Towards zero solid waste: utilising tannery waste as a protein source for poultry feed

Zero waste is now a strongly emerging issue for sustainable industrial development where minimisation and utilisation of waste are a priority in the leather industry. In a tannery hides and skins converted in to leather through various processes. Approximately 20% (w/w) of the chrome containing tannery solid waste (TSW) is generated from one tonne of raw hides and skins. However, tannery solid waste may also be a resource if it is managed expertly as we move towards zero waste. This research illustrates the potential of tannery solid waste as a poultry feed additive. An oxidation method was used to achieve 95% of dechroming rate of chrome tanned waste followed with thermal and enzymatic treatment to produce gelatin solution and collagen concentrates. The thermal stability and fibre structure of samples were analysed by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Protein content and fourteen amino acid concentrations were determined using amino acid analysis. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to compare the amino acid composition with wheat and soya bean meal that is conventionally used in poultry feed. The nutrient requirements for poultry feed vary according to the purpose for which they have been developed. The high content of arginine, leucine, threonine, serine and methionine in the extract were of a sufficient level for poultry feed. Hexavalent chromium test was performed and showed that levels of the metal were low enough to be used in feed additives. In addition, the extracted product showed 75% digestibility (in vitro) and appears that treated TSW may be utilised in poultry feed, this demonstrates a clear example of waste utilisation. In Bangladesh plans are being formed to use the extract in poultry feed production

Analysis of Poultry Feed Marketing in Ahiazu Mbaise Local Government Area in Imo State

This Paper investigated the Analysis of Poultry Feed Marketing in Ahiazu Mbaise Local Government Area in Imo State.  This study was aimed at determining the socio-economic profile of traders distributing poultry feed, the channels of poultry feed distribution from producers to farmers, the socio-economic factors influencing the income of traders dealing on poultry feed in the study area and also the factors militating against effective marketing of poultry feed in Ahiazu Mbaise L.G.A. of Imo State.  The study area is located in Ahiazu Mabise were they have enough poultry feed marketers.  Seven villages were selected from the thirteen villages that make up the Local Government Area and 3 markets were selected.  For the study which includes Afor-ukwu, Afor-ogbe and Nwoaha market and a total of (70) questionnaires were administered to the wholesalers and retailers of poultry feed marketers who were randomly selected from the three (3) poultry feed markets. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the socio-economic profile of the respondents; it was also used to analyze the problems faced by the respondents in the study area.  The factors affecting income of the poultry feed marketers in the study area were determined using multiple regressions.  The lead equation which was the semi-log regression model was chosen based on apriori expectation which gave an R2 value of 0.866 meaning that 86.6% of the variance in income when explained by the independent variables of Age, Educational level, Purchase cost and cost of transportation which were significant in the equation. The marketing margin and efficiency was archived using the marketing margin analysis.  For both wholesalers and retailers, given a margin of 14.2% and 19% respectively. The research revealed three (3) marketing channels: the producers sell their poultry feeds to wholesalers, who resell their products to retailers and the retailers sell to consumers. The marketing efficiency was also determined to be 13%.  The major constraints faced by the traders include: trades: Higher cost of transportation, bad roads, lack of funds and credit facilities.  Appropriate and useful recommendation was stated and if implemented will improved the poultry feed marketing in Ahiazu Mbaise L.G.A in Imo State

Evaluation of Essential Metals and Arsenic in Poultry Feeds and Litters of Different Poultry Farms

The current study was aim to evaluate the speciation of arsenic (total arsenic “TAs”, arsenite “AsIII” and arsenate “AsV”) and total contents of essential metals in the feeds and litters of branded poultry feed using farms (BPF) and non-branded poultry feed utilizing farms (NBPF) at Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan. The TAs and essential metals determined by graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (GF and FAAS), respectively. Whereas, the AsIII and AsV separated by solvent extraction followed by GF-AAS. The high levels of sodium, potassium, and zinc were observed in branded poultry feeds whilst calcium and iron contents were higher in non-branded poultry feed. The contents of total arsenic in poultry feed samples of both branded and non-branded poultry feed utilizing farms were within the NRC permissible limits (30.0 mg/kg) except NBPF-1 and NBPF-4. Total As in all poultry litter samples were found under the permitted monthly average dose of As (41.0 mg/kg) for agronomical application expert poultry litter samples of BPF-1, NPBF-2, and NPBF-3. The daily accumulation of total As from feed to boilers were also studied

Poultry Feed Resources and Coping Mechanisms of Challenges in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Wondogenet and Shebedino woredas of Sidama zone with the objective of assessing the existing poultry feed resources, challenges and coping mechanisms. Multi stage sampling techniques were used. The potential supplementary feeds used were maize (17.85±2.21), household scraps (10.96±1.36) and cereal debris (9.05±1.08) gram per chicken per day. During the wet season of the year, 89.1% of the respondents feed scarcity was aggravated. Farmers were tackled poultry feed scarcity by feeding Enset (Ensete ventricosum)  by-products (30.8%), food left over and household wastes (13.3%), available major green feeds and non-conventional feed resources like growing worms and insect. The feed offered were entirely incomplete and inadequate. Therefore, efforts have to be made to design and implement interventions, aiming at improving poultry feed resource base and practices. Keywords: Challenges, Coping mechanism, poultry feed, Supplementation

