2 research outputs found
Improving Generalization Level in UML Models Iterative Cross Generalization in Practice
International audienc
Ontology development from the encyclopaedic organization of knowledge
Globalna mreža, internet, ubrzano se transformira u semantičku mrežu prelazeći od
povezivanja dokumenata na povezivanje podataka, odnosno dosadašnji web portali s
klasičnim bazama informacija i znanja postaju povezani podaci (engl. linked data) globalnog
oblaka (engl. cloud computing).
Usporedbom organizacijske strukture tradicionalnih enciklopedija na papirnatom
mediju s onima u mrežnom okruženju uočavaju se određene razlike proizašle iz različitih
vrsta medija koje omogućavaju nove funkcionalnosti pretraživanja. Promjene kroz koje
prolazi enciklopedičko djelo zahtijeva uspostavljanje novog načina modeliranja organizacije
enciklopedičkog znanja u mrežnom okruženju koje će svoje utemeljenje pronaći na analizi
specifičnosti strukture enciklopedičkog članka uvažavanjem temeljnih postavki semantičkog
weba, principa ontologijskog oblikovanja i potreba korisnika kako bi se osigurala njihova
dostupnost i bolja iskoristivost. U svrhu očuvanja korisnosti enciklopedije u današnjoj
mrežnoj informacijskoj eksploziji potrebno je poboljšati sposobnost predstavljanja njihovog
sadržaja na smisleni (semantički) način u mrežnom okruženju.
Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je istražiti koji elementi enciklopedičke organizacije
znanja mogu pružiti podršku za razvoj ontologije te razviti metodu kojom će se generirati
ontologija na osnovi enciklopedički organiziranog znanja.
Proučavanjem literature, analizom sličnih ontologijskih modela odabranih svjetskih
projekata i znanja pohranjenog u biografskim člancima Hrvatske enciklopedije (HE) iz
područja hrvatske književnosti predložio se ontologijski model koji na djelotvoran način
opisuje enciklopedičko znanje navedenog područja. Primijenjena je metodologija analize
sadržaja odabranih 1170 članaka HE te METHONTOLOGY metoda. Upotrijebio se Protege
softver za razvoj ontologije. Klasna hijerarhija ontologije se razvija FCA pristupom te se
provodi LSA metoda u svrhu određivanja pojma kao skupa srodnih termina te pripadnosti
pojedinih dokumenta (članaka) tom pojmu, čime je omogućena automatska klasifikacija
članaka pojedinim ontologijskim klasama. Razvijena ontologija poslužit će za organizaciju,
pretraživanje i pregledavanje znanja mrežne HE iz odabranog područja hrvatske književnosti,
kao i za dobivanje preciznih odgovora na složena pitanja. Obuhvaćen je veliki broj odnosa
potreban za opis produkcije književnika pojedinih nacionalnih književnosti, njihovih
životopisa, međusobnih odnosa, odnosa između pojedinih književnih djela i cjelokupnog
znanja koje se nalazi u biografskim enciklopedijskim člancima iz područja književnosti čime se omogućuje opis književnosti bilo kojeg naroda. Dobivena ontologija omogućuje
uspostavljanje interoperabilnosti i povezivanje s ostalim strukturiranim izvorima
enciklopedijskog znanja na semantičkoj mreži (npr. DBpedia), što će omogućiti povezivanje
relevantnog i bogatog znanja HE u „globalnu mrežu znanja“ koja nastaje i razvija se kroz
projekte semantičke mreže.The global network, the Internet, is hurriedly tranforming into an semantic network by
turning from document connection onto data connection, i.e. today's WEB portals with classic
information databases are becoming linked data of global computing.
By comparing organisational structures of traditional encyclopedias on paper media
with electronical encyclopedias in Web surroundings, you can notice certain differences that
come from different types of media which enable new functionalities of searching. The above
mentioned changes, through which an encyclopedical work passes through, demands an
establishment of a new way of modeling organisation of encyclopedical knowledge in a Web
surrounding that will find its foundation on the analysis of the specificity of a structure of an
encyclopedical chapter by respecting the basic settings of the Semantic Web, principles of
ontological shaping and needs of users so their availability and usability would be ensured.
With the aim of preserving encyclopedical usability in today's Web information explosion,
there is a need of modifying presentation of its content in a meaningful (semantic way) in a
Web surrounding. Semantic interoperability means an existence of infrastructure which will
enable mechanical interpretation and conclusion about content on the Web. Therefore, the key
term of Semantic Web is presented by ontology, the basic component in enabling semantic
interoperability.
The aim of this doctoral thesis is to find out which elements of encyclopedical
knowledge organisation can offer support for the development of ontology and develop a
method by which ontology will be generated on the basis of encyclopedically organised
knowledge. Developed ontology will be used for organisation, searching and browsing data of
Croatia's Web Encyclopedia in the selected field of Croatian literature, as well as receiving
precise answers on asked questions.
In the introductory part of this work are presented its starting points, goals and
methods, as well as the structure of the entire work.
