Efficiency of different composition and form of feeds in ducks fattening

Uzgoj i proizvodnja mesa i jaja pataka zauzima treće mjesto u peradarstvu općenito, a između 1993. i 2003. godine u svjetskoj je proizvodnji mesa pataka zabilježen porast za oko 90 %, od 1.71 milijun tona do 3.21 milijuna tona. U Hrvatskoj se tov pataka uglavnom provodi kooperantskim odnosom na obiteljskim gospodarstvima u nekoliko turnusa godišnje. S obzirom da u hranidbi pataka postoji mogućnost upotrebe krmiva proizvedenih na obiteljskim gospodarstvima, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je usporediti učinkovitost različitog sastava, oblika i podrijetla krmnih smjesa u tovu pataka. U istraživanju je korišteno 5 500 jednodnevnih hibridnih pataka Cherry Valley koje su bile podijeljene u tri skupine: A, B i C. Krmiva odnosno krmne smjese kupljene su od različitih proizvođača, a kukuruz je bio iz obiteljskog gospodarstva. Skupinu A činilo je 4 000 pataka i one su hranjene peletiranom krmnom smjesom za tov pataka proizvođača "A", 750 pataka iz skupine B je hranjeno nepeletiranom krmnom smjesom za tov pataka proizvođača "B", dok je 750 pataka iz skupine C hranjeno obrokom pripremljenim na obiteljskom gospodarstvu, a koji je sastavljen od kukuruza i dopunske krmne smjese za perad. U dobi od 49 dana patke iz skupine A ostvarile su prosječnu tjelesnu masu od 3298.6 g, skupina B 3118.5 g, a patke iz skupine C 3247.0 grama. Konverzija hrane je u istraživanom razdoblju iznosila: skupina A 2.55, skupina B 2.28 i skupina C 2.34. Prosječni troškovi hrane su po kilogramu žive mase pataka iz skupine A iznosili 9.85 kn, skupine B 9.52 kn, a skupine C 8.23 kn.Duck breeding and production of duck meat and eggs are on the third place the poultry production and between 1993 and 2002, the output of duck meat grew by nearly 90%, from 1.71 to 3.21 million tons. Duck production in Croatia is mostly carried out through cooperation on family farms in several cycles per year. As there is a possibility of using home produced feed in duck feeding family farms, the aim of this investigation was to compare the effect of different composition, form and origin of feeds in ducks fattening. 5 500 day-old Cherry Valley ducks were divided in three groups: A, B and C. Feeds were from different producers, but corn was from the family farm. In group A were 4 000 ducks and they were fed pelleted feed from producer A, 750 ducks from group B were fed non-pelleted feed from producer B and 750 ducks from group C were fed diet prepared on the family farm from corn and concentrate. Ducks from group A had the average body weight of 3298.6 g at 49 days, group B 3118.5 g and group C 3247.0 g. The average feed conversion ratio during a 49-day period was: group A 2.55; group B 2.28 and group C 2.34 kg/kg. The average costs of feed per kg of live weight of ducks were: group A 9.85 kn; group B 9.52 kn and group C 8.23 kn

The influence of the chemical structure on the properties of molecularly imprinted crosslinked polymers

