A high-pressure extraction technique and its application in seed oil

设计并建立一套适用于植物油萃取的高压工艺的实验装置。在温度为12~24℃、压力约6 MPa时,以高压液体二氧化碳对沾油布条的预萃取实验表明,该装置可以在萃取温度下40 min内将油从布条中几乎萃取完毕。在温度为25~40℃、压力为0.4~1.0 MPa下,采用液化气为萃取剂,考察该工艺对完整颗粒的黄豆和花生中植物油的萃取收率。常压条件下,考察了常规使用的正己烷溶剂于不同萃取温度下对完整颗粒的黄豆和花生中植物油的萃取收率的影响。比较2种萃取方式所得同种原料的对应植物油的萃取收率的结果表明:以正己烷为溶剂,常压萃取对豆油的萃取效果较好,萃取温度在正己烷沸点时效果最佳,豆油的萃取收率达2.88%;以液化气为溶剂,采用高压萃取方式对花生油的萃取效果较好,萃取温度在40℃时,花生油的萃取收率达4.91%。An experimental apparatus for high-pressure extraction of seed oil was designed and established.At 14～24℃ and about 6 MPa the apparatus was applied to a model system:cloth adsorbed with oil;the extraction results showed the oil could be quickly extracted into liquid carbon dioxide within 40 min at different extraction temperature,indicating the availability of the technique.At 25～40℃ and 0.4～1.0 MPa the apparatus was employed to extract seed oil from unbroken soybean and peanut respectively by using liquefied-gas as the extractant.Moreover,the oil extraction from unbroken soybean and peanut were also investigated at atmospheric pressure by using conventional hexane as the extractant.The oil yields obtained from the same material by the two methods were compared and analyzed.Results showed that hexane as solvent for extracting soybean at the boiling point of hexane with the extraction rate of 2.88% was more favorable than liquefied-gas implemented at high pressure;liquefied-gas as the solvent at high pressure for extracting peanut at 40℃with the extraction rate of 4.91% was better than hexane.教育部留学回国人员科研启动基金资助项目(项目编号);; 福建省新世纪优秀人才支持计划和福建省自然科学基金资助项目(E0710026

青藏高原土壤有机碳储量与密度分布

采用全国第二次土壤普查数据结合作者的实测数据,利用1∶100万土壤数据库对青藏高原土壤有机质层、土壤矿质层及整个剖面的土壤有机碳密度和土壤有机碳储量分别进行了估算。结果表明:青藏高原的平均土壤有机碳密度约为C7.2kgm-2,较前人的C8.01~19.05kgm-2全国平均土壤有机碳密度偏低。青藏高原总的土壤有机碳储量约为18.37Pg,其中有机质层土壤有机碳储量约占38.14%,矿质层土壤有机碳储量则占61.86%。中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(KZCX3-SW-339-04);国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(2005CB422005)资

Research on Decentralization Teaching Mode of Engineering Undergraduates' Graduation Designs

高校扩招给工科本科毕业设计教学带来了困难和问题,师资紧缺、师生比失衡是造成毕业设计质量不高的主要原因。分散教学模式是解决毕业设计师生比问题的有效途径之一。分散毕业设计教学模式包括:成立小组、联系企业单位、确定学生单位、聘请指导教师并选择设计题目、过程指导和监控以及考核六个教学环节。分散毕业设计模式存在优势,也有不足。The expanding recruits of university have brought about difficulties and problems in the teaching of graduation designs.The lack of teachers and the unbalance of teacher-to-student ratio are the main causes resulted in quality problem of graduation designs.The decentralization teaching mode is good for solving the problem.The decentralization teaching mode of graduation designs includes the following teaching procedures: group coming into existence,contacting with corporations,ascertaining the corporation,retaining instructors and choosing design themes,instructing and supervising in the course of design,and examining.The decentralization teaching mode of graduation designs possesses advantages and shortages at the same time.山东省高等教育学会教育科学研究课题项目(GJYKT060004

新型磷酸盐防腐涂层材料

本文研究一种磷酸盐系的无机涂层材料，在200～800℃下将此材料喷涂于钢铁材料上，涂层厚度约为0.1mm，平均附着力为34×108Pa。此涂层在高温条件下具有良好的耐腐蚀和抗氧化保护作用

