6,516 research outputs found
Biological and ecological aspects of light pollution
Svjetlosno oneÄiÅ”Äenje je pojam koji se koristi kako bi se opisalo negativne posljedice prekomjerne, neadekvatne i nametljive umjetne noÄne rasvjete koja u konaÄnici dovodi do gubitka mraka i noÄi kao važnog bioloÅ”kog Äimbenika. Razlikujemo āastronomsko svjetlosno oneÄiÅ”Äenjeā koje onemoguÄuje astronomska opažanja zbog porasta sjaja neba Äime se smanjuje kontrast sa objektima opažanja (zvijezde, asteroidi i sl.) te āekoloÅ”ko svjetlosno oneÄiÅ”Äenjeā koje mijenja ili interferira sa prirodnom noÄnom svjetlosti. Preko ovog seminara dan je kratak pregled do sada otkrivenih negativnih posljedica svjetlosnog oneÄiÅ”Äenja, sa naglaskom na taksonomske skupine poput morskih kornjaÄa, ptica selica, noÄnih leptira i Å”iÅ”miÅ”a, kod kojih su primijeÄene najteže posljedice. Posebno su obraÄene negativne posljedice na biljke, kod kojih je raÄeno vrlo malo konkretnih istraživanja, te negativne posljedice na Äovjeka, zbog toga Å”to je nedavno otkriven cijeli niz zdravstvenih problema povezanih uz izlaganje svjetlu za vrijeme noÄi, od kojih je najteži poveÄan rizik od raka dojke. Iako se na prvi pogled Äini kako je posljednjih godina napravljeno puno posla, veÄi dio ipak ostaje neistražen, a pravi omjer problema poÄeo se tek nedavno nasluÄivati.Light pollution is a term used to describe the negative consequences of excessive, scattered and intrusive artificial night light, which ultimately leads to the loss of darkness and the night as an important biological factor. We distinguish āastronomical light pollutionā which prevents astronomical observations because of increased night sky brightness that lowers the contrast with the observed objects (stars, asteroids and such), and āecological light pollutionā which alters or interferes with natural light regimes during the night. The aim of this seminar is to give a short review of the negative consequences of light pollution that were discovered so far, with emphasis on taxa such as sea turtles, migrating birds, moths and bats, because they showed the most severe side effects. The negative consequences on plants and humans were described separately, mostly because there was little research on plants, and because the full list of health problems associated with exposure to light during nighttime was just recently discovered, the most severe being the increased risk of breast cancer development. Even though it may seem that a lot of work has been done these previous years, there is a lot that still needs to be researched, and so far we have only gotten a glimpse of the real extent of the problem
Etika u kemijskoj analizi
Tema rada je etika u kemijskoj analizi. EtiÄka pitanja danas postaju sve važnija, jer brzim i snažnim razvojem znanosti i tehnologije Äovjek sve viÅ”e utjeÄe na okoliÅ” i direktno na svoje ljudsko zdravlje. NaroÄito se to odnosi na nanotehnologiju koja je veÄ postala nezaobilazan sastavni dio mnogih tehnoloÅ”kih grana i suvremenih proizvoda. Prvi dio rada usredotoÄen je na zagaÄenje okoliÅ”a (oneÄiÅ”Äenje tla, vode i zraka te vrste oneÄiÅ”Äenja). Drugi dio bavi se problematikom zdravstvene ispravnosti hrane i tekstila
OneÄiÅ”Äenje kao posljedica (ne)sigurnosti prometa
Prometnice u Republici Hrvatskoj ne mogu se gledati izvan konteksta prometnica EuropĀ¬ske unije buduÄi da se nalaze na prometnim koridorima koji su znaÄajni za tranzit roba i usluga Europske unije. NaÅ”im teritorijem prevozi se velika koliÄina roba od koje opasne robe Äine gotovo Äetvrtinu ukupno prevezene robe. NesreÄe u okoliÅ”u svojim intenzitetom i dugotrajnim posljedicama utjeÄu na kvalitetu življenja. Pravnom regulativom od strane Republike Hrvatske pokuÅ”avaju se Å”to kvalitetnije definirati zakonski uvjeti odvijanja prometa i sigurnosti u prometu. Ovim Älankom pokuÅ”ava se skrenuti pozornost na stanje u prometu i probleme koj i mogu nastupiti kao rezultat nesreÄa
Boremediation of oil
Nafta je složena smjesa razliÄitih spojeva meÄu kojima su najzastupljeniji
ugljikovodici. Ako na neki naÄin dospije u okoliÅ” te ga oneÄisti, to je podruÄje potrebno
sanirati. Bioremedijacija je postupak koji se koristi za uklanjane Ŕtetnih tvari iz okoliŔa
pomoÄu mikroorganizama. Djelovanjem razliÄitih mikroorganizama koji imaju sposobnost
razgradnje naftnih ugljikovodika, oneÄiÅ”Äenje naftom može se smanjiti. Oni koriste naftne
ugljikovodike za rast i razvoj te ih pretvaraju u manje Ŕtetne spojeve, koji se pri kraju procesa
pretvaraju u ugljikov dioksid i vodu. S obzirom na to odvija li se taj postupak na samom
mjestu oneÄiÅ”Äenja ili se oneÄiÅ”Äena voda ili tlo prenose u posebna postrojenja, postoje in situ
i ex situ bioremedijacija. Kako bi postupak bio Ŕto uspjeŔniji, potrebno je održavati optimalne
uvjete. Ponekad je u oneÄiÅ”Äeno podruÄje potrebno dodati nutrijente, kisik ili odreÄene
mikroorganizme ako ih nema dovoljno ili ne mogu dovoljno uÄinkovito razgraditi
oneÄiÅ”ÄujuÄu tvar. Metoda bioremedijacije sve se ÄeÅ”Äe koristi pri sanaciji okoliÅ”a jer je
uÄinkovita i ekonomski isplativa. Trenutno je jedna od najboljih metoda sanacije podruÄja
oneÄiÅ”Äenih naftom te naftnim ugljikovodicima.Oil is a liquid derived from petroleum that consists of complex organic compounds,
most of them being hydrocarbons. If it ends up in nature as a pollutant, it is necessary to try to
