EU:n maatilatypologia Suomessa

This publication presents a description of the Community typology for agricultural holdings and the way how that is applied in Finland. The objective of the Community typology is to achieve a uniform classification of holdings in the European Union. The classification is based on the type of farming and the economic size, which are determined on the basis of standard gross margin. The Community typology for agricultural holding and the statistics where it is applied, the Community Farm Accountancy Data Network and the Community farm structure survey are based to the EU legislation. Joining to the EU in 1995 has meant that the stipulations concerning the typology and its applications entered into force also in Finland. The first half of this publication presents a thorough description of the Community typology as well as its main applications. This part also includes the description of the method of classifying the holdings in parallel statistics in Finland. In the empirical part of the publication the Finnish farms are classified according the Community typology rules. The physical characteristics of the holdings are based on the Rural Business Register. The standard gross margins for each characteristic are calculated for four geografical regions in a way agreed with Eurostat and DG VI. The outcome is the breakdown of Finnish farms by type farming and by economic size based on the Community typology. The first concrete applications of the new typology system in Finland are the determination of the sample needed for the Community Farm Accountancy Data Network and the Community Farm Structure Survey. In the last part of the publication the first sample for FADN in Finland is determined. The Community typology has many benefits in the future in Finland. It will be one important base for international comparations between holdings. It also facilitates for example the development of the calculation the results of Finnish bookkeeping farms. When the same typology is used the results of the bookkeeping farms can be extrapolated to those field of observation.vokMTT Taloustutkimus (MTTL)The community typology for agricultural holdings in Finlan

Arvokasvit talteen - esimerkkinä koristekasvien geenivarat. Loppuraportti hankkeesta Avoin Geenivara

Viherrakentamisen kasvien eli avomaan koristekasvien geenivarojen säilytys tapahtuu tällä hetkellä kansallisissa kenttäkokoelmissa. Koristepensaista ja pikkupuista keskeisimpien lajien ja viljelykantojen geenivarojen säilyminen on jo järjestetty näissä kokoelmissa. Taimistojen tuotannossa pitkään olleiden, keskeisten perennasukujen geenivarojen säilytys on myös turvattu. Lisäksi koristekasveja on kerätty useissa paikallisissa hankkeissa, ja niiden säilymistä on varmistettu esimerkiksi paikallismuseoissa. Yhdistykset ovat keränneet vanhoja koristekasveja. Arboretumeissa on arvokkaita kokoelmia erityisesti puuvartisista kasveista. Koristekasveissa on kuitenkin useita ryhmiä, joista ei ole tehty keräystä, ja joiden säilymistä ei ole turvattu. Tiedossa on ollut, että yksityishenkilöillä on paljon vanhoja, arvokkaita koristekasveja. Kasvigeenivarojen säilytyksen toteuttamisessa kansalaiset ovat tärkeitä, sillä heidän kauttaan saadaan arvokkaita aineistoja pelastettua, tietoa geenivaroista ja innostuneita tekijöitä geenivaraohjelman toteutukseen. Yhtenäistä tietojärjestelmää kasvigeenivaratiedon hallinnalle ei ole ollut käytössä. Myös kaikille avoin kanava kasvitiedon ilmoittamista ja vastaanottamista varten on puuttunut. Avoin Geenivara -hankkeessa 1) kartoitettiin yksityishenkilöillä ja yhteisöillä olevia koristekasveja; 2) rakennettiin tietojärjestelmä kasvitiedon ilmoittamista, vastaanottamista ja täydentämistä varten; 3) selvitettiin haastatteluin yksityiskokoelmien omistajien mahdollisuuksia toimia geenivarasäilyttäjinä; 4) koottiin yhteen toimenpidetarpeet kasvigeenivarojen säilytysverkoston luomiseksi. Yksityishenkilöiltä ja yhteisöiltä saatiin ilmoituksia tuhansista arvokkaista kasvikannoista yli 600 ilmoittajalta. Kasvinpolku-tietojärjestelmä rakennettiin palvelemaan koko kasvigeenivaratyötä. Siinä ovat valmiina kaikille avoin ilmoitusosa, johon kuka tahansa voi ilmoittaa tietoja vanhoista puutarha-ja peltokasveista, ja ylläpito-osio, jossa tietoja voidaan muokata ja täydentää, ja johon tallennetaan kasvitietojen lisäksi kasvien säilyttäjien tiedot. Kasvi-ilmoituksen voi tehdä osoitteessa www.luke.fi/ilmoitakasvi. Hankkeessa haastateltiin yksityishenkilöitä, jotka olivat ilmoittaneet useista vanhoista kasveista tai kokoelmasta. Yksityishenkilöt ovat kiinnostuneita osallistumaan geenivarojen säilytystyöhön ja tekemään määräajaksi säilytyssopimuksen. Säilytystyön koordinaattoritaholta odotetaan tukea ja ohjausta säilytystyöhön. Julkisten laitosten on mahdollista osallistua säilytystyöhön, mikäli taloudellista tukea on saatavissa työvoiman palkkaamiseen ja muihin kuluihin. Koristekasvien geenivarojen säilytystä varten kasvit voitaisiin ryhmitellä kategorioihin, joiden säilytys toteutetaan kullekin ryhmälle sopivalla tavalla: 1) tuotannossa säilyvät; 2) ”vaali näitä” -periaatteella säilytettävät; 3) julkisten toimijoiden verkostossa ja yksityisten kerhoissa säilytettävät; 4) keskuskokoelmissa säilytettävät; 5) vastaanottopaikan tarvitsevat uhanalaiset kokoelmat ja lajit.Saving genetic resources of ornamental plants is organized in vegetative field collections. The most important woody shrubs and small trees are already being conserved in these collections. Perennial species which have for decades been cultivated in nurseries are saved as well. In addition, ornamental plants have been collected in numerous local projects, and they have been planted in gardens around local museums. Some associations have arranged collecting of old ornamentals. In arboreta, there are valuable collections especially of woody plants. However, there are still many ornamental plant groups, which haven’t been collected, and the conservation has not been arranged. It is known that private people have lots of old valuable ornamental plants. The role of citizens and associations is important in saving plant genetic resources, because they inform on valuable plants and promote saving old plants. Until now no uniform data system for the management of plant genetic data and no public channel for announcing old plants have been available. The project ”Open Genetic Collections” included four steps: 1. a survey on the plants in private collections was done; 2. a data management system was built for giving, accepting and completing announcements of plants; 3. owners of private collections were interviewed in order to survey the requirements for taking part in conservation of plant genetic resources; 4. the action needs for creating a plant genetic resource conservation net were reported. Thousands of old valuable plants were announced by more than 600 private persons and associations. A data management system, called ”Kasvinpolku” (”Path for plants”), was built for the needs of the National Plant Genetic Resources Programme for Agriculture and Forestry. The channel for public announcements of garden and agriculture plants is ready for use as well as the system for managing the information on plants and their owners. Private people who had made announcements of numerous plants were interviewed. Private people are interested in participating in saving plant genetic resources and making an agreement on the subject for a fixed period. Support and guidance are expected from the coordinator of the conservation. Public institutes, such as museums and schools, are able to participate, if financial subvention is available. For the conservation, ornamental plants should be classified in groups and each group should then be saved in the most appropriate way: 1. Some of the old ornamentals are still produced and saved in production. 2. Common, easily propagated plants with the least requirements should be saved according to the principle “take care of these plants”. By sharing information on plants, allotment gardens, home district associations, old villages etc. should be bound to conservation work. 3. For rare, demanding plants, coordinated collections should be built up in the areas of public institutes. As for private persons participating in the conservation of these plants, clubs should be established. Therefore private collections should have a role as duplicate collections. 4. National central collections should exist for a certain part of rare, demanding species. 5. In addition, a place for receiving endangered plants and collections is needed.201

