The endocannabinoid system as a potential mechanism through which exercise influences episodic memory function

© 2019 by the authors. Emerging research demonstrates that exercise, including both acute and chronic exercise, may influence episodic memory function. To date, mechanistic explanations of this effect are often attributed to alterations in long-term potentiation, neurotrophic production, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. Herein, we discuss a complementary mechanistic model, suggesting that the endocannabinoid system may, in part, influence the effects of exercise on memory function. We discuss the role of the endocannabinoid system on memory function as well as the effects of exercise on endocannabinoid alterations. This is an exciting line of inquiry that should help delineate new insights into the mechanistic role of exercise on memory function

The effects of acute exercise intensity on episodic and false memory among young adult college students

© 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Background: Previous experimental work demonstrates that acute exercise may enhance episodic memory performance. However, limited research has examined the extent to which acute exercise influences false episodic memory production, and no studies, to date, have examined whether there is an intensity-specific effect of acute exercise on both true episodic and false episodic memories. Thus, the present experiment evaluated the effects of intensity-specific acute exercise on episodic memory and false episodic memory. Methods: A three-arm, parallel, between-group randomized controlled trial was employed in University setting, with participants (N=60; Mage = 20.8 years) randomized into a moderate-intensity exercise group (15-minute bout of treadmill exercise at 50% heart rate reserve), a high-intensity exercise group (15-minute bout of treadmill exercise at 80% heart rate reserve), or a control group (time-matched period of sitting).True episodic and false episodic memory were both assessed using 6 word-lists from the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, including both a short-term recall and a delayed memory recognition assessment. Results: For the number of words recalled across each of the 6 lists, there was a significant main effect for list (P\u3c0.001, η2p=0.15), marginally significant main effect for group (P=0.07, η2p=0.09), but no list by group interaction effect (P=0.44, η2p=0.03). Those in the high-intensity exercise group recalled significantly (P\u3c0.05) more words than the control group. For the false episodic word recall, across various lists, high-intensity acute exercise was associated with a greater rate of false episodic memories. For the memory recognition task, there was no main effect for word type (P=0.46, η2p=0.01), group (P=0.4443, η2p=.03), word type by group interaction (P=0.44, η2p=0.03), recall by group interaction (P=0.4441, η2p=0.04), or word type by recall by group interaction (P=0.32, η2p=0.04). However, there was a main effect for recall (P\u3c0.001, η2p=.54) and a word type by recall interaction (P\u3c0.001, η2p=0.77). Conclusion: These findings suggest that acute high-intensity exercise may enhance true episodic memories, and, possibly, also increase the rate of false episodic memories. We discuss these findings in the context of how different acute exercise intensities may have unique and differential effects on underlying mechanistic processes related to true and false episodic memory

Experimental effects of acute exercise in attenuating memory interference: Considerations by biological sex

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Background and Objectives: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of acute exercise on memory interference and determine if this potential relationship is moderated by sex. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled experiment was conducted (N = 40), involving young adult males (n = 20) and females (n = 20) completing two counterbalanced visits (exercise and no exercise). The exercise visit involved an acute (15 min), moderate-intensity bout of treadmill exercise, while the control visit involved a time-matched seated task. Memory interference, including both proactive interference and retroactive interference, involved the completion of a multi-trial memory task. Results: In a factorial ANOVA with the outcome being List B, there was a main effect for condition (F(1,38) = 5.75, P = 0.02, n2p = 0.13), but there was no main effect for sex (F(1,38) = 1.39, P = 0.24, n2p = 0.04) or sex by condition interaction (F(1,38) = 1.44, P = 0.23, n2p = 0.04). Conclusion: In conclusion, acute moderate-intensity exercise was effective in attenuating a proactive memory interference effect. This effect was not moderated by biological sex

The counteracting effects of exercise on high-fat diet-induced memory impairment: A systematic review

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The objective of the present review was to evaluate whether exercise can counteract a potential high-fat diet-induced memory impairment effect. The evaluated databases included: Google Scholar, Sports Discus, Embase/PubMed, Web of Science, and PsychInfo. Studies were included if: (1) an experimental/intervention study was conducted, (2) the experiment/intervention included both a high-fat diet and exercise group, and evaluated whether exercise could counteract the negative effects of a high-fat diet on memory, and (3) evaluated memory function (any type) as the outcome measure. In total, 17 articles met the inclusionary criteria. All 17 studies (conducted in rodents) demonstrated that the high-fat diet protocol impaired memory function and all 17 studies demonstrated a counteracting effect with chronic exercise engagement. Mechanisms of these robust effects are discussed herein

