The Rate of Weakening of Paper Due to an Applied Stress

Introduction When a load is applied to a sheet of paper, the paper may break immediately or it may support the load for some period of time. It is recognized that the paper, while under a stress less than that required to cause immediate break, is weakened until it is finally unable to support the stress. Since in the normal use of paper the stress to which paper is subjected is less than that needed to cause immediate break this weakening is an important factor in many cases. A few examples of such cases are the winding of the paper onto the reel of the paper machine during manufacture, the use of paper in bags, and possibly most important of all the running of paper through a printing press. Since approximately 90 per cent of all paper is printed by some means or another, and during the printing process the paper is subjected to stresses, the subject of weakening while under stress is very important. Should the paper be weakened to the breaking point in the printing operation, many costly shutdowns and wastes of materials could result

Henry David Thoreau in Context

Well known for his contrarian and solitary posture, Henry David Thoreau was nonetheless deeply responsive to the world around him. Tracing a wide range of geographic, intellectual, cultural, political, and scientific contexts, this volume brings together leading scholars of Thoreau and nineteenth-century American literature and culture who provide original research, valuable synthesis of historical and scholarly sources, and innovative readings of Thoreau’s texts. The thirty-four chapters contained herein reveal a Thoreau deeply concerned with and shaped by diverse landscapes, intellectual and literary traditions, social issues, and modes of scientific practice. Essays also illuminate important posthumous contexts and consider the specific challenges of contextualizing Thoreau. A resource for students, teachers, general readers, and scholars, the volume provides a rich understanding of Thoreau and nineteenth-century literature, political activism, and environmentalist thinking

"The Land of Liberty": Henry Bibb's Free Soil Geographies

This essay situates "The Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, An American Slave" within the political context of the antislavery Free Soil movement, arguing that Bibb's representations of land and labor reflect the concerns of Free Soil. In particular, it argues that Bibb's narrative simultaneously critiques Free Soil ideology for its lack of a full-throated call for immediate abolition and its privileging of the white working class over both free and enslaved Black people. In addition, these aspects of Bibb’s Free Soil critique— both in condemning slavery and in reflexively challenging elements of Free Soil ideology—are more ecological than established Free Soil discourse, reflecting a deeper, more sensitive, and more radical understanding of material interconnection in regards to bodies, means of production, and topographies

"Who Are We? Where Are We?": Contact and Literary Navigation in The Maine Woods

This essay argues that Thoreau witnesses a series of clashes across the three essays collected in "The Maine Woods" and that Thoreau positions himself with a variety of contact zones, enabling him both to navigate the landscapes of northern Maine and recount his experiences to his audiences

Java\u27s Last Night

He might have been your neighbor, or your boyfriend, or just the fellow you see clattering along in a Model A Ford any place in the country where college boys take the gang home from football games. He might have been, but now he was no part of that former life

Reference-State One-Particle Density-Matrix Theory

A density-matrix formalism is developed based on the one-particle density-matrix of a single-determinantal reference-state. The v-representable problem does not appear in the proposed method, nor the need to introduce functionals defined by a constrained search. The correlation-energy functionals are not universal; they depend on the external potential. Nevertheless, model systems can still be used to derive universal energy-functionals. In addition, the correlation-energy functionals can be partitioned into individual terms that are -- to a varying degree -- universal; yielding, for example, an electron gas approximation. Variational and non-variational energy functionals are introduced that yield the target-state energy when the reference state -- or its corresponding one-particle density matrix -- is constructed from Brueckner orbitals. Using many-body perturbation theory, diagrammatic expansions are given for the non-variational energy-functionals, where the individual diagrams explicitly depend on the one-particle density-matrix. Non-variational energy-functionals yield generalized Hartree--Fock equations involving a non-local correlation-potential and the Hartree--Fock exchange; these equations are obtained by imposing the Brillouin--Brueckner condition. The same equations -- for the most part -- are obtained from variational energy-functionals using functional minimizations, yielding the (kernel of) correlation potential as the functional derivative of correlation-energy functionals. Approximations for the correlation-energy functions are introduced, including a one-particle-density-matrix variant of the local-density approximation (LDA) and a variant of the Lee--Yang--Parr (LYP) functional.Comment: 68 Page, 0 Figures, RevTeX 4, Submitted to Phys.Rev.A (on April 28 2003