The second chapter deals with a theoretical display and clarification os Semantic Web
with the aim of its full understanding. The goal of this chapter is to point out the basic
theoretical and technical background of Semantic Web, the meaning of the term Semantic
Web is explained, basic difference between the Web we know today and its development
toward Semantic Web, disadvantages of today's Web and advantages of Semantic Web are
explained, basic terms and the architecture of Semantic Web, review of basic ontologic definitions and their main goal and role. The chapter gives a detailed review of basic
languages used on the semantic web with actual examples (RDF, RDFS; OWL and SKOS).
Some of the more important projects of Semantic Web are shown in the third chapter
of the work. During the selection of significant projects, it was considered to choose projects
which are significant for better understanding of Semantic Web in the field of encyclopedics.
That is why one part of this chapter deals with showing ontologies unavoidable for better
understanding of Semantic Web, and the other part of the chapter gives a review of ontologic
projects created entirely on encyclopedical knowledge. The mentioned analysis of existing
encyclopedical ontological projects shows that no former project did try to connect and
research the development of ontology and its constructive elements on the basis of structural
organisation of the encyclopedial chapter by researching significance of individual structural
elements of an encyclopedical chapter for the development of ontology.
The fourth chapter is an introduction to the development of the ontological model of
literature and to the basic settings of Protégé software. Elements of standards and ontologic
languages (i.e. vocabularies RDFS, OWL, SKOKS) are shown and applied in the
development of ontology of Croatian Encyclopedia in the field of Croatian literature. Pointed
out was the possibility of reaching interoperability inasmuch individual ontologic resources,
as well as overall ontology, with existing semantic ontologic projects on the Semantic Web
which will allow conneting relevant and rich knowledge of Croatian Encyclopedia into an
„global network of knowledge“ which appears and develops through projects of Semantic
Web.
The fifth chapter gave an insight into the historical development of encyclopedia in the
world so people could completely realize the context through which encyclopedia had to go
through in other to gain today's familiar features of a modern encyclopedistic work. The
chapter has given basic information about the development of the Croatian central
lexicographical institution; Lexicographical institution „Miroslav Krleža“ (LZMK) that does
lexicography and encyclopedics of particular interest for the Republic of Croatia. It is shown
that this doctoral thesis can contribute to ,with some particular elements , realising the mission
and vision of LZMK. Publishing work of basic and expert enyclopedic editions of LZMK is
shown, embracing editions on a paper media and those in a web surrounding. By analysing
publishing work of web editions, it was found that their substantiation was mostly a matter of
adapting traditional organisations of encyclopedic knowledge from paper media to web
surroundings. That is why this doctoral thesis will research which uses from applying ontologic principles of semantic web would LZMK have, as well as users of these valuable
knowledge sources.
The sixth chapter has shown a structural organisation of encyclopedical articles,
looking back onto basic types of encyclopedic articles and especially on features of
biographic encyclopedial article that is the basis of research of this work. An analysis of type
of data which contain encyclopedical biographic articles has been done. The mentioned
allowed establishing basic ontologic layers i.e. facets by which ontologic relations will
classify.
The seventh chapter identifies constructive ontologic elements from encyclopedical
biographic article, shows the metodology used in development of ontology, as well as
resulting conceptual taxonomy and ontologic relations. The chapter has shown the role of
structural elements of encyclopedical biographic article during ontologic development and
connected them to corresponding constructive ontologic elements. The results of the research
are presented through display of ontologic modules and belonging ontologic relations that can
be used in describing a certain term. A display of structure and sequence of elements of
encylopedical biographic article has been shown, with developed ontologic features by which
can all types of information in the article be stored, from which constant elements have been
determined that can be perceived for development of article infoframes, which is suitable for a
quick insight into most important information of individual articles. Final results are shown
through application of the gained ontology in description of an individual, as well as through
possibility of installing complex semantic questions by unstructured data of encyclopedical
biographic articles and through the possibility of organising browsing encyclopedical data,
which hasn't been possible until now.
The eight chapter explained the FCA approach applied during building of ontology so
a gathering of conceptual features would be established, by which terms in ontology were
defined so classification of terms could be made into a hierarchy. Important definitions were
emphasized to understand places of formal term analysis in methodology of creating
ontology. An actual example of accomplishing FCA approach was shown in 37 articles of
Croatian literature in Croatian Encyclopedia, as well as a transformation of a transformational
grid into a formal language of first order logics. Chapter shows the advantages of applying
FCA analysis because of generating new and unfamilliar terms which could be hardly
established only by handiwork of ontology, because texts specific to the domain do not
include any kind of noun phrase for labeling these new terms. The ninth chapter brings out problems of automated indexing methods and
information fetching. Theoretically, it shows the LSA method and its application on the
example of encyclopedical articles of Croatian Encyclopedia with the goal of learning about
its effieciency and goals in building ontology of an certain area. Conducting LSA method on
chosen articles shows its utility in assessing the term as a gathering of related terms and
affiliations of certain entries of articles (documents) in that matter, by which on the basis of
word forms that selected articles consist of allows an automatic classification of articles by
individual ontologic classes.
The tenth, also final, chapter of this work is a conclusion which combines theoretical
and practical part of the work by giving a short review of research results and showing the
possibility of establishing interoperability and connecting Linked Data concept of Croatian
encyclopedistics with other structural sources of encyclopedical knowledge on the web ( e.g.
DBpedia, Freebase, etc.)