7 research outputs found

    New Polynuclear Copper-Pyrazolate Complexes: Towards the Synthesis of Photo- and Redox-Active Metal Organic Frameworks

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    The main objectives of this project are the synthesis and redox- or photo-active modification and CO2 adsorption studies of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on Cu3-pyrazolate secondary building units (SBUs). Trinuclear copper(II) complexes of the formula [Cu3(”3-O)(”-4-R-pz)3X3]z have been studied extensively due to their redox, magnetic and catalytic properties. In earlier work, we have shown that trinuclear copper(II) complexes of the formula [Cu3(”3-O)(”-4-R-pz)3X3]z pz = pyrazolato anion; R = H, CH(O), Cl, Br and NO2; X = Cl, NCS, CH3COO, CF3COO and pyridine – can be oxidized to the corresponding z+1, formally CuII2CuIII, species. In this project, fourteen (14) new copper-pyrazolate complexes of varying nuclearities (Cu3, Cu6, Cu7 and Cu12), terminal ligands (-NO2, py, -N3, -Cl) and bridging ligands (4-Cl-pzH and 4-Ph-pzH) have been synthesized. Efforts have been made to prepare MOFs based on the Cu3(”3-O)-SBUs. While attempting to design the most suitable SBU for redox-active MOF construction, it was found that the one-electron oxidation of the all-CuII complex [Cu3(”3-O)(”-pz)3(NO2)3]2–, [8]2-, was achieved at redox potential more cathodic than any other Cu3(”3-O)-complexes studied in our laboratory. The mixed-valent compound, [Cu3(”3-O)(”-pz)3(NO2)3]–, [8]-, the easiest accessible CuII2CuIII species known to date, was characterized spectroscopically. Compound [8] and analogous [11] release NO almost quantitatively upon the addition of PhSH or acetic acid. The system is catalytic in the presence of excess nitrite. Before embarking on the study of photo-active MOFs, a simpler model compound – a dimer of trimer [{Cu3(”3-OH)(”-4-Cl-pz)3(py)2}2(”-abp)](ClO4)4 [21], where abp = 4,4’-azopyridine, was synthesized and its photochemistry was studied. The absorption spectra recorded before and after irradiation indicated a structural change. Two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) materials with {[Cu3(”3-OH)(”-4-R-pz)3]2+}n SBUs where R = Ph or Cl , which can potentially undergo cis/trans-isomerization, have been prepared during this project. A Phenyl substituent at 4-position on the pyrazole ligand leads to the formation of new class of 2D sheets. Three new 3D porous MOFs based on {[Cu3(”3-OH)(”-4-Cl-pz)3]2+}n SBUs have interpenetrated- lattice structures and are capable of adsorbing CO2 selectively. Compounds FIU-1 and FIU-3 also exhibit hysteretic sorption-desorption profiles indicating the flexibility of the MOFs upon adsorption. Compound FIU-1 demonstrates the usefulness of a hexanuclear CuII -pyrazolate moiety as an SBU for generating 3-fold interpenetrated 3D polymeric network. Complexes FIU-2 and FIU-3 have novel 3-fold interpenetrating 3D hexagonal framework structures. Compound FIU-2 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the P21/c space group, whereas FIU-3 crystallizes in triclinic space group P . Both structures contain Cu3-SBUs connected by the linkers through the Cu-termini

    Towards Trigonal Prismatic Hexanuclear Copper Complexes For Catalytic Water Oxidation

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    Our planet is running out of energy resources and traditional renewables are not easily transported nor will be sufficient to cover the void left by fossil fuels. Therefore, a new energy storage system needs to be adopted. The medium with highest energy density that is readily available is hydrogen from water. However, to access hydrogen, water needs to be oxidized and water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) will be required for widespread adoption. In pursuit of WOCs, several hexauclear copper complexes were synthesized and characterized, including the isolation and characterization of a mixed-valent Cu6 (formally, CuII5CuIII) complex. Furthermore, early in the research, several novel coordination polymers (CPs) were serendipitously synthesized. This dissertation is divided into three major parts: (i) A series of trigonal prismatic Cu6-pyrazolato complexes (Cu6) form a unique arrangement of two O2- ions in a favorable position to form an O-O bond without much external influence. The Cu6 complexes undergo two reversible one-electron oxidations and a structurally characterized one-electron oxidized mixed-valent complex displays an O···O distance ~0.3 Å closer than the homovalent compound, which highlights the propensity of the system towards O-O bond formation. Spectroscopic findings and DFT calculations on the electronic structure of the mixed-valent Cu6-complex are reported. The results support the hypothesis that a variation of a Cu6 motif could function as a water oxidation catalyst. (ii) Three new coordination polymers containing trinuclear Cu(II)-4-formyl pyrazolato units connected by formyl group coordination were prepared and the crystal structures are reported: a 1D polymer formed by linking secondary building units (SBUs) and two 3D polymers with novel topologies consist of 14-nodal 3842,54-c and 3-nodal 3,3,4-c nets, respectively. (iii) Two new motifs of Cu6-pyrazolato complexes were prepared. One motif has two pyrazolato bridges between the trinuclear copper subunits with a ”4-Cl situated inside the open cage, and the other has the subunits bridged by a single pyrazolato ligand. Variable low-temperature NMR and magnetic studies were conducted. And for the first time, far-infrared spectroscopy studies were used to determine the characteristic absorptions of various coordination bonds in copper pyrazolate complexes