U radu je opisana sinteza monomera N-metakril-N,N\u27-dicikloheksiluree (MA-DCU) i N-metakril-N,N\u27-diizopropiluree (MA-DiPrU) te polimerizacija s etilen-glikol dimetakrilatom (EDMA). Polimerizacija je provedena u butanonu s benzoil-peroksidom (Bz2O2) do visoke konverzije. Dobiveni su umreženi kopolimeri netopljivi u organskim otapalima. Neovisno o sastavu, kopolimeri se razgrađuju dvostupnjevitim mehanizmom pri temperaturama od 180 °C do 450 °C uz izdvajanje cikloheksilizocijanata (C6H11NCO), odnosno izopropilizocijanata (C3H7NCO) pri temperaturi od 180 °C do 250 °C. Ostatak nakon izdvajanja izocijanata je termički stabilan nanoporozni umreženi kopolimer metakril-cikloheksilamida (MA-CHA), odnosno metakril-izopropilamida (MA-iPrA) s EDMA. Ti se kopolimeri razgrađuju u jednom stupnju pri temperaturama od 280 °C do 450 °C. Sintetizirani su i neporozni kopolimeri MA-CHA, odnosno MA-iPrA s EDMA (modelni kopolimeri) radi usporedbe svojstava s odgovarajućim nanoporoznim kopolimerima.The present paper describes the synthesis of monomers N-methacryl-N,N’-dicyclohexylurea (MA-DCU) and N-methacryl-N,N’-diisopropylurea (MA-DiPrU) and their polymerization with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA). Polymerization were carried out in butanone by using dibenzoyl-peroxide (Bz2O2) up to high conversion. All prepared copolymers are insoluble in common organic solvent. Crosslinked copolymers decompose thermally at temperatures from 180 °C to 450 °C under the separation of cyclohexylisocyanate (C6H11NCO) or isopropylisocyanate (C3H7NCO) at temperature between 180 °C and 250 °C. Residues after the removal of isocyanate are thermally stable nanoporous crosslinked copolymers of methacryl-cyclohexylamide (MA-CHA) or methacryl-isopropylamide (MA-iPrA) with EDMA, which decompose by a one-step mechanism between 280 °C and 450 °C. Nonporous model copolymers of MA-CHA and MA-iPrA with EDMA were also prepared in order to compare their properties with the properties of corresponding nanoporous copolymers

Evolution of the major histocompatibility complex: birth-and-death evolution model

MHC molekule važna su komponenta imunosti. Njihova uloga jest predočavanje fragmenata antigena limfocitima T. Geni koji kodiraju MHC molekule članovi su multigenske porodice. To znači da imaju zajedničko porijeklo i sličnog su DNA slijeda. MHC regija podijeljena je na tri regije, regiju koja kodira MHC molekule skupine I, regiju koja kodira MHC molekule skupine II, a između se nalazi tzv. MHC regija III. Evolucija gena multigenskih porodica, kao što su porodica rRNA gena, histona, imunoglobulinska porodica, porodica MHC molekula, proučavana je već dugi niz godina, pa su se tako javili različiti modeli koji objašnjavaju njihovu evoluciju. Neko se vrijeme smatralo da su geni koji kodiraju MHC molekule evoluirali prema modelu usklađene evolucije. Prema tom modelu uzrok evolucije su spontane mutacije koje se kopiraju i šire po porodici gena nizom uzastopnih nejednolikih krosingovera ili genskom konverzijom. Iako prisutnost tih pojava nije upitna, nema dokaza da su ti događaji dovoljno učestali i važni da su uzrok evolucije čitave porodice. Geni koji kodiraju MHC molekule, čini se, evoluirali su prema modelu nastanka i nestanka gena gdje geni nastaju duplikacijama. Neki se geni 'sačuvaju', a neki se deletiraju ili inaktiviraju, odnosno nestanu. Filogenetičke analize, koje se danas vrše zahvaljujući sve većem broju sekvenciranih sljedova DNA u različitim vrstama, potvrđuju upravo taj obrazac evolucije. Daljnjim sekvenciranjem gena koje kodiraju MHC molekule u što više različitih vrsta može se dobiti potpunija slika evolucije tih gena, ali i gena multigenskih porodica općenito.The MHC molecules are important part od immunity. Their function is presenting peptide fragments of antigens to T-cells. Genes coding for the MHC are a part of the multigene family. This means that they are of the same origin and have a similar DNA sequence. MHC region is divided in three regions, one that codes for MHC-I, second that codes for MHC-II and the third one, MHC-III, which is positioned between the first two regions. Evolution of multigene families, like the rRNA genes, histone genes, immunoglobulin gene family, MHC gene family, has been studied for a long time, consequently different models explaining their evolution appeared. For a certain time, it was believed that the evolution of the MHC followed a pattern called concerted evolution. According to this model, the cause of evolution are spontanious mutations arising in a repeat unit and are then spread rapidly throughout the multigene family by unequal crossing-over or gene conversion. Although these occurrences are not questionable, there is no evidence that they are occuring often enough or even important enough to have a role in gene evolution of the entire multigene family. The MHC genes apparently evolved following birth-and-death evolution, where new genes are created by gene duplication. While some genes are maintained for a long time, others are deleted or become nonfunctional by deleterious mutations. Phylogenetic analyses, which are run thanks to an increasing number of identified DNA sequences in different species, confirm this model od evolution. Continued application of phylogenetic analysis produces not only a broader picture of evolution of these genes, but also evolution of multigene families in general