Jokioisten puutarhoissa viljelykasvien historiaa

Näytä koko lehti</a

Tutkimus puutarhaviljelyn tuotosta ja kustannuksesta Malminkartanon opetus- ja koetilalla

In this study the aim has been to survey the return and costs of horticulture on a given farm, in this case the Malmi Estate, the Instructional and Experimental Farm of Helsinki University. The three points on which especial attention has been focussed in the research are as follows: 1) the structure and amount of the return and costs of different branches of production and of crop groups, 2) the use of the means of production measured as physical quantities, 3) the division of the return and cost items between various crop groups and branches of production. The study includes the financial years 1950/ 1951 and 1951/1952 from April 1st, 1950, to March 31st, 1952. The garden concerned can be described as a commercial garden and in this respect it can be compared with other commercial gardens of diversified production. The only essential difference from private horticultural undertakings is that the Malmi Estate, as a state-owned farm, is exempt from taxes. The amount and structure of the return is given in table 1. The figures show that in some cases there are considerable changes in the returns of the various crop groups in different years. This fact is especially valid as regards the intercrops, which represent typical mixed crops. The receipts make the overwhelmingly biggest part of the return in all crop groups. The »interior transfers» (the materials furnished by one branch of production to another) have been of some importance and even of paramount importance in the growing of ornamental plants and of vegetables in hotbeds. The indirect return has been practically of no consequence. Tables 2, 3 and 4 and figures I—7 show the results concerning the amount and structure of the costs. It is striking how closely the return level is followed by the cost level in the various crop groups. The costs are overwhelmingly highest in the production of ornamental plants. This proves true in growing crops both outdoors and under glass. The figures show' very clearly how different the various crop groups are as regards the use of labour and capital. Vegetables and ornamental plants in hotbeds, small fruits and outdoor vegetables are typically the heaviest labour-consuming plants. The glasshouses involve high capital investment, as is demonstrated by the amount of the capital costs and the cost of material. Tables 2 and 3, and the summary in table 5 indicate the importance of the direct and indirect costs in the various crop groups. The direct costs represent a relatively small part of the total costs in growing crops in hotbeds; this fact denotes that this branch of production is connected with the whole horticultural enterprise rather closely. The direct costs are relatively highest when crops are grown outdoors. Table 6 shows that the direct costs are less than two thirds of the cost of material; they constitute a still greater proportion of the capital and labour costs, but only a fourth of the tractor and horse work costs. The payments for water, electricity, telephone and cables, and postage (service) and the management costs of the enterprise, belong entirely to the direct costs. Broadly speaking 60 per cent of the total costs of the Malmi Estate Garden have been direct costs and 40 per cent indirect costs. As regards the various crop groups, it has been possible to work out with some certainty only the labour (time) requirement and the application of the plant nutrients in commercial fertilizers. In table 7 information on the direct labour (time) requirement and in table 8 on the indirect labour (time) requirement of various jobs are given. In order to get a more illustrative general picture, the various jobs have been grouped as follows 1) spring farming operations, 2) management of crops, 3) harvesting and 4) other work.1 The average apple yield has been 32.5 kg per are, the yield in this case consisting only of marketable fruit. Thus the labour (time) requirement has been 33.8 hours per 100 kg. The average yield of small fruits has been 44.1 kg per are and the labour (time) requirement 70.5 hours per 100 kg. The small fruits have consisted almost entirely of currants and gooseberries. As table 10 shows, the application of commercial fertilizers has been heaviest in glasshouses and for the vegetables in hotbeds