11 research outputs found

    Influence of Dinamic Range Compression in Quality Evaluations of Musical Recordings

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    Conception d’un dispositif de contrôle non-destructif par ultrasons de structure collée exploitant une cavité réverbérante à retournement temporel

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    Bonding is of great interest to replace traditional assembly techniques, as it makes it possible to lighten structures, through a better distribution of stresses but also to limit the stresses associated with assembling different materials. However, the lack of a robust non-destructive control technique for bonding quality and more particularly adhesion slows down its development, particularly in the aeronautical field. In this work an ultrasonic inspection method of glued interfaces which should reveal defects in adhesion is proposed. This technique is validated on a system representative of industrial applications, metal substrates bonded by a thin film epoxy adhesive. Defects have been introduced into the adhesive interface (in the adhesive or at the adhesive/substrate interface) in order to simulate defects encountered in an industrial environment. In order to improve the detection capabilities of conventional linear ultrasonic guided waves methods, algorithms for reconstructing optimized dispersion curves have been developed. However, the guided waves were not sufficiently sensitive to low interfaces in this configuration, where adhesives are thin, and an uncertainty of material thickness is tolerated. Therefore, control methods based on the non-linear interaction between a high amplitude ultrasonic wave and a defect are proposed. To detect and quantify these non-linearities, sufficiently energetic ultrasound must be generated, which generally involves the use of potentially intrinsically non-linear electronic power devices. To overcome these technological limitations, a dedicated device is proposed, using transducers powered under low voltage and placed on a reverberant object. The emission of complex signals previously established by calibration makes it possible to concentrate acoustic energy temporally and spatially, to generate after time reversal ultrasonic particle movements of high amplitude on the surface of the controlled sample. To validate this approach, the device is used to control glued interfaces in which different types of gluing defects have been introduced: pollution (PTFE particles, release agent, fingerprints, etc.), insert. The samples are finally mechanically tested to assess the sensitivity of the interface resistance to the presence of these defects.Le collage suscite un intérêt important pour remplacer les techniques traditionnelles d’assemblage, car il permet d’alléger les structures via une meilleure répartition des contraintes, et également de limiter les contraintes liées à l’assemblage de matériaux différents. Cependant, l’absence de technique de contrôle non destructive robuste de la qualité du collage et plus particulièrement de l’adhésion freine son développement en particulier dans le domaine aéronautique. Dans ce travail une méthode d’inspection ultrasonore d’interfaces collées qui doit révéler des défauts d’adhésion est proposée. Cette technique est validée sur un système représentatif d’applications industrielles, à savoir une liaison entre substrats métalliques liés par un adhésif époxy en film de faible épaisseur. Des défauts ont été introduits au sein de l’interface adhésive (dans l’adhésif ou à l’interface adhésif/substrat) de façon à simuler des défauts rencontrés en environnement industriel. Afin d’améliorer les capacités de détection des méthodes ultrasonores linéaires usuelles, des algorithmes de reconstruction des courbes de dispersion optimisés ont été développés. Cependant, les ondes guidées ne se sont pas montrées suffisamment sensibles à des interfaces faibles dans cette configuration, pour des adhésifs de faible épaisseur et lorsqu’une incertitude des épaisseurs des matériaux est tolérée. Dès lors, des méthodes de contrôle reposant sur l’interaction non-linéaire entre une onde ultrasonore de forte amplitude et un défaut sont proposées car moins système dépendant. Pour détecter et quantifier ces nonlinéarités, des ultrasons suffisamment énergétiques doivent être générés, ce qui implique généralement l’usage de dispositifs électroniques de puissance potentiellement intrinsèquement non-linéaires. Pour contourner ces limitations technologiques, un dispositif dédié est proposé, utilisant des traducteurs alimentés sous tension faible et placés sur un objet réverbérant. L’émission de signaux complexes préalablement établis par étalonnage permet par retournement temporel de concentrer l’énergie acoustique temporellement et spatialement, pour générer des déplacements particulaires ultrasonores de fortes amplitudes à la surface de l’échantillon contrôlé. Pour valider cette approche, le dispositif est utilisé pour contrôler des interfaces collées au sein desquelles différents types de défauts de collage ont été introduits : pollutions (particules de PTFE, démoulant, trace de doigt, etc.), insert. Les échantillons sont finalement testés mécaniquement pour évaluer la sensibilité de la résistance des interfaces à la présence de ces défauts

    Development of a non-destructive ultrasonic inspection device of a bonded structure using a reverberant cavity with time reversal process