Reduced level of protein and free-choice feeding in Zagorje turkey nutrition

Zagorski puran postaje sve zanimljiviji u razvoju takozvane alternativne ili organske proizvodnje peradskog mesa u Hrvatskoj. Tehnologija uzgoja i hranidbe zagorskih purana još nije definirana i nastoji se iznaći što jednostavnija i jeftinija rješenja. U tom smislu postavljeno je istraživanje utjecaja hranidbe smanjenim udjelom bjelančevina i slobodnog izbora krmiva na proizvodne rezultate slobodno držanih zagorskih purana. Purići hranjeni smanjenim udjelom bjelančevina (25% i 23%) u prvih 8 tjedana uzgoja postigli su tjelesne mase u rasponu: muški 1469 do 1483 g, ženski 1201 do 1208 g, što nije mnogo slabije od rezultata postignutih u sličnim uvjetima, ali s hranom bogatijom bjelančevinama. U nastavku uzgoja, od 3 do 6. mjeseca, uz slobodan izbor krmiva i ispašu, purani su postigli sljedeće završne mase: muški P-a = 5882 g , muški P-b = 5752 g, ženski P-a = 3841 g, ženski P-b 3723 g. Hranjenje zrnom ili samljevenim kukuruzom nije imalo značajniji utjecaj na završne tjelesne mase pokusnih purana. Konverzija hrane u prvih osam tjedana uzgoja bila je podjednaka u svim skupinama i kretala se u rasponu od 2,34 do 2,49 kg krmne smjese za kilogram prirasta tjelesne mase. Tijekom uzgoja na otvorenom purani su u obje pokusne skupine konzumirali po kilogramu prirasta približno jednake količine odvojeno ponuđenih krmiva i to kukuruza 4,7 do 5,0 kg a sojine sačme 2,24 do 2,47 kg. Od ukupno konzumiranih krmiva sojina sačma je činila od 31,9 do 33,1 %. Randman klanja i gril obrade bio je u obje pokusne skupine i kod obiju spolova podjednak i iznosio je od 65,6 do 66,6%.Zagorje turkey breed is becoming more and more interesting for so called alternative or organic production of poultry meat in Croatia. Technology of breeding and feeding of Zagorje turkey breed is far from defined, so considerable effort is taken to find as simple and inexpensive solutions as possible. In that sense we set our examination of effects of lowered protein levels in feeds and free-choice feeding on the productive performance of free-range Zagorje turkey. Turkeys fed lower levels of protein (25 and 23% CP) during the first 8 weeks achieved body weight ranging from 1469-1483 g (male birds) and 1201-1208 g (females), which is not much lower than performance of zagorje turkeys fed protein-richer feeds kept in similar conditions. In the following 4-month period, turkeys grazing on pastures with supplemental free-choice feeding, reached a finishing body weight of 5882 g (male group P-a); 5752 g (male group P-b) and 3841 g (female group P-a); 3723 g (female group P-b). Physical form of corn grain (whole grain vs. ground) had no effect on the finishing body weight of Zagorje turkey. FCR over the whole 4-month period was similar in all of the experimental groups (2,34-2,49 kg/kg). Under the conditions of free-range production, turkeys of both experimental groups consumed similar amount of feeds per kg of gain: corn 4,7-5,0 kg and soybean meal 2,24-2,47 kg. Soybean meal consumption was 31.9-33.1 % of total supplemental feed consumed. Dressing percentage was similar in both groups, ranging between 65.6-66.6%