Mental imagery and acute exercise on episodic memory function

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Mental imagery is used extensively in the sporting domain. It is used for performance-enhancement purposes, arousal regulation, affective and cognitive modification, and rehabilitation purposes. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate whether acute exercise and mental imagery of acute exercise have similar effects on cognitive performance, specifically memory function. A within-subject randomized controlled experiment was employed. Participants (N = 24; Mage = 21.5 years) completed two exercise-related visits (i.e., actual exercise and mental imagery of exercise), in a counterbalanced order. The acute-exercise session involved 10 min of intermittent sprints. The mental-imagery session involved a time-matched period of mental imagery. After each manipulation (i.e., acute exercise or mental imagery of acute exercise), memory was evaluated from a paired-associative learning task and a comprehensive evaluation of memory, involving spatial–temporal integration (i.e., what, where, and when aspects of memory). Bayesian analyses were computed to evaluate the effects of actual exercise and mental imagery of exercise on memory function. For the paired-associative learning task, there was moderate evidence in favor of the null hypothesis for a main effect for condition (BF01 = 2.85) and time by condition interaction (BF01 = 3.30). Similarly, there was moderate evidence in favor of the null hypothesis for overall (what-where-when) memory integration (BF01 = 3.37), what-loop (BF01 = 2.34), where-loop (BF01 = 3.45), and when-loop (BF01 = 3.46). This experiment provides moderate evidence in support of the null hypothesis. That is, there was moderate evidence to support a non-differential effect of acute exercise and mental imagery of acute exercise on memory function

Hypothesized mechanisms through which exercise may attenuate memory interference

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. In this paper we introduce a mechanistic model through which exercise may enhance episodic memory, specifically via attenuating proactive and retroactive memory interference. We discuss the various types of memory, different stages of memory function, review the mechanisms behind forgetting, and the mechanistic role of exercise in facilitating pattern separation (to attenuate memory interference)

Determination of focal mechanism solutions of the earthquakes with M≥4.0 occurred in the mainland of China during August to October 2023

In this paper，the regional full waveform inversion using the broadband waveforms recorded by China Seismic Network were conducted, and the focal mechanism solutions of the 26 earthquakes with M≥4.0 occurred in the mainland of China during August to October 2023 were obtained. The types of these focal mechanism solutions show 9 reverse faulting, 14 strike-slip faulting and 3 normal faulting

The Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Marathons in China from 2010 to 2018

The purpose of this study is to explore the spatial distribution pattern and influencing factors of the Chinese marathon. Geographic Information System (GIS) related spatial analysis tools were used to calculate the following: averaged nearest neighbor index, nuclear density analysis, and hot spot analysis amongst others. The spatial distribution evolution characteristics & influencing factors of 18 Chinese marathon events in year 2010, 129 in year 2015 and 342 in year 2018 were analyzed. The results show that: (a) In year 2010 Nearest neighbor ratio was 1.164714, Moran’s I was −0.010165 (type: Random), year 2015 was 0.502146, Moran’s I was 0.066267 (type: Clustered), and year 2018 was 0.531149, Moran’s I was 0.083485 (type: Clustered) ; (b) In year 2010 there was a 333.6 km search radius, The core circle of the Yangtze River Delta was adopted. In 2015 and 2018, the search radius of 556 km was adopted, which was respectively obtained from the core circle of the Yangtze River Delta, the core circle of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the core circle of East China; (c) According to the Z value data, East China and North China in 2015 passed 95% of the confidence in 5 provinces and municipal hot spots, passed 90% of the confidence in 3 hot spots, and passed 95% of the confidence in Chongqing Cold Point. In 2018, East China, North China, Central Region and other eight provinces and cities hot spots passed 95% of the confidence, 4 hot spots passed 90% of the confidence, Tibet Autonomous Region cold spot passed 90% of the confidence. Conclusion: The overall distribution of marathon events is greater in the eastern region than the western region, greater in the southern region than the northern region, and greater in coastal regions than the inland regions; the nuclear density distribution has spread from the Yangtze River Delta mononuclear circle in 2010 to the core circle of the entire East China region. Moreover, it spread to North China, Central China, and South China; the distribution of hot spots spread from Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang to the entire North China and East China regions. During the past 38 years of development of the Chinese marathon, it has been divided into three stages due to different political, economic and social environments