    No full text
    Le collage suscite un intérêt important pour remplacer les techniques traditionnelles d’assemblage, car il permet d’alléger les structures via une meilleure répartition des contraintes, et également de limiter les contraintes liées à l’assemblage de matériaux différents. Cependant, l’absence de technique de contrôle non destructive robuste de la qualité du collage et plus particulièrement de l’adhésion freine son développement en particulier dans le domaine aéronautique. Dans ce travail une méthode d’inspection ultrasonore d’interfaces collées qui doit révéler des défauts d’adhésion est proposée. Cette technique est validée sur un système représentatif d’applications industrielles, à savoir une liaison entre substrats métalliques liés par un adhésif époxy en film de faible épaisseur. Des défauts ont été introduits au sein de l’interface adhésive (dans l’adhésif ou à l’interface adhésif/substrat) de façon à simuler des défauts rencontrés en environnement industriel. Afin d’améliorer les capacités de détection des méthodes ultrasonores linéaires usuelles, des algorithmes de reconstruction des courbes de dispersion optimisés ont été développés. Cependant, les ondes guidées ne se sont pas montrées suffisamment sensibles à des interfaces faibles dans cette configuration, pour des adhésifs de faible épaisseur et lorsqu’une incertitude des épaisseurs des matériaux est tolérée. Dès lors, des méthodes de contrôle reposant sur l’interaction non-linéaire entre une onde ultrasonore de forte amplitude et un défaut sont proposées car moins système dépendant. Pour détecter et quantifier ces nonlinéarités, des ultrasons suffisamment énergétiques doivent être générés, ce qui implique généralement l’usage de dispositifs électroniques de puissance potentiellement intrinsèquement non-linéaires. Pour contourner ces limitations technologiques, un dispositif dédié est proposé, utilisant des traducteurs alimentés sous tension faible et placés sur un objet réverbérant. L’émission de signaux complexes préalablement établis par étalonnage permet par retournement temporel de concentrer l’énergie acoustique temporellement et spatialement, pour générer des déplacements particulaires ultrasonores de fortes amplitudes à la surface de l’échantillon contrôlé. Pour valider cette approche, le dispositif est utilisé pour contrôler des interfaces collées au sein desquelles différents types de défauts de collage ont été introduits : pollutions (particules de PTFE, démoulant, trace de doigt, etc.), insert. Les échantillons sont finalement testés mécaniquement pour évaluer la sensibilité de la résistance des interfaces à la présence de ces défauts.Bonding is of great interest to replace traditional assembly techniques, as it makes it possible to lighten structures, through a better distribution of stresses but also to limit the stresses associated with assembling different materials. However, the lack of a robust non-destructive control technique for bonding quality and more particularly adhesion slows down its development, particularly in the aeronautical field. In this work an ultrasonic inspection method of glued interfaces which should reveal defects in adhesion is proposed. This technique is validated on a system representative of industrial applications, metal substrates bonded by a thin film epoxy adhesive. Defects have been introduced into the adhesive interface (in the adhesive or at the adhesive/substrate interface) in order to simulate defects encountered in an industrial environment. In order to improve the detection capabilities of conventional linear ultrasonic guided waves methods, algorithms for reconstructing optimized dispersion curves have been developed. However, the guided waves were not sufficiently sensitive to low interfaces in this configuration, where adhesives are thin, and an uncertainty of material thickness is tolerated. Therefore, control methods based on the non-linear interaction between a high amplitude ultrasonic wave and a defect are proposed. To detect and quantify these non-linearities, sufficiently energetic ultrasound must be generated, which generally involves the use of potentially intrinsically non-linear electronic power devices. To overcome these technological limitations, a dedicated device is proposed, using transducers powered under low voltage and placed on a reverberant object. The emission of complex signals previously established by calibration makes it possible to concentrate acoustic energy temporally and spatially, to generate after time reversal ultrasonic particle movements of high amplitude on the surface of the controlled sample. To validate this approach, the device is used to control glued interfaces in which different types of gluing defects have been introduced: pollution (PTFE particles, release agent, fingerprints, etc.), insert. The samples are finally mechanically tested to assess the sensitivity of the interface resistance to the presence of these defects

    Development of a non-destructive ultrasonic inspection device of a bonded structure using a reverberant cavity with time reversal process