The demand for currency substitution

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Leksičke funkcije kao pokazatelji značenjskih odnosa u kolokacijskim svezama hrvatskoga jezika

U radu se na primjerima kolokacijskih sveza hrvatskoga jezika analiziraju leksičke funkcije koje je unutar svojega teorijskoga modela značenje – tekst razradio Igor Meljčuk. Na uzorku od desetak leksičkih funkcija koje predstavljaju opće značenjske modele primjenjive u svim jezicima opisuju se značenjski odnosi na osnovi kojih nastaju kolokacijske sveze, dakle, jezične jedinice koje po svojoj strukturi nadilaze razinu jedne riječi, tj. leksema.The paper deals with Igor Meljčuk’s meaning – text model of lexical functions (LF’s) applied to collocational phrases in the Croatian language. The author points out that many simple standard lexical functions (basic LF’s and derivative LF’s) are general patterns of semantic characteristics of nounal collocations in the Croatian language. Some of the most important lexical functions (LF synonym, LF antonym, LF adjectivisation, LF prepositionalisation) are illustrated by examples from Školski rječnik hrvatskoga jezika (ŠR)

Protestantization of the Roma from Southeastern Serbia

The Protestantization of the Roma refers to the recent process of mass involvement of Serbian Roma in small religious communities of Protestant provenance. The research was conducted using the deep interview method on the basis of a structured questionnaire with baptized believers of Roma nationality belonging to the Christian Baptist Church, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Christian Adventist Church, and Evangelical Pentecostal Church in the territory of Southeastern Serbia. The sample included both Roma and non-Roma high clergy of the abovementioned religious communities, as well as religious leaders of major religions of the region (Serbian Orthodox Church and Islamic Community). This paper describes and discusses the ways (missionary activities, conversion, and proselytization) factors (socio-economic, seminarial, cultural, and political) of the Protestantization of the Roma, the results of the Protestantization of the Roma and the components of the new religious identity of the Roma converted to the “third” branch of Christianity. The principal findings of the research show that the process of Protestantization of the Roma in Southeastern Serbia leads to: 1. the emancipation and mitigation of social exclusion, 2. reshaping of the cultural identity and religious matrix, 3. the changes in the position of a minority, and 4. rethinking and adaptation of the Rromanipe(n). The Serbian society has the opportunity to meet and accept Christian Protestants in their entirety through the Roma and the positive impact that Protestantism has on their lives. At the same time, the Roma will be enabled to become exactly what all Christian believers strive for: to be the salt and the light to others in their own community

Application of aromatic plant extract apples in nutrition chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera)

In this paper we studied the effect of apple aroma as a food additive in a concentration of 0.04% on performance and reduction of fur chewing and basic production parameters. During the experimental period (30 days), the experimental group of chinchillas that was fed with the pellet mixture with the addition of the aroma showed a statistically significant decrease in fur chewing (p<0.01) in comparison with the control group. Also, only 5% of the animals in the experimental group chewed fur out of the total number in that group (20 chinchillas), whereas the percentage of fur chewing with the control group with the same number of animals was 30%. The positive effects of aroma addition were noted for other examined factors as well, since the experimental group of chinchillas showed a bigger increase in body mass (1.36%), better growth (21.18%), increased food consumption (0.48%) and better conversion (17.13%) in comparison with the control group that was not fed with the aromatic additive