LINEAR KINEMATICS OF THE UNDERWATER UNDULATORY SWIMMING PHASE PERFORMED AFTER TWO BACKSTROKE STARTING TECHNIQUES

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects on relevant kinematic parameters of the underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) phase of the repetition of these UUS cycles and of the starting technique used: the one with the feet parallel and entirely immerged (BSFI) and the other with the feet parallel and entirely emerged (BSFE). Four high level swimmers performed 3x15 m maximal sprints using each technique (BSFI and BSFE). In both starting techniques the mean horizontal velocity and horizontal amplitude were greater for the 4 initial UUS cycles than the last 4 ones. At BSFI, the 4 initial UUS cycles showed greater mean frequency than the last 4 ones. No differences were observed between BSFI and BSFE for the 4 initial UUS cycles. Coaches should consider the frequency of UUS cycles to optimize underwater phase performance at BSFI and BSFE

COMPARISON OF ISOKINETIC FORCE OF THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ROTATORS OF THE SHOULDERS BETWEEN SWIMMERS OF ALTERNATE AND SIMULTANEOUS TECHNIQUES

The aim of this study was to compare the peak torque and the strength ratio between the external and internal swimmers’ right and left shoulder rotators between alternate and simultaneous swimming techniques. Sixteen competitive swimmers (3 females and 13 males) were divided equally into two groups, alternate and simultaneous swimming techniques. The experimental protocol consisted of three maximum concentric repetitions of internal rotation and external rotation of the shoulder at an angular velocity of 60°/s and twenty repetitions at a velocity of 180°/s, with a two minutes interval between speeds and four minutes in the change of laterality of the upper limbs on a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 4.0, Biodex Corp., Shirley, NY, EUA).The peak torque and the strength ratio between the external and internal swimmers’ right and left shoulder rotators were measured. No difference was obtained between swimming techniques for peak torque and the strength ratio between the external and internal swimmers’ right and left shoulder rotators (p \u3e 0.05), except for the right shoulder internal rotation at 180º/s (alternate: 44.13 ± 11.58; simultaneous: 56.25 ± 8.83; p \u3c 0.05). Based on our results, peak torque and the strength ratio between the external and internal swimmers’ right and left shoulder rotators do not seem to be influenced by the athlete\u27s predominant swimming technique, with alternate (front crawl and backstroke) or simultaneous (breast and butterfly) strokes. The main findings of this study show that the balance relationships between the ER/IR rotators of the shoulders do not seem to be differentiated by the alternate and simultaneous swimming techniques. However, observing only the PT/IR at a speed of 180°/s of the right shoulders, there was a significant difference between the groups and, therefore, the ER/IR balance ratio was at the maximum limit of normality. Regardless of the specialization of the swimming technique, that is, alternate or simultaneous, swimmers can present imbalances in the internal and external rotators of the shoulders, which reveal the need for compensatory strength training focused on the rotator muscles of the shoulder

LOWER LIMBS JOINTS MOTION DURING SUBMAXIMAL 100-M BUTTERFLY

The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in the angular kinematics of the downbeat actions among four laps of a submaximal 100-m butterfly swim. Four female trained swimmers performed a 100-m butterfly at submaximal intensity (80% of individual’s best performance). One above and one underwater camera, positioned to capture motion in the swimmer’s sagittal plane, were used for movement analysis. Findings revealed that fatigue seems to affect the segmental co-ordination during downbeat actions at third and fourth laps. During the last laps swimmers registered a shorter time to extension of the knee joint in the second downbeat. It was also observed at third and fourth laps a decrease in knee and ankle angular displacement and velocity in both downbeats

ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF TWO DIFFERENT FEET POSITIONS IN BACKSTROKE START

The aim of this study was to assess the electromyographic (EMG) activity of Bíceps Brachii, Tríceps Brachii, Deltoideus Anterior, Erector Spinae Longissimus, Rectus Femoris, Gluteus Maximus Gastrocnemius Medialis, muscles at two variants of the backstroke start, one performed with the feet parallel and entirely immerged (BSFI) and the other with the feet parallel and entirely emerged (BSFE). Four high level swimmers performed a 4x15 m maximal protocol of BSFI and BSFE. In both start variants the upper limbs muscles are mainly required during the initial start phases: (i) for BSFI, the Gastrocnemius Medialis showed greater electrical activity at take-off phase than hands-off and flight phases, and (ii) for BSFE, Erector Spinae Longissimus, Gluteus Maximus and Rectus Femoris registered similar electrical activity at hands-off and take-off phases