    No full text
    Le collage suscite un intérêt important pour remplacer les techniques traditionnelles d’assemblage, car il permet d’alléger les structures via une meilleure répartition des contraintes, et également de limiter les contraintes liées à l’assemblage de matériaux différents. Cependant, l’absence de technique de contrôle non destructive robuste de la qualité du collage et plus particulièrement de l’adhésion freine son développement en particulier dans le domaine aéronautique. Dans ce travail une méthode d’inspection ultrasonore d’interfaces collées qui doit révéler des défauts d’adhésion est proposée. Cette technique est validée sur un système représentatif d’applications industrielles, à savoir une liaison entre substrats métalliques liés par un adhésif époxy en film de faible épaisseur. Des défauts ont été introduits au sein de l’interface adhésive (dans l’adhésif ou à l’interface adhésif/substrat) de façon à simuler des défauts rencontrés en environnement industriel. Afin d’améliorer les capacités de détection des méthodes ultrasonores linéaires usuelles, des algorithmes de reconstruction des courbes de dispersion optimisés ont été développés. Cependant, les ondes guidées ne se sont pas montrées suffisamment sensibles à des interfaces faibles dans cette configuration, pour des adhésifs de faible épaisseur et lorsqu’une incertitude des épaisseurs des matériaux est tolérée. Dès lors, des méthodes de contrôle reposant sur l’interaction non-linéaire entre une onde ultrasonore de forte amplitude et un défaut sont proposées car moins système dépendant. Pour détecter et quantifier ces nonlinéarités, des ultrasons suffisamment énergétiques doivent être générés, ce qui implique généralement l’usage de dispositifs électroniques de puissance potentiellement intrinsèquement non-linéaires. Pour contourner ces limitations technologiques, un dispositif dédié est proposé, utilisant des traducteurs alimentés sous tension faible et placés sur un objet réverbérant. L’émission de signaux complexes préalablement établis par étalonnage permet par retournement temporel de concentrer l’énergie acoustique temporellement et spatialement, pour générer des déplacements particulaires ultrasonores de fortes amplitudes à la surface de l’échantillon contrôlé. Pour valider cette approche, le dispositif est utilisé pour contrôler des interfaces collées au sein desquelles différents types de défauts de collage ont été introduits : pollutions (particules de PTFE, démoulant, trace de doigt, etc.), insert. Les échantillons sont finalement testés mécaniquement pour évaluer la sensibilité de la résistance des interfaces à la présence de ces défauts.Bonding is of great interest to replace traditional assembly techniques, as it makes it possible to lighten structures, through a better distribution of stresses but also to limit the stresses associated with assembling different materials. However, the lack of a robust non-destructive control technique for bonding quality and more particularly adhesion slows down its development, particularly in the aeronautical field. In this work an ultrasonic inspection method of glued interfaces which should reveal defects in adhesion is proposed. This technique is validated on a system representative of industrial applications, metal substrates bonded by a thin film epoxy adhesive. Defects have been introduced into the adhesive interface (in the adhesive or at the adhesive/substrate interface) in order to simulate defects encountered in an industrial environment. In order to improve the detection capabilities of conventional linear ultrasonic guided waves methods, algorithms for reconstructing optimized dispersion curves have been developed. However, the guided waves were not sufficiently sensitive to low interfaces in this configuration, where adhesives are thin, and an uncertainty of material thickness is tolerated. Therefore, control methods based on the non-linear interaction between a high amplitude ultrasonic wave and a defect are proposed. To detect and quantify these non-linearities, sufficiently energetic ultrasound must be generated, which generally involves the use of potentially intrinsically non-linear electronic power devices. To overcome these technological limitations, a dedicated device is proposed, using transducers powered under low voltage and placed on a reverberant object. The emission of complex signals previously established by calibration makes it possible to concentrate acoustic energy temporally and spatially, to generate after time reversal ultrasonic particle movements of high amplitude on the surface of the controlled sample. To validate this approach, the device is used to control glued interfaces in which different types of gluing defects have been introduced: pollution (PTFE particles, release agent, fingerprints, etc.), insert. The samples are finally mechanically tested to assess the sensitivity of the interface resistance to the presence of these defects

    Evaluation of metallic bonded plates with nonlinear ultrasound and comparison with destructive testing

