Mandatory, Preferred, or Discretionary: How the Classification of Domestic Violence Warrantless Arrest Laws Impacts Their Estimated Effects on Intimate Partner Homicide

Warrantless arrest laws for domestic violence (DV) are generally classified as discretionary, preferred, or mandatory, based on the level of power accorded to police in deciding whether to arrest. However, there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding how each state’s law should be categorized. Using three classification schemes, this study examined whether variations among these schemes impact research outcomes by analyzing the effects of discretionary, preferred, and mandatory warrantless arrest laws on intimate partner homicide (IPH). Variations in classification schemes and in the dates of law passage presented in the literature resulted in differing estimated effects of the laws

Provenance of Pleistocene sediments in the ANDRILL AND-1B drillcore: Clay and heavy mineral data

The cryosphere in the McMurdo Sound region has undergone significant modifications during the last 1 Ma. Consequently, the sedimentary sequences underlying the modern McMurdo Ice-Shelf provide geological data to reconstruct variations in transport and depositional mechanisms of terrigenous material due to variations in ice sheet extension, grounding line position and main icestream flow directions during glacial and interglacial periods. The present study aims to investigate the clay and heavy mineral assemblages of the late Pleistocene subglacial and glaciomarine sediments recovered during the ANDRILL-McMurdo Ice Shelf Project in Windless Bight (South of Ross Island). The analyses show that the sediments are a mix of detritus from the McMurdo Volcanic Group (MVG) and the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) from the south and west. MVG-derived minerals prevail with respect to TAM-derived minerals. The down-core mineralogical variations are determined by changes in the source rocks and the sedimentary processes. Sediments at the drill site are nourished by ice coming from the South which delivered rocks from the McMurdo Volcanic region; the enrichment of a TAM component in massive diamictites testifies that the ice sheet collected debris from the Transantarctic Mountains. When open marine conditions prevailed, only sediments from a local source (i.e. McMurdo volcanics) were deposited

A Family of Putative Receptor-Adenylate Cyclases from Leishmania donovani

Leishmania parasites are exposed to pronounced changes in their environment during their life cycle as they migrate from the sandfly midgut to the insect proboscis and then into the phagolysosomes of the vertebrate macrophages. The developmental transformations that produce each life cycle stage of the parasite may be signaled in part by binding of environmental ligands to receptors which mediate transduction of extracellular signals. We have identified a family of five clustered genes in Leishmania donovani which may encode signal transduction receptors. The coding regions of two of these genes, designated rac-A and rac-B, have been sequenced and shown to code for proteins with an NH2-terminal hydrophilic domain, an intervening putative transmembrane segment, and a COOH-terminal domain that has high sequence identity to the catalytic domain from adenylate cyclases in other eukaryotes. We have expressed the receptor-adenylate cyclase protein (RAC)-A protein in Xenopus oocytes and demonstrated that it functions as an adenylate cyclase. Although RAC-B exhibits no catalytic activity when expressed in oocytes, co-expression of RAC-A and RAC-B negatively regulates the adenylate cyclase activity of RAC-A, suggesting that these two proteins interact in the membrane. Furthermore, a truncated version of RAC-A functions as a dominant negative mutant that inhibits the catalytic activity of the wild type receptor. The rac-A and rac-B genes encode developmentally regulated mRNAs which are expressed in the insect stage but not in the mammalian host stage of the parasite life cycle

Irrigation cutoff on 'BRS Clara' seedless grapevines during berry ripening stage.

The seedless table grape cultivar 'BRS Clara' (Vitis vinifera L.) presents yellowish-green berries and was developed for growing in tropical regions. In Brazilian tropical areas irrigation is usually an essential tool. Irrigation cutoff during berry ripening stage is sometimes adopted by grape growers to reduce water application and to increase water use efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the response of 'BRS Clara' grapevines to irrigation cutoff during ripening stage. The experiment was carried out in Jales, SP, Brazil (20º16'S, 50º33'W, 483m), from June to October 2010, using ?BRS Clara? plants grafted on ?IAC-572? and conducted in a overhead trellis system. The vineyard was irrigated by microsprinklers and covered with polyethylene screen, that is a common practice in the region to protect the grapes against bat and bird attacks. The soil moisture conditions were monitored employing tensiometers installed at 15 cm and 45 cm deep. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments, with irrigation (CI) and without irrigation (SI) during fruit ripening. Production and fruit quality variables were evaluated including berry and bunch mass, yield per plant, diameter and length of berries, soluble solids and titratable acidity. There was no difference between treatments for all parameters evaluated. In irrigation treatment (CI) it was applied 41.9 mm during the ripening period, representing 16.1% of total irrigation. The soil water potential in the CI treatment stayed near field capacity, whereas the treatment without irrigation (SI) showed a decrease trend during part of the period, reaching values closed to 70kPa. This reduction did not affect subsequent culture performance. It must be considered, however, that rainfall occurrence was registered since the last week of September and during October, rewetting the soil and approaching the soil water potential values in both treatments.Resumo expandido apresentado no 18º Simpósio Internacional GiESCO, 7 a 11 de julho de 2013, Porto

A Summary and Analysis of Warrantless Arrest Statutes for Domestic Violence in the United States

Article published in the J. Interpersonal Violence

Bonding mechanism from the impact of thermally sprayed solid particles

Power particles are mainly in solid state prior to impact on substrates from high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. The bonding between particles and substrates is critical to ensure the quality of coating. Finite element analysis (FEA) models are developed to simulate the impingement process of solid particle impact on substrates. This numerical study examines the bonding mechanism between particles and substrates and establishes the critical particle impact parameters for bonding. Considering the morphology of particles, the shear-instability–based method is applied to all the particles, and the energy-based method is employed only for spherical particles. The particles are given the properties of widely used WC-Co powder for HVOF thermally sprayed coatings. The numerical results confirm that in the HVOF process, the kinetic energy of the particle prior to impact plays the most dominant role in particle stress localization and melting of the interfacial contact region. The critical impact parameters, such as particle velocity and temperature, are shown to be affected by the shape of particles, while higher impact velocity is required for highly nonspherical powder