The Economic Impact of Lower Extremity Amputations in Diabetics. a Retrospective Study From a Tertiary Care Hospital of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Background: Among the various complications of diabetes, lower-extremity amputation due to diabetic foot is a common problem. In Pakistan, 6-7% of patients with diabetes suffer from diabetic foot ulceration. Objectives: Our primary objective was to explore the frequency of diabetic foot amputations, and the secondary objective was to calculate the economic burden of these preventable surgeries on the health budget of the provincial government. Materials & Methods: It was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study conducted after obtaining approval from the Ethical Review Committee of Allied hospital, Faisalabad Medical University. The data of diabetic foot patients who underwent amputations between July 2017 and December 2017 were retrieved from three Surgical Units (I, II & III), using a purposive sampling technique. All amputations carried out for reasons other than diabetic foot were excluded. The direct medical cost of one diabetic foot amputation was calculated via a local survey of the various private hospitals of Faisalabad. The indirect costs in terms of loss of productivity and disability costs, transport costs, rehabilitation costs were not included in this study. The data were evaluated by using SPSS Version 23. Results: A total of 85 patients were included in our study. The male to female ratio was 2.7 to 1. The mean direct treatment cost for minor amputation was PKR 46926.00 ± 11730.90 ($382.35 ± 95.58), and the mean direct treatment cost for major amputation was PKR 53720.00 ± 12401.24 ($437.71 ± 101.40). Out of 85 amputations, 63 (74%) were major amputations, and the remaining 22 (26%) were minor amputations. The total cost for 63 major amputations was PKR 3,384,360 ($27568.91) and for 22 minor amputation was PKR 1,032,372 ($8409.67). The net cost came out to be PKR 4,416,732 ($35978.59) for all the 85 cases being reported in a tertiary care hospital of Faisalabad for six months. Conclusion: Diabetic foot, a preventable complication of long-term diabetes mellitus, has an economic burden on the hospital budget, which, if adequately addressed via primary prevention programme, can yield not just economical but medical benefits as well

The economic impact of the Central Arizona Project to the state of Arizona

tableOfContents: Executive summary -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Brief history and build‐out -- 3. Water availability in Arizona -- 4. CAP's customer base and operations -- 5. Statewide economic impacts resulting from the construction of CAP, 1973‐1993 -- 5.1. Method -- 5.2. Annual and cumulative economic impacts, 1973‐1993 -- 6. Statewide economic impacts resulting from CAP's water supplies, 1986‐2010 -- 6.1. Method -- 6.2. Sectoral economic impacts by year, 1986‐2010 -- 6.3. Annual and cumulative statewide economic impacts, 1986‐2010 -- 7. Conclusions & recommendationsabstract: This study examines the economic impact of the Central Arizona Project (CAP) to the State of Arizona in two aspects: the construction of CAP, 1973‐1993; and the impact of CAP's water supply delivery operations, 1986‐2010. A modified IMPLAN input‐output model for the State of Arizona is used to implement both analyses. The economic impacts for each analysis are assessed in terms of gross state product (GSP) and employmen

The Quonset Economic Impact

This report provides a data-driven and comprehensive assessment of the economic impact and tax incidence implications of economic activities at the Quonset Business Park

Economic impact - inconclusive evidence

In Britain, the economic arguments around the value of the arts first acquired popularity in reaction to the cultural policies of the 1980s. Eleonora Belfiore explores some more recent thinking

Economic Impact of Infrastructure Investment

Infrastructure investment has received renewed interest as of late, with both President Trump and some Members of Congress discussing the benefits of such spending. The condition and performance of infrastructure is thought to affect the economic well-being of countries in a number of ways. This report provides an overview of the trends surrounding infrastructure investment in the United States and examines the potential impact of additional infrastructure investments on economic output and employment

The economic impact of immigration

This submission is in response to a request from the Clerk to the Economic Affairs Committee for further information on migration to the North of England, with particular reference to skills. It is an individual rather than School or University response. The following comments are concerned with Polish migration and are based on nearly three years accrued knowledge of Polish migrant workers following a series of projects in the North of England that either I have undertaken myself or in one case been part of a research team. Although, this work has not sort to specifically investigate the introduction of skilled Polish workers into the North of England I consider that it provides a context into which many skilled Polish workers have been introduced

Economic Impact of Tourism

As the traffic of tourists increased in a particular area, it was observed that environmental and ecological balances were disturbed due to over commercialization. The scenic beauty was made more ‘customer friendly’ and the natural tourism products more accessible and ‘saleable’ by man. Environmentalists are agitated about the damages and carelessness showed by the tourists. Culturally and socially, tourism can impact the destination country, but its effect cannot be solely attributable to simple tourist activities. On the road to development, tourism products have also witnessed some changes. As the world changed and developed, new necessities were identified. As people became more aware, the needs changed and new tourism products were developed to satisfy these new found needs. The last few years have seen the emergence of new areas in tourism like, special interest tourism, green tourism, eco tourism, social tourism and so on.gross domestic product, international tourism, expenditure

The Economic Impact And Civic Pride Effects Of Sports Teams And Mega-Events: Do The Public And The Professionals Agree?

Often sports leagues, organising committees, and team owners justify the use of public funds to build sports stadiums by the perceived economic impacts and civic pride generated by the teams or mega-events. Since the 1980s many economic studies have examined the economic impact and civic pride created by professional sports teams. Most of the economic literature finds sports teams or mega-events have little or no economic impact, but there are mixed findings on the magnitude of civic pride. Overall, most of the economic literature suggests that the benefits created by sports teams or events do not outweigh the cost of public subsidies provided. We conduct a survey of public opinion on US residents’ perceptions of economic impacts and civic pride benefits from mega-events such as the Super Bowl and the Winter Olympics. Our study asks the question: Do residents believe that mega-events and sports teams generate positive economic impacts and civic pride or not? We find that, like economists, the public doubts that public funding of mega-events is a good idea