxes were found to be very low, lower than economical feasibility permits to make membrane technology advantageous. Despite these arguments, the knowledge of the critical flux value still remains and must be considered as a good starting point for process design concerning productivity and longevity. In 2011, a new concept was introduced, that is the threshold flux. In this case, the concept evaluates the maximum permeate flow rate characterized by a low constant rate fouling regime, due to formation of a secondary, selective layer of foulant on the membrane surface. This concept, more than the critical flux, may be a new practical tool for membrane process designers. In this paper a brief review on critical and threshold flux will be reported and analyzed. In fact, critical and threshold flux concepts share many common aspects which merge perfectly into a new concept that is the boundary flux. The validation will occur mainly by the analysis of previous collected data by the authors, during the treatment of olive mill wastewater. A novel membrane process design method based on the boundary flux will then be presented

Industrial Process Design

Conté: Part 1, The company / Laura Castañeda Pajuelo. Part 2, The process / Joan Carrasco Vidiella. Part 3, The analysis / Vedruna Francès de Ma

Synchronous and Sequential Strategies in the Process Design of Cascade Equipment

Cascade or multistage equipment is characterized by the repetition of similar equipment elements in series. Process design, resulting into the main geometric and kinematic dimensions of the equipment, makes use of different strategies. These strategies, based on a process description, the (equality- and inequality) constraints and the number of degrees of freedom of the mathematical system, which describes the process, can be divided in synchronous- and sequential procedures. In a synchronous strategy no a priori requirements are made as to the distribution of a given process variable over the stages, so that the equipment dimensions are obtained simultaneously. In contrast to this a sequential strategy makes use of a priori statements resulting into stage-to-stage calculations and a decreasing number of degrees of freedom. The general theory presented with detailed information on process description, constraints and degrees of freedom, has been applied to the process design of a multi-stage centrifugal compressor

Pattern-driven Process Design

Prozess , Simulation, Muste