Molecular mechanisms associated with survival of \u3ci\u3eSalmonella enterica\u3c/i\u3e in broiler feed are serovar and strain dependent

Food animals including poultry are known as a major reservoir for Salmonella. Poultry and poultry products are the leading sources of non-Typhi serotypes of Salmonella enterica. Feed has been recognized as a source of Salmonella in chickens. However, considering the fact that feed components have very low water activity of 0.4 approximately. The mechanisms of Salmonella survival in the feed and subsequent colonization of poultry are unknown. Given the conditions of the source of the main ingredients, processing, transportation and storage, poultry feed has a higher potential than other sources to become contaminated with Salmonella. Data indicate that prevalence of Salmonella enterica in human foodborne illness is not related to their prevalence of isolation from feed. Thus, it appears that survival in poultry feed may be an independent factor unrelated to virulence of specific serovars of Salmonella. In this research, we examine the survival rates and gene expression of Salmonella in poultry feed. Fifteen different serovars isolated from human infections or poultry inoculated in poultry feed were assayed to determine survival rates at 0, 4, 8, 24 hours, 4 and 7 days. In addition, genes associated with colonization (hilA, invA) and survival via fatty acids synthesis (cfa, fabA, fabB, fabD) were evaluated using real-time PCR at four different time points, 0, 2, 4, and 24 hours after inoculation. This study demonstrated that the ability of Salmonella enterica to survive over storage time in poultry feed was serovar and strain dependent. Furthermore, the data indicate that the upregulation of short chain fatty acid synthesis and down regulation of virulence genes may be associated with survival in poultry feed

Making poultry feed more sustainable

The tool shows two alternatives to organic soya: oilseed rape and sunflower seeds. It is a written report providing information and research outlines regarding their potential in poultry feed. The nutritional differences of different crops are described in detail and agronomic advice on how to grow the crops is provided. Aimed at organic farmers in the UK, but relevant to all northern European countries

Fungi distribution in poultry feed

Feed can easily be contaminated and colonized by fungi that use up the nutrients for their own metabolism and growth, producing secondary metabolites such as mycotoxins that are not eliminated throughout the feed processing. The major problems associated with mycotoxin contaminated animal feed are metabolic disturbances resulting in poor animal productivity. In addition, handling contaminated animal feed can also raise health issues regarding workers exposure to fungi and mycotoxins. The scope of this work was to characterize fungal distribution in 11 poultry feed samples. Twenty grams of feed were suspended in 180 mL of distilled water and homogenized during 20 minutes at 200 rpm. The washed supernatant was plated in malt extract agar (MEA) and dichloran glycerol agar base (DG18) media for morphological identification of the mycobiota present. Using macro- and microscopic analysis of the colonies, fungal contamination was evident in 72.7% of the analyzed poultry feed samples. Fungal load ranged from 0 to 13140 CFU/g, and the most prevalent species/genera were F. graminearum complex (71.1%), Penicillium sp. (11.6%), Cladosporium sp. (8.8%), and Fusarium poae (3.6%). In addition to these species, we also isolated Aspergillus sections Circumdati, Nigri and Aspergilli, and Mucor and Rhizopus genus albeit at a lower abundance. The data obtained showed that, besides high fungal contamination, mycotoxins contamination is probably a reality, particularly in the final product since mycotoxins resist to all the processing operations including thermal treatment. Additionally, data claimed attention for the probable co-exposure to fungi and mycotoxins of the workers in feed industries

Analysis of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxigenic mold in commercial poultry feeds in Tamil Nadu, India

A total of 48 commercial poultry feed samples collected from different poultry feed manufactures in Tamil Nadu, India were examined for the contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Aspergillus flavus. AFB1 in the samples was estimated by sandwich ELISA and the presence of A. flavus was detected by Real-Time PCR assay. Real-Time PCR analysis using A. flavus- specific omt primers confirmed the presence of A. flavus in all the samples tested. ELISA results indicated that the AFB1 contents in the poultry feeds ranged from 1.0 to18.7 ppb, which were below the permissible safe limits for poultry bird consumption and health. The results suggest adoption of good man-ufacturing practices by the commercial poultry feed manufacturers during procurement of feed ingredients, handling, storage and processing which might have suppressed the growth of A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination

Egg Shells Good Poultry Feed

Iowa poultry produce plants break out about 12 million dozen eggs a year. That leaves a lot of egg shells to be disposed of in some way. If these could be sold at a fair price, then egg buyers could afford to pay farmers a bit more for eggs. In the past, the shells have been a total loss to the egg breaker, and, consequently, to the farm producer of eggs