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    International audienceIn the last decades, the use of structural adhesion has increased. It is indeed able to replace traditional bonded techniques such as rivets or bolts, and reduces the global weight of the structure, which is of great interest in the aeronautic industry. In addition, it allows the assembly of mixed or composite materials with better stress repartition. However, to be used for structural joining and critical application, reliable non-destructive testing techniques are compulsory for evident safety reasons, be it after fabrication or during the whole life of the structure. While linear ultrasound is known to detect easily decohesion or voids in a structure, its use for bond strength inspection is less straightforward. Constraining hypothesis have to be made to retrieve the bond strength [1]. However, in some cases, the effect of such bond degradation on ultrasound is the same as the effect of geometrical fluctuations of the structure (eg thickness of various layers)[2]. Another approach relies on the nonlinear signature of a bond defect inspected by high amplitude ultrasound [3], generated with a chaotic cavity transducer [4]. In the present paper, this method is applied to the inspection of various metallic bonded plates (titanium or aluminum) with several bond defects. The defects were introduced by degradation of the surface preparation process (introduction of PTFE spray, or finger prints). Combined with the pulse inversion technique, high amplitude plane waves were sent in the structure, leading to harmonic components observed in the defect region. Mechanical destructive tests were performed and display a good agreement with nondestructive tests

    Evaluation of metallic bonded plates with nonlinear ultrasound and comparison with destructive testing

    No full text
    In the last decades, the use of structural adhesives has increased. Indeed, they are able to replace advantageously traditional assembly techniques such as riveting or bolting, and generally tend to reduce the global weight of the structure and/or improve the strength of the structure thanks to more homogeneous stress distribution. In addition, it allows the assembly of composite materials or materials having different nature, which is of great interest in the aeronautic industry. However, to be used for structural joining and critical application, reliable non-destructive testing techniques are compulsory for evident safety reasons, be it after fabrication or during the whole life of the structure. While linear ultrasounds have demonstrated their capability to detect easily decohesion or voids in a structure, their use for bond strength inspection is less straightforward. Another approach relies on the analysis of nonlinear signature of a bond defect inspected by high amplitude ultrasound. In the present paper, a Chaotic Cavity Transducer is used to inspect various metallic bonded plates (titanium or aluminum) with several bond defects. The defects were introduced by depositing localized surface pollution (introduction of PTFE spray, release agent, or fingerprints) before the adhesive is deposited on top of the surface. Combined with the pulse inversion technique, high amplitude plane waves were sent in the structure, leading to harmonic components observed in the defect region. Mechanical destructive tests were performed and display a good agreement with nondestructive tests

    Nondestructive evaluation of adhesive joints by using nonlinear ultrasonics

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    International audienceAdhesive bonding technology has now gained much attention in many industries as a very versatile assembling technique. However, to be used for structural joining and critical application, high reliability is needed. Thus, efficient non-destructive control strategy should be proposed to evaluate the nominal bonding quality but also possible progressive in-service degradations. Promising results have been presented in the literature using ultrasound-based methods. While linear ultrasound is efficient to detect decohesion or voids in a structure, it is barely sensitive to bond strength. In this work, we present a method to generate high amplitude plane wave, which may produce nonlinear phenomenon that are able to reveal kissing bonds or other types of adhesion defects. In this purpose a method based on a chaotic cavity transducer has been developed to generate high energy plane wave. Then the method is evaluated on metallic bonds with bonding defects. Combined with the pulse inversion technique, nonlinear phenomenon can be measured in the form of harmonic generation in the defect zone. We use this method to image a defect created by spraying PTFE on one adherent prior to bonding

    Nonlinear ultrasound for nondestructive evaluation of adhesive joints

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    International audienceAdhesive bonding technology has gained much attention in many industries, specifically aeronautic. However, to be used for structural joining and critical application, high reliability is needed. Thus, efficient non-destructive control strategy should be proposed to evaluate the nominal bonding quality but also possible progressive in-service degradations. On-going effort has been made to develop methods for cohesive defects detection and adhesion quality assessment. In this paper, we propose a method based on the measurements of nonlinear features of weak bond defects, without any hypotheses of known elements on the adhesive bond (e.g. thickness of the substrates or the adhesive). It is applied to nondestructive testing of metallic substrates joined with thin adhesive (100ÎĽm)

    Nondestructive evaluation of adhesive joints by using nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves

    No full text
    International audienceFor a couple of decades, the use of bonded structures has been increasing in various industries. However, the non-destructive testing of such bonds is still challenging. While linear ultrasound is efficient to detect decohesion or voids in a structure, it is barely sensitive to bond strength. In this communication we present a method to generate high amplitude guided waves (GW) able to give birth to nonlinear effects after interaction with a defect at the bonded interface. In this purpose a new device has been developed, it acts as a two-dimensional virtual array and can be used to generate pure Lamb modes in a plate. Numerical simulation is employed to select the most appropriate guided mode-frequency combination. First the method for the generation of guided waves is presented, as well as measurements of its performances in terms of modal selectivity and amplitudes. Then the method is applied and evaluated on metallic bonds with bonding defects
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