新型磷酸盐防腐涂层材料

本文研究一种磷酸盐系的无机涂层材料，在２００－８００℃下将材料喷涂于钢铁材料上，涂层厚度约为０．１ｍｍ，平均附着力为３．４×１０＾８Ｐａ。此涂层在高温条件下具有良好的耐腐蚀和抗氧化保护作用

大功率GaInP／AlGaInP半导体激光器

制备了大功率实折射率GaInP／AlGaInP压应变分别限制量子阱激光器．所用外延材料在15°偏角的GaAs衬底上由有机金属气相外延一次外延生长得到．制备的激光器具有双沟脊波导结构，条宽和腔长分别为3和900μm，前后端面分别蒸镀5％的增透膜和95％的高反膜．分析了室温连续激射时激光器的光电输出性能．阈值电流的典型值为32mA，光学灾变阈值为88mW，功率为80mW时的工作电流为110mA，斜率效率为1W／A，串联电阻为3Ω．基横模光输出功率可达60mW，60mW时的平行结和垂直结的远场发散角分别为10°和32°，激射波长为658．4nm．器件的内损耗为4．1cm^-1，内量子效率达80％，透明电流密度为648A／cm^2

黄土关键带深层土壤水分动态模拟与主控因素

地球关键带是维系地球生态系统功能和人类生存的关键区域,土壤水分是黄土高原关键带植被恢复与生态环境重建的关键因子之一。为探明黄土关键带深剖面土壤水分变化过程并进行模型模拟,对黄土高原长武塬区苹果地和小麦地的深层土壤水分(0~18m)进行监测(2011~2013年,共选择11个不同日期进行深剖面土壤水分监测),在此基础上,采用Hydrus-1D进行模型模拟,分析了深剖面土壤水分动态及其模拟效果的主控因素。结果表明:1)苹果地(6~18m)、小麦地(3~18m)的深层土壤含水量随时间变化很小;0~1m的土壤含水量随时间变化较大;不同土地利用类型会产生不同的土壤水分过程及运动机制;在根系及近根系区,土壤含水量变化受根系分布格局及土壤质地共同影响,接近地表时还同时受降雨、蒸发等上边界条件影响;在非根系区,土壤含水量的主要影响因素为土壤质地;2)利用前6次的实测数据进行调参和校正,后5次实测数据进行预测效果检验,取得了较好的深剖面土壤水分模拟效果&mdash;&mdash;苹果地的决定系数、相对误差绝对值、均方根误差分别介于0.5923~ 0.7637、3.33%~5.20%、0.0149~0.0168cm~3/cm~3之间,小麦地分别介于0.2414~0.6822、2.64%~4.58%、 0.0177~0.0247cm~3/cm~3之间;3)叶面积指数、根系深度与分布是影响深剖面土壤水分动态模拟效果的主控因素。相关结果可为黄土关键带深剖面土壤水分模拟与调控提供参考。</p

Synergistic Functions of Trimethl Phosphate and Vinylene Carbonate as Additives for the Li-ion Batteries

应用循环伏安、交流阻抗、扫描电子显微镜和锂离子电池性能检测装置研究了阻燃添加剂磷酸三甲酯(TMP)和成膜添加剂碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)对锂离子电池的复合作用.结果表明,复合使用TMP和VC不仅能提高电池的安全性而且能改善电池的循环性能,原因可能是在电池首次充放电过程中VC优先还原,还原产物在负极表面聚合形成良好的SEI膜,有效地制约了因TMP在石墨负极表面的分解而造成负极石墨的脱落,同时提高了SEI膜的稳定性.The cooperative effects of trimethl phosphate and vinylene carbonate as additives for Li-ion batteries are investigated by using the cyclic voltammetry,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electronic micro-photographs.The results show that the combination application of TMP and VC as additives for Li-ion batteries not only enhances safety of the batteries,but also improves their cycling performance.The reason may be ascribed to firstly VC being reduced and the reduction product polymerized to form excellent solid electrolyte interface(SEI) layer on the surface of graphite electrode during the first charge and discharge process,which prevents effectively the decomposition of TMP on the surface of the graphite electrode that leads to exfoliation of graphite electrode,at same time,improves the stability of SEI.作者联系地址：天津大学化工学院应用化学系,天津大学化工学院应用化学系,天津大学化工学院应用化学系,天津大学化工学院应用化学系,天津大学化工学院应用化学系,天津大学化工学院应用化学系 天津300072,天津300072,天津300072,天津300072,天津300072,天津300072Author's Address: Applied Chemistry Department,College of Chemical Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,Chin