Colourings of lattices and coincidence site lattices

The relationship between the coincidence indices of a lattice $\Gamma_1$ and a sublattice $\Gamma_2$ of $\Gamma_1$ is examined via the colouring of $\Gamma_1$ that is obtained by assigning a unique colour to each coset of $\Gamma_2$. In addition, the idea of colour symmetry, originally defined for symmetries of lattices, is extended to coincidence isometries of lattices. An example involving the Ammann-Beenker tiling is provided to illustrate the results in the quasicrystal setting.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure

Evaluation of Aerodynamic and Propulsive Terminal Phase Systems for an Unmanned Mars Soft Lander

The terminal phase of an unmanned Mars soft lander is defined as that portion of the descent trajectory bridging the gap between the high speed entry trajectory and the very low speed soft landing. This paper presents the results of a parametric analysis comparing the performance and capability of several candidate deceleration systems considered for use during the terminal phase. System comparison is made on the basis of total decelerator system weight requirements and system capability to cope with the mission uncertainties. The mission mode is entry from orbit. Two general types of terminal phase decelerator systems are analyzed; aerodynamic and allretro systems. The aerodynamic decelerators considered include both subsonic type parachutes and (supersonic) ballutes. Subsonic type parachutes are limited to a maximum deployment Mach No. of 1.6. Supersonic ballutes are assumed deployed at Mach Nos. from 3.0 to 5.0. Both groups use a propulsive retro vernier system for final deceleration and landing. The all-retro system analysis assumes a rocket propulsion system with two phases - initial braking followed by a vertical descent

The Realization Doctrine in Florida Corporate Income Taxation: A History and an Analysis Since \u3cem\u3eS.R.G.\u3c/em\u3e

The authors analyze the present status of the doctrines of realization and recognition as they exist in Florida corporate income taxation. Relevant legislative history and recent cases, focusing on a conflict between these doctrines, are examined. The resulting problems are analyzed and possible solutions suggested

The Realization Doctrine in Florida Corporate Income Taxation: A History and an Analysis Since \u3cem\u3eS.R.G.\u3c/em\u3e

The authors analyze the present status of the doctrines of realization and recognition as they exist in Florida corporate income taxation. Relevant legislative history and recent cases, focusing on a conflict between these doctrines, are examined. The resulting problems are analyzed and possible solutions suggested

Coincidence isometries of a shifted square lattice

We consider the coincidence problem for the square lattice that is translated by an arbitrary vector. General results are obtained about the set of coincidence isometries and the coincidence site lattices of a shifted square lattice by identifying the square lattice with the ring of Gaussian integers. To illustrate them, we calculate the set of coincidence isometries, as well as generating functions for the number of coincidence site lattices and coincidence isometries, for specific examples.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure; paper presented at Aperiodic 2009 (Liverpool

Toxoplasma gondii Infection Specifically Increases the Levels of Key Host MicroRNAs

The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii can infect and replicate in virtually any nucleated cell in many species of warm-blooded animals; thus, it has evolved the ability to exploit well-conserved biological processes common to its diverse hosts. Here we have investigated whether Toxoplasma modulates the levels of host microRNAs (miRNAs) during infection.Using microarray profiling and a combination of conventional molecular approaches we report that Toxoplasma specifically modulates the expression of important host microRNAs during infection. We show that both the primary transcripts for miR-17 approximately 92 and miR-106b approximately 25 and the pivotal miRNAs that are derived from miR-17 approximately 92 display increased abundance in Toxoplasma-infected primary human cells; a Toxoplasma-dependent up-regulation of the miR-17 approximately 92 promoter is at least partly responsible for this increase. The abundance of mature miR-17 family members, which are derived from these two miRNA clusters, remains unchanged in host cells infected with the closely related apicomplexan Neospora caninum; thus, the Toxoplasma-induced increase in their abundance is a highly directed process rather than a general host response to infection.Altered levels of miR-17 approximately 92 and miR-106b approximately 25 are known to play crucial roles in mammalian cell regulation and have been implicated in numerous hyperproliferative diseases although the mechanisms driving their altered expression are unknown. Hence, in addition to the implications of these findings on the host-pathogen interaction, Toxoplasma may represent a powerful probe for understanding the normal mechanisms that regulate the levels of key host miRNAs

Violation of Bell-like Inequality for spin-energy entanglement in neutron polarimetry

Violation of a Bell-like inequality for a spin-energy entangled neutron state has been confirmed in a polarimetric experiment. The proposed inequality, in Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) formalism, relies on correlations between the spin and energy degree of freedom in a single-neutron system. The entangled states are generated utilizing a suitable combination of two radio-frequency fields in a neutron polarimeter setup. The correlation function S is determined to be 2.333+/-0.005, which violates the Bell-like CHSH inequality by more than 66 standard deviations.Comment: 4 pages 2 figure

Prenatal phthalates, maternal thyroid function, and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian mother and child cohort

BACKGROUND: There is growing concern that phthalate exposures may have an impact on child neurodevelopment. Prenatal exposure to phthalates has been linked with externalizing behaviors and executive functioning defects suggestive of an attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotype. OBJECTIVES: We undertook an investigation into whether prenatal exposure to phthalates was associated with clinically confirmed ADHD in a population-based nested case - control study of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort (MoBa) between the years 2003 and 2008. METHODS: Phthalate metabolites were measured in maternal urine collected at midpregnancy. Cases of ADHD (n = 297) were obtained through linkage between MoBa and the Norwegian National Patient Registry. A random sample of controls (n = 553) from the MoBa population was obtained. RESULTS: In multivariable adjusted coexposure models, the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (Σ DEHP) was associated with a monotonically increasing risk of ADHD. Children of mothers in the highest quintile of Σ DEHP had almost three times the odds of an ADHD diagnosis as those in the lowest [OR = 2: 99 (95% CI: 1.47, 5.49)]. When Σ DEHP was modeled as a log-linear (natural log) term, for each log-unit increase in exposure, the odds of ADHD increased by 47% [OR = 1: 47 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.94)]. We detected no significant modification by sex or mediation by prenatal maternal thyroid function or by preterm delivery. CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based case - control study of clinical ADHD, maternal urinary concentrations of DEHP were monotonically associated with increased risk of ADHD. Additional research is needed to evaluate potential mechanisms linking phthalates to ADHD