O ensino da Libras como segunda língua para os alunos ouvintes na educação básica do estado do Tocantins

The course completion work entitled "The teaching of Libras as a second language for hearing students in basic education in the state of Tocantins" aims to portray the teaching of Libras as a second language and the performance of a deaf teacher in the school environment, in a Public School in the State of Tocantins located in the city of Palmas. The specific objective of this work deals with its implementation process in teaching from educational language policies. Reflections on the Brazilian Sign Language in different contexts will be presented. This research will follow a bibliographical study, through scientific articles, magazines and books, and also a documentary methodology following a qualitative approach. The final result of this research revealed that the Brazilian Sign Language can offer opportunities to the deaf and hearing people and even in the face of so many struggles and battles, movements and reprisals, the education of the deaf is still something that must be seen with more care, it requires changes, adaptations in educational institutions so that respect and learning can be exchanged in this space in an appropriate way.O trabalho tem o objetivo de abordar sobre o ensino da Libras como segunda língua e a atuação de um professor surdo no ambiente escolar, em uma Escola Pública do Estado do Tocantins situada na cidade de Palmas. O objetivo especifico deste trabalho é descrever sobre o processo histórico da educação inclusiva para o processo de educação bilíngue e por fim relatar sobre o ensino da Libras na educação do estado do Tocantins, tendo como protagonista o professor surdo. Serão apresentadas reflexões sobre a Língua Brasileira de Sinais em diferentes contextos. Esta pesquisa seguirá um estudo bibliográfico, através de artigos científicos, revistas e livros, seguindo uma metodologia e abordagem qualitativa. O resultado final desta pesquisa revelou que a Língua Brasileira de Sinais pode oferecer oportunidades aos surdos e ouvintes, assim concluímos a educação dos surdos ainda é algo que deve ser vista com mais cuidado, é preciso mudanças e adaptações nas instituições de ensino para que neste espaço ocorra a troca de respeito e aprendizado de maneira adequada

FURTADO, Celso. Formação econômica do Brasil. 34. ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007.

Formação Econômica do Brasil se contitui como uma obra clássica da historiografia econômica brasileira, porquanto consegue juntar esses dois campos de maneira simples e clara, sem perder de vista o caráter científico do enredo. A primeira edição foi lançada em 1959. O livro está dividido em 36 capítulos e apêndice que visam analisar como se deu o desenvolvimento econômico no Brasil, desde o período da colonização até a década de 1950, finalizando com o último capítulo acerca das perspectivas para os próximos decênios

O desenvolvimento da alfabetização matemática de acordo com o cotidiano dos alunos da EJA

Monografia (Licenciatura em Pedagogia)—Universidade de Brasília, Universidade Aberta do Brasil, Faculdade de Educação, Curso de Pedagogia à distância, 2013.Este Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso - TCC em Pedagogia à Distância, apresenta uma pesquisa baseada na experiência voltada para o desenvolvimento da alfabetização matemática de acordo com o cotidiano dos alunos da EJA. O objetivo geral do estudo, foi reconhecer que a matemática quando compreendida, demanda o conhecimento que colabora na resolução de problemas ocorridos no dia a dia dos educandos, tornando a aprendizagem mais prazerosa e significativa, contribuindo como uma ferramenta indispensável para a formação de uma matemática social dos alunos da EJA. Diante do contexto apresentado, o projeto foi desenvolvido a partir da seguinte problemática: Como as situações cotidianas podem auxiliar no aprendizado da matemática na EJA? Os objetivos específicos foram: conhecer a matemática usada no cotidiano do educando; desenvolver habilidades e raciocínio matemático; criar problemas matemáticos que envolva o dia a dia dos alunos; promover a interação do grupo, por meio de jogos matemáticos que colaborem para a socialização do educando; possibilitar a aprendizagem da matemática por meio de situações cotidianas e estimular o prazer pela matemática, baseando nas terias dos seguintes estudiosos: Skovsmose (2001); Gómez-Granell, (1997); Colinvaux (2007); Terezinha Carraher, Analúcia Schliemnn e David Carraher (2011); Maria Aparecida Viggiani Bicudo (2005, p.53); Silva; Rêgo (2006); Sandra Santos (2005)