Analysis of Livelihood Structure of Pastoralists in Banni Grassland in Kachchh District of Gujarat in India

Banni grassland in Kachchh district of Gujarat in India is situated at 69024’ E longitude to 23042’ N latitude axis and spread in about 3847 sq km area. Banni region is a vast salt affected plain and experiences arid climate with average rainfall of 317mm received by southwest monsoon spread between June to September with high coefficient of Variation of 65%. Banni grassland is home to migratory pastoralists, generally called maldharies, for more than 500 years. Banni area comprises of 48 hamlets/villages organized into 19 Panchayats with a population of approximately 40,000 people. Maldharies are landless and depend upon village commons (Gauchars) for their livestock rearing. Banni buffaloes, kankrej cows, sheep, goat and camel are the domesticated animals. Breeding of kankrej bullocks and banni buffaloes for draught and milch purpose respectively was the traditional occupation and main source of income for maldharies. They breed and sell these animals to farmers in Gujarat and other parts of the country. Since late 1970s there has been a gradual shift in livestock population formerly dominated by kankrej cows to one now dominated by banni buffaloes. Change in vegetation pattern, especially invasion of Prosopis juliflora is attributed as one of the main reasons by farmers for this occupational shift. Feeding on P. juliflora pods over a period of time leads to dislocation and weakening of jaws in cows leading to their death. Mechanization of agriculture in Kachchh and other parts of Gujarat has led to reduction in use of bullocks for draught purpose. Consequently the demand for kankrej bullocks has also reduced drastically. On the other hand, banni buffaloes are tolerant to ill effects of feeding on P. juliflora. Hence, number of banni buffaloes has increased drastically since 1980s when compared to kankrej cows. Improved road connectivity of villages in banni area to Bhuj city and other towns and establishment of milk collection centers in the region has also played a vital role in growth and development of banni buffalo based dairy enterprise. These internal and external factors have led to change in occupational structure in banni region. Hence, documentation of changes in occupational structure and the driving factors behind such change is important. This research paper has the objective of analyzing the combination of various livelihood options available for pastoralist households of banni region

Traditional Conservation of Buffalo Breed by Pastoralists through Maintaining of Grassland Ecosystem, Banni-Kachchh, Gujarat-India

Banni region, situated at 23019’N to 23052’N to 68056’E to70032’E, comprises around 25,00 sq.km area under Bhuj taluka of Kutch district of Gujarat state, is home of Muslim nomadic pastoralists and Meghwal Hindus. Banni is situated in Arid climate, with high temperature in most of time which reached maximum up to 480C -500C during May June. Pastoral community, call themselves Maldhari, in Banni region depends on Banni Grassland for the raring of their livestock mainly Banni Buffalo which registered as 11th buffalo breed of India in 2011. Maldharis even rearing unique Kankarej Cattle for Milk Production and selling bullocks in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Pastoral life style in Banni, promote pluralistic culture to stay united by respecting traditions of each community. Strong association with animals and nature, made them sensitive to grassland ecosystem therefore, they have been able to developed livestock rearing practices which are more ecologically sustainable. This paper attempts to understand the pastoral life of Maldharis as essential for breeding, marketing and sustainable use of resources particularly commons

Transcriptomic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Ibuprofen in the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam

The transcriptomic effects of Ibuprofen (IBU) in the digestive gland tissue of Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. specimens exposed at low environmental concentrations (250 ng L-1) are presented. Using a 1.7 K feature cDNA microarray along with linear models and empirical Bayes statistical methods 225 differentially expressed genes were identified in mussels treated with IBU across a 15-day period. Transcriptional dynamics were typical of an adaptive response with a peak of gene expression change at day 7 (177 features, representing about 11% of sequences available for analysis) and an almost full recovery at the end of the exposure period. Functional genomics by means of Gene Ontology term analysis unraveled typical mussel stress responses i.e. aminoglycan (chitin) metabolic processes but also more specific effects such as the regulation of NF-kappa B transcription factor activity. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Metabolic interactions between vitamin A and conjugated linoleic acid