restore the area to its' natural state. Bioremediation is a process in which microorganisms are
used to degrade pollutants present in the contaminated area. Hydrocarbon-degrading
microorganisms have the ability to transform petroleum hydrocarbons into less harmful
compounds. At the end of the process, the hydrocarbons are biotransformed to carbon dioxide
and water. Bioremediation can be carried out in situ or ex situ depending on if the
contaminated medium will be recovered at the site of contamination or transferred to a
facility. Optimal conditions are needed for this process to be effective. Sometimes it is
necessary to add nutrients, oxygen or certain microorganisms to the affected area. Since it is
effective and economically viable, bioremediation is being used more frequently in restoring
polluted environments. Currently it is one of the best options for recovering areas polluted by
oil and petroleum hydrocarbons
Developing mapping model for negative impact of landfills on underground ecosystems on the example of the genus Proteus in Istria
Iako je ÄovjeÄja ribica, Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768, prva opisana stigobiontska vrsta, joÅ” uvijek se relativno malo zna o njenoj biologiji i filogeniji. Novija istraživanja pokazuju da je zapravo rijeÄ o viÅ”e kriptiÄkih linija od kojih se ona na istarskom poluotoku najviÅ”e razlikuje i najvjerojatniji je kandidat za sestrinsku grupu svih ostalih linija roda Proteus. Kao jedna od prijetnji opstanku populacije na podruÄju Istre, navodi se oneÄiÅ”Äenje lokaliteta procjednim vodama s odlagaliÅ”ta komunalnog otpada. U ovom radu pokuÅ”ala se utvrditi povezanost izmeÄu zabilježenih lokaliteta roda Proteus s lokacijama registriranih odlagaliÅ”ta otpada i sa smjerom toka podzemnih voda na podruÄju Istre. ZakljuÄeno je da su u veÄini sluÄajeva divlja odlagaliÅ”ta ta koja predstavljaju najveÄu prijetnju populacijama roda Proteus. U daljnjoj zaÅ”titi roda Proteus na podruÄju Hrvatske osobitu pozornost bi trebalo posvetiti razvijanju posebnih akcijskih mjera zaÅ”tite izoliranih populacija istarske ÄovjeÄje ribice, koje bi ukljuÄivale kontinuirani monitoring kvalitete podzemnih voda, praÄenje kretanja podzemnih voda tijekom razliÄitih sezona, uvjetovanje visokih sanitarnih standarda za trenutna registrirana odlagaliÅ”ta komunalnog otpada te kartiranje ilegalnih odlagaliÅ”ta otpada i prijedlog za njihovu sanaciju.Although olm, Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768, is the first described stigobiontic species, its biology and phylogeny is still relatively unknown. Recent studies reveal how there are more cryptic lineages of which one in Istria peninsula is the most distinguished and the most probable candidate for sister group of all other lineges of the genus Proteus. One of threats to Istrian population survival is groundwater pollution by percolating water from landfills. In this paper an attempt for correlation between recorded sites of Proteus sp., documented landfills and groundwater flows in Istria peninsula has been made. It was concluded how in most cases illegal landfills cause the biggest threat. In future conservation of the genus Proteus in Croatia, particular concern should be dedicated in developing of special action measures for protection of isolated istrian olm population, which would include continuous water quality monitoring, underground water flow monitoring over different seasons, conditioning of high sanitary standards for current registreted landfills and mapping illegal landfills with proposal for their sanation
OneÄiÅ”Äenja u lijekovima
Impurities in pharmaceuticals are the unwanted chemicals that remain with the
active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), or develop during formulation, or upon aging
of both API and formulated products. Th e presence of these unwanted chemicals even
in small amounts may infl uence the effi cacy and safety of the pharmaceutical products.
According to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) of Technical
Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, impurities
are classifi ed as organic impurities, inorganic impurities and residual solvents. Impurities
can originate from several sources, such as starting materials, synthetic intermediates
and by-products, degradation products arising during storage, functional
group-related typical degradation, mutual interaction amongst ingredients and formulation-
related impurities. Control of stereochemical purity of an API with chiral
centers is also necessary. Also, polymorphic forms are sometimes considered as impurities
that need to be controlled.
Impurity profi ling is the common name of a group of analytical activities, the
aim of which is the detection, identifi cation/structure elucidation and quantitative
determination of organic and inorganic impurities, as well as residual solvents in bulk
drugs and pharmaceutical formulations. Since this is the best way to characterize the
quality and stability of bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations, this is the core
activity in modern drug analysis. Highly sophisticated analytical techniques, such as
chromatographic, spectroscopic and hyphenated techniques, are inevitable tools in
the detection, identification, characterization and quantification of impurities
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