Proposed Subtypes of Anger Rumination: Brooding and Reflection and Their Associations with Aggression

Rumination maintains, exacerbates, and is related to several maladaptive outcomes including negative affect (e.g., sadness, anger), symptoms of depression, and aggression in samples of nonclinical and clinical populations across developmental periods (e.g., McLaughlin & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1996; Thomsen, 2006; Peled & Moretti, 2007; Yang, et. al., 2014). Recently, the construct of sadness rumination has been conceptualized as two distinct subtypes, reflection and brooding (Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003). Brooding is considered maladaptive because feelings and situations are viewed through a negativistic lens and reflection is viewed as adaptive and uses a problem-solving approach (Lopez, 2010; Burwell & Shirk, 2007; Smith & Alloy, 2009; Treynor, et al., 2003). The current study aimed to expand upon this past research and examine whether a two-factor model of rumination (brooding and reflection) is relevant for anger rumination and examine which subtype is associated with different forms of aggression. Results revealed that a two-factor model of anger rumination was a better fit than a one-factor model. Furthermore, this study found that brooding significantly associated with increases in physical and relational aggression and reflection was significantly associated with decreases in physical and relational aggression. However, reflection and not brooding was determined to be significantly associated with elevated levels of verbal aggression. Importantly, sex did not moderate the relationship between brooding and the different forms of aggression. Overall, these findings provide evidence of brooding and reflection subtypes for anger rumination and increases the specificity of how risk factors for aggression are conceptualized, thus informing future directions for research and treatment

Small scale mining possibilities in southeast Missouri

The disseminated lead ore bodies of St. Francois County in southeast Missouri are known for their enormous size and even grade over large areas. Several of these ore bodies are over a mile long by a quarter mile wide. They have been worked on a commensurate scale. The smallest mill in the district, at Bonne Terre, now treats 2,500 tons daily capacity. Each of these mills is supplied by a single ore hoisting shaft. The disseminated ore district of St. Francois County is bounded by the Big River-Bonne Terre fault on the north and west, by the Simms Mountain fault to the west and south, and by the Farmington anticline to the east. Each side of this triangle is about twelve miles long. This district is commonly spoken of as the Lead Belt . About twenty five miles to the south, at Mine La Motte is a district several miles square of somewhat similar characteristics. This has not been a producer since 1930, but has produced a very large amount of ore in the past --Introduction, page 1

STR-964: STUDIES ON VIBRATION SERVICEABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ALUMINUM PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES

Vibration serviceability is often the governing design factor for slender, lightweight footbridges. However, there is currently a large gap that exists between our understanding from a modeling perspective and their actual vibration behaviour. Recent experimental tests conducted at the University of Waterloo have underscored these discrepancies and have provided an unique opportunity to not only validate many of the models currently in use, but also to propose new modifications to better align with experimental test results. Specifically, issues such as how to design for lateral vibrations and crowd-induced loading and calibration of load factors, will be addressed in this presentation. Recent results obtained by the pedestrian bridge research group at the University of Waterloo through their extensive crowd-testing program on a full-scale aluminum pedestrian bridge located at the university will aim to address both of these issues. The ultimate objectives of this experimental program are to validate or extrapolate existing analytical frameworks, and to develop new, practical models that can be used in a design guideline to better account for lateral vibrations and crowd-induced loading

Sediment Nutrient Accumulation and Nutrient Availability in Two Tidal Freshwater Marshes Along the Mattaponi River, Virginia, USA

Sediment deposition is the main mechanism of nutrient delivery to tidal freshwater marshes (TFMs). We quantified sediment nutrient accumulation in TFMs upstream and downstream of a proposed water withdrawal project on the Mattaponi River, Virginia. Our goal was to assess nutrient availability by comparing relative rates of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) accumulated in sediments with the C, N, and P stoichiometries of surface soils and above ground plant tissues. Surface soil nutrient contents (0.60–0.92% N and 0.09–0.13% P) were low but within reported ranges for TFMs in the eastern US. In both marshes, soil nutrient pools and C, N, and P stoichiometries were closely associated with sedimentation patterns. Differences between marshes were more striking than spatial variations within marshes: both C, N, and P accumulation during summer, and annual P accumulation rates (0.16 and 0.04 g P m−2 year−1, respectively) in sediments were significantly higher at the downstream than at the upstream marsh. Nitrogen:P ratiosbiomass, surface soils, and sediments suggest that N limits primary production in these marshes, but experimental additions of N and/or P did not significantly increase above ground productivity in either marsh. Lower soil N:P ratios are consistent with higher rates of sediment P accumulation at the downstream site, perhaps due to its greater proximity to the estuarine turbidity maximum

STR-934: FATIGUE RESPONSE OF UHPC AS A CLOSURE STRIP MATERIAL IN PREFABRICATED BRIDGE APPLICATIONS

Replacement of concrete bridge decks can be an expensive process. In order to decrease costs and time of construction, precast deck panels can be used with closure strips cast in place between the panels. In order to ensure that these connections can withstand the rigors of a bridge’s life cycle, fatigue testing was completed on a specimen consisting of two precast concrete panels reinforced with GFRP and connected using a UHPC closure strip. These panels were subjected to 2,000,000 cycles of fatigue loading at three locations and subject to static failure loading at one location following fatigue loads. It was found that under fatigue loading the panels were able to maintain structural integrity while deflection values increased linearly following the initial cracking phase. At ultimate load, the panel failed in punching shear at levels less than those specified by bridge code. This is primarily due to the failure location adjacent to the closure strip failing on three punching shear planes and one plane along the interface between the UHPC

STR-923: FATIGUE OF STUD SHEAR CONNECTORS IN STEEL-PRECAST COMPOSITE BRIDGES

Modular bridge systems consisting of precast concrete deck panels connected to steel girders are becoming increasingly popular due to their rapid construction and optimal material utilization. The shear connection is a critical element of the system, having significant impacts on construction time, economic and environmental cost, structural integrity, and durability. Today welded shear studs are by far the most common type of shear connection. In steel-precast composite bridges, the studs are commonly grouped together so that the precast deck panels can be affixed to the girders by providing full depth “shear pockets” filled with grout. A laboratory beam testing program is underway at the University of Waterloo to investigate the effect of cyclic loading on stud shear connectors in cast-in-place and precast bridge girders. The program consists of twelve beam specimens, uniquely tested using a variable amplitude load history simulating Canadian highway truck traffic. In addition to yielding valuable S-N (stress plotted vs. the number of cycles until fatigue failure) data, initial test results provide evidence of the benefits of redundancy in the structural system and the value of beam tests over push-out tests. Calculating connector stresses in a composite beam is made complicated by interfacial slip and neutral axis migration. The end goal of this research is to provide Canadian bridge designers and erectors with improved design and construction recommendations in order to improve the efficiency and economy of this structural system for rapid bridge replacement projects