Lipid-soluble molecules share several aspects of their physiology due to their common adaptations to a hydrophilic environment, and may interact to regulate their action in a tissue-specific manner. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a fatty acid with a conjugated diene structure that is found in low concentrations in ruminant products and available as a nutritional supplement. CLA has been shown to increase tissue levels of retinol (vitamin A alcohol) and its sole specific circulating carrier protein retinol-binding protein (RBP or RBP4). However, the precise mechanism of this action has not been elucidated yet. Here, we provide a summary of the current knowledge in this specific area of research and speculate that retinol and CLA may compete for catabolic pathways modulated by the activity of PPAR- and RXR heterodimer. We also present preliminary data that may position PPAR- at the crossroads between the metabolism of lipids and vitamin

Genetic sensitivity to the bitter taste of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) and its association with Physiological mechanisms controlling Body Mass Index (BMI)

Taste sensitivity to the bitter compound 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is considered a marker for individual differences in taste perception that may influence food preferences and eating behavior, and thereby energy metabolism. This review describes genetic factors that may contribute to PROP sensitivity including: (1) the variants of the TAS2R38 bitter receptor with their different affinities for the stimulus; (2) the gene that controls the gustin protein that acts as a salivary trophic factor for fungiform taste papillae; and (3) other specific salivary proteins that could be involved in facilitating the binding of the PROP molecule with its receptor. In addition, we speculate on the influence of taste sensitivity on energy metabolism, possibly via modulation of the endocannabinoid system, and its possible role in regulating body composition homeostasis

Krill oil significantly decreases 2-arachidonoylglycerol plasma levels in obese subjects

We have previously shown that krill oil (KO), more efficiently than fish oil, was able to downregulate the endocannabinoid system in different tissues of obese zucker rats

Migrasi Database Dengan Menggunakan Ssis (Sql Server Integration Service) Di PT Xyz Indonesia

PT. INDONESIA XYZ is the largest Direct Selling company in Indonesia that have strong growth in comparison with other Direct Selling companies in Indonesia. With the rapid development of PT XYZ INDONESIA, then decided to update its sales application that can not follow the process of starting a thriving business. In addition the needs of data storage capacity becomes very large. To be able to meet that need, so the new system required a more reliable and faster in performance. By looking at the problem, we needed a system / application that can move and manipulate the old data so it can be used by the new system. Database migration process is designed using one of the facilities provided by MS SQL 2005, the facility is named SSIS (SQL Server Integration Service)

Indigenous knowledge of water management

Indigenous knowledge of water managemen

Physiological response to lipid peroxidation in ischemia and reperfusion during carotid endarterectomy

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In this study we aimed to assess lipid peroxidation during carotid endarterectomy by the formation of PUFA hydroperoxides (PUFAHP) and isoprostanes (IP) and concomitant peroxisomal beta-oxidation as a physiological mechanism to limit their concentration. Two markers of peroxisomal beta oxidation have been evaluated, formation of 2,3 dinor from IP and conjugated esadecadienoic acid (CD 16:2) from peroxisomal beta-oxidation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), an unusual fatty acid present in small concentration in our diet and preferentially beta-oxidised in peroxisomes.</p> <p>The study was conducted on 30 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Blood samplings were performed before, during endarterectomy in the "ischemic phase", and 30 seconds, 30 minutes and 2 hours after reperfusion.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results showed that PUFAHP increased significantly after 30 min of reperfusion in patients with controlateral stenosis > 50%, and steeply decreased after 2 hour of reperfusion. Interestingly, IP increased in a similar fashion of PUFAHP but never significantly. Both ratios CD16:2/CLA and DIN/IP also increased significantly after 30 min of reperfusion to decrease thereafter.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our data show that lipid peroxidation takes place only in patients with high controlateral stenosis and within 2 hours occurs a physiological response aimed to decrease IP and PUFAHP by increasing their catabolism in peroxisomes.</p

Stories of change : case study challenge 2019-2020

Modern India has a history of a vibrant and active social sector. Many local development organisations, community organizations, social movements and non-governmental organisations populate the space of social action. Such organisations imagine a different future and plan and implement social interventions at different scales, many of which have lasting impact on the lives of people and society. However, their efforts and, more importantly, the learning from these initiatives remains largely unknown not only in the public sphere but also in the worlds of ‘development practice’ and ‘development education’. This shortfall impedes the process of learning and growth across interventions, organizations and time