    Influence of reaction conditions on the preparation of Cu" pyrazolate CPs: Synthetic approaches and XRD structural characterization

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    The preparation of Cu"-pyrazolate CPS has been carried out in different sovents, at room temperature and in solvothermal conditions. Trinuclear triangolar compounds and linear CPS were obtained. Trinuclear compounds were also reacted with bipyridine in solvothermal conditional.The products were charactezized with elemental analysis, IR and XRPD. XRD structures were determined for some new product

    Biomimetic oxidation reactions with dinuclear copper pyrazolate complexes

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    Eine Reihe dinuklearer Kupfer(II)komplexe mit unterschiedlichen Pyrazolatliganden wurde als biomimetische Modellkomplexe des Enzyms Catechol-Oxidase synthetisiert und strukturell charakterisiert. Kurze Ligandseitenarme erzwingen einen grĂ¶ĂŸeren Cu∙∙∙Cu-Abstand (max. 4.53 Å), wĂ€hrend lange Seitenarme eine grĂ¶ĂŸere FlexibilitĂ€t des Cu∙∙∙Cu-Abstandes ermöglichen (min. 3.44 Å). Die Koordinationsgeometrie ist i. allg. verzerrt quadratisch pyramidal. Die Catecholase-AktivitĂ€t von 8 verschiedenen Dikupfer(II)pyrazolatkomplexen wurde mit 3,5-Di-tert-butylcatechol als Testsubstrat untersucht. Im untersuchten Bereich wurde fĂŒr das Geschwindigkeitsgesetz eine lineare AbhĂ€ngigkeit von der Katalysatorkonzentration beobachtet. Die entsprechenden kexp-Werte liegen zwischen 5178 h-1 (große katalytische AktivitĂ€t) und 2.8 h-1 (sehr geringe AktivitĂ€t). Es wurde eine Korrelation zwischen dem Abstand der Kupferzentren sowie der EpRed-Werte mit der Catecholase-AktivitĂ€t festgestellt. Besonders aktiv sind Katalysatoren mit kleinem Cu∙∙∙Cu-Abstand und hohem EpRed. Außerdem wird die AbhĂ€ngigkeit der AktivitĂ€t von der Koordination der Kupferzentren, dem pH-Wert und dem eingesetzten Puffer diskutiert. Ein zusĂ€tzlich untersuchter einkerniger Kupferpyrazolkomplex zeigt ein Geschwindigkeitsgesetz 2. Ordnung bzgl. der Katalysatorkonzentration. FĂŒr die AbhĂ€ngigkeit der Anfangsgeschwindigkeit der Reaktion von der Substratkonzentration wurde i. allg. ein SĂ€ttigungsverhalten beobachtet, das mit einer Michaelis-Menten-Kinetik ausgewertet wurde. In zwei FĂ€llen wurde keine AbhĂ€ngigkeit von der Substratkonzentration beobachtet. Als weiteres Produkt der Reaktion neben 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-o-chinon wurde fĂŒr 3 Komplexe Wasserstoffperoxid nachgewiesen, wĂ€hrend in allen anderen untersuchten FĂ€llen der Nachweis negativ verlief. Die Sauerstoffaddukte L4Cu2(O2) und L9Cu2(O2) konnten UV/Vis-spektroskopisch mit Hilfe der Stopped-Flow-Technik und ramanspektroskopisch als ÎŒ-η1:η1-peroxidisch verbrĂŒckte Verbindungen identifiziert werden. Um Hinweise auf die Art der Anbindung eines Catecholsubstrates zu erhalten, wurden fĂŒnf verschiedene Modellkomplexe mit einem gebundenen substratĂ€hnlichen MolekĂŒl (Tetrachlorcatecholat oder Tetrabromcatecholat) hergestellt und röntgenographisch charakterisiert. In allen untersuchten FĂ€llen koordiniert das Catecholat bidentat an eines der Kupferzentren. In den entsprechenden Komplexen tritt es dabei in die basale KoordinationssphĂ€re des Kupferzentrums ein, ein Komplex bildet einen tetranuklearen Komplex aus zwei Ligandeinheiten, welche durch zwei Kupferzentren verbrĂŒckt sind. Anhand der erhaltenen Resultate wird ein Mechanismus fĂŒr die Catecholase-Reaktion der untersuchten Dikupfer(II)pyrazolatkomplexe vorgeschlagen, bei dem das Substrat zunĂ€chst bidentat an ein Kupfer(II)zentrum koordiniert und zum o-Chinon oxidiert wird. Die entstandene Kupfer(I)spezies reagiert mit O2 unter Ausbildung einer ÎŒ-η1:η1-peroxidisch verbrĂŒckten Verbindung und danach wieder zurĂŒck zur Ausgangsverbindung, in einigen FĂ€llen unter Entstehung von Wasserstoffperoxid, in anderen FĂ€llen von Wasser bei gleichzeitiger Oxidation eines weiteren Substrates
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