204,241 research outputs found
Exact Outage Performance Analysis of Multiuser Multi-relay Spectrum Sharing Cognitive Networks
In this paper, we investigate the outage performance of dual-hop multiuser multi-relay cognitive radio networks under spectrum sharing constraints. Using an efficient relay-destination selection scheme, the exact and asymptotic closed-form expressions for the outage probability are derived. From these expressions it is indicated that the achieved diversity order is only determined by the number of secondary user (SU) relays and destinations, and equals to M+N (where M and N are the number of destination nodes and relay nodes, respectively). Further, we find that the coding gain of the SU network will be affected by the interference threshold at the primary user (PU) receiver. Specifically, as the increases of the interference threshold, the coding gain of the considered network approaches to that of the multiuser multi-relay system in the non-cognitive network. Finally, our study is corroborated by representative numerical examples
NLTE study of scandium in the Sun
We investigate the formation of neutral and singly ionized scandium lines in
the solar photospheres. The research is aimed derive solar (Sc) values for scandium lines, which will later be used in
differential abundance analyses of metal-poor stars. Extensive statistical
equilibrium calculations were carried out for a model atom, which comprises 92
terms for \ion{Sc}{i} and 79 for \ion{Sc}{ii}. Photoionization cross-sections
are assumed to be hydrogenic. Synthetic line profiles calculated from the level
populations according to the NLTE departure coefficients were compared with the
observed solar spectral atlas. Hyperfine structure (HFS) broadening is taken
into account. The statistical equilibrium of scandium is dominated by a strong
underpopulation of \ion{Sc}{i} caused by missing strong lines. It is nearly
unaffected by the variation in interaction parameters and only marginally
sensitive to the choice of the solar atmospheric model. Abundance
determinations using the ODF model lead to a solar Sc abundance of between
and 3.13, depending on the choice of values.
The long known difference between photospheric and meteoritic scandium
abundances is confirmed for the experimental -values.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, A&A accepte
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State-of-the-art on research and applications of machine learning in the building life cycle
Fueled by big data, powerful and affordable computing resources, and advanced algorithms, machine learning has been explored and applied to buildings research for the past decades and has demonstrated its potential to enhance building performance. This study systematically surveyed how machine learning has been applied at different stages of building life cycle. By conducting a literature search on the Web of Knowledge platform, we found 9579 papers in this field and selected 153 papers for an in-depth review. The number of published papers is increasing year by year, with a focus on building design, operation, and control. However, no study was found using machine learning in building commissioning. There are successful pilot studies on fault detection and diagnosis of HVAC equipment and systems, load prediction, energy baseline estimate, load shape clustering, occupancy prediction, and learning occupant behaviors and energy use patterns. None of the existing studies were adopted broadly by the building industry, due to common challenges including (1) lack of large scale labeled data to train and validate the model, (2) lack of model transferability, which limits a model trained with one data-rich building to be used in another building with limited data, (3) lack of strong justification of costs and benefits of deploying machine learning, and (4) the performance might not be reliable and robust for the stated goals, as the method might work for some buildings but could not be generalized to others. Findings from the study can inform future machine learning research to improve occupant comfort, energy efficiency, demand flexibility, and resilience of buildings, as well as to inspire young researchers in the field to explore multidisciplinary approaches that integrate building science, computing science, data science, and social science
A unary error correction code for the near-capacity joint source and channel coding of symbol values from an infinite set
A novel Joint Source and Channel Code (JSCC) is proposed, which we refer to as the Unary Error Correction (UEC) code. Unlike existing JSCCs, our UEC facilitates the practical encoding of symbol values that are selected from a set having an infinite cardinality. Conventionally, these symbols are conveyed using Separate Source and Channel Codes (SSCCs), but we demonstrate that the residual redundancy that is retained following source coding results in a capacity loss, which is found to have a value of 1.11 dB in a particular practical scenario. By contrast, the proposed UEC code can eliminate this capacity loss, or reduce it to an infinitesimally small value. Furthermore, the UEC code has only a moderate complexity, facilitating its employment in practical low-complexity applications
Kilohertz QPO Frequency and Flux Decrease in AQL X-1 and Effect of Soft X-ray Spectral Components
We report on an RXTE/PCA observation of Aql X-1 during its outburst in March
1997 in which, immediately following a Type-I burst, the broad-band 2-10 keV
flux decreased by about 10% and the kilohertz QPO frequency decreased from
813+-3 Hz to 776+-4 Hz. This change in kHz QPO frequency is much larger than
expected from a simple extrapolation of a frequency-flux correlation
established using data before the burst. Meanwhile a very low frequency noise
(VLFN) component in the broad-band FFT power spectra with a fractional
root-mean-square (rms) amplitude of 1.2% before the burst ceased to exist after
the burst. All these changes were accompanied by a change in the energy
spectral shape. If we characterize the energy spectra with a model composed of
two blackbody (BB) components and a power law component, almost all the
decrease in flux was in the two BB components. We attribute the two BB
components to the contributions from a region very near the neutron star or
even the neutron star itself and from the accretion disk, respectively.Comment: 12 pages with 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letters,
typos corrected and references update
Non-Extensive Quantum Statistics with Particle - Hole Symmetry
Based on Tsallis entropy and the corresponding deformed exponential function,
generalized distribution functions for bosons and fermions have been used since
a while. However, aiming at a non-extensive quantum statistics further
requirements arise from the symmetric handling of particles and holes
(excitations above and below the Fermi level). Naive replacements of the
exponential function or cut and paste solutions fail to satisfy this symmetry
and to be smooth at the Fermi level at the same time. We solve this problem by
a general ansatz dividing the deformed exponential to odd and even terms and
demonstrate that how earlier suggestions, like the kappa- and q-exponential
behave in this respect
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