Effects of Mulberry (Morus Alba) Foliage Supplementation on Sheep Fed with Rice Straw

Feeding of fibrous agricultural by-product is the most appropriate strategy to reduce the cost of feeding of ruminants. However, these by-products have low nutritive values and the use of tree foliages as supplement could improve the utilisation of these fibrous feeds. A study consisting of three experiments was conducted with the aim of enhancing the utilization of rice straw by supplementation of the diet with mulberry foliage in sheep. The first experiment evaluated the effect of adding fermentable energy in the mulberry-rice straw basal diet by in vitro gas production technique. Molasses supplementation to mulberry-urea treated rice straw based (TRSM) significantly (P<0.05) improved fermentation of the diet as indicated by the increase in gas production, microbial biomass yield and proportion of propionic acid. Supplementation of molasses at 5% level was sufficient to improve fermentation of the diet. The second experiment was carried out based on the result from the first experiment. It was postulated that mulberry supplementation also provide fermentable nitrogen and energy in the rumen. Therefore in the second experiment was conducted to compare the effect of mulberry foliage or urea-rice bran mixture supplementation on nutrient digestibility, N utilization, rumen fermentation and fibre degradation. Sheep were fed urea treated rice straw basal diet and three different supplements namely; (i) mulberry, (ii) 50% of the mulberry replaced with urea-rice bran mixture and (iii) mulberry was replaced by to rice bran and urea. DMI, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and efficiency rumen microbial protein synthesis was similar in sheep fed on urea treated rice straw based diet supplemented by mulberry foliage or urea-rice bran mix. Hence, mulberry supplementation at 30% level in urea treated rice straw basal diet provided fermentable energy and protein. The rate of protein degradability of mulberry in the rumen was reduced in sheep fed mixed urea-rice bran supplement. Supplementation of mulberry or urea-rice bran mixed to urea treated rice straw basal diet resulted in similar fibre degradation of rice straw or urea treated rice straw. Hence, mulberry or urea-rice bran mixture offers an alternative source of fermentable nitrogen and energy to improve the utilisation of rice straw by sheep. The third experiment determined the effect of mulberry and mulberry-leucaena foliage supplementation on feed utilization, rumen fermentation and growth of lambs fed urea-treated rice straw basal diet. In an in vitro gas production study, mulberry was mixed with either one of the two leucaena varieties (Leucaena leucocephala hybrid and Leucaena leucocephala local) at 2 levels (25 and 50%). Supplementation of leucaena to mulberry decreased in vitro true organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), the rate of gas production and protein digestibility in the rumen buffered medium. Protein digestibility in acid pepsin which is an estimate of protein availability in intestine was increased. Tannin derived from leucaena hybrid supplementation to mulberry at ratio 1:1 was most effective level to decrease protein digestion in the rumen, but increased the protein digestibility in acid pepsin incubation. In a feeding trial, supplementation level at 30% of mulberry-leucaena mixture at the ratio of 1:1 to urea treated rice straw basal diet showed similar effect to mulberry or rice bran supplementation on nutrient digestibility, N balance, microbial protein synthesis and body weight gain. Hence, supplementation of either mulberry-Leucaena mixture or mulberry or urea-rice bran mixture provided the critically deficient nutrient required by rumen microbes to stimulate rumen fermentation digestion and thus the efficiency forage utilization. It is concluded that mulberry utilization improved when molasses was also supplemented to the rice straw basal diet. In addition, mulberry supplementation also provided the fermentable energy and nitrogen. However, due to the rapid microbial fermentation of mulberry protein in the rumen, mixing of Leucaena that has high tannin content with mulberry could reduce protein degradability in the rumen (in vitro). Feeding of Leucaena-mulberry mixture had similar effect to mulberry supplementation on growth of lambs

PEMBUATAN KERUPUK IKAN BELUT DENGAN PERBEDAAN PROPORSI IKAN/TEPUNG TAPIOKA DAN LAMA PENGUKUSAN

The Eel (Monopterus albus) contain a lot of protein and it's product was tasty, and cheaper than the other fish food product. Using the Eel meat can increase nutrition value of chips and produce chips that have acceptable sensory characteristic and proper economically. The objective of this reseach was to increase protein content and acceptable by consumer with to determine the Eel meat, cassava strach proportion and steaming time. The statistical method of this research was Randomized Complete Design with two factor and three repetation, i.e. : Eel meat/cassava starch proportion (10 : 90, 30 : 70, 50 : 50, 70 : 30) and steaming time (40, 60, 80 minutes). The result of this research base on sensory evaluation (colour, smell, taste and cryspiness) and chemical analysis (protein content, moisture content and development level) showed that the best combination was proportion 30 % : 70 % of eel meat/cassava starch and 60 minutes of steaming, which produce Eel fish chips with protein content 5.65 %, moisture content 8. 43 % and development level 368 %

Mulberry Foliage As Forage Protein Source For Sheep And Goat

Protein is one of limiting nutrient factor that determine the production level of livestock including sheep and goat. However, the price of protein feed source from oil meal or animal by-products is expensive and sometimes it is not are affordable by small scale farmers in the village. On the other hand, ruminants animal have the advantage of having rumen which able in using protein from forage to meet their protein requirement. Therefore this is important to obtain alternative feed which is cheap, affordable and have high quality and available throughout the year to increase sheep and goat productivity. Mulbery (Morus alba) plant can grow well all the year in tropical condition like Indonesia. Mulbery foliage has high protein content ( 20%), so it is potential to be used as protein foliage source in goat and sheep diet. Mulberry foliage supplementation in sheep diet could increase dry matter consumption 22.5% and followed by average daily gain 85% compared to unsuplemented diet. Key words: Mulberry foliage, protein, sheep and goa

In Vitro Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation of Grass or Rice Straw Basal Diet With or Without Complete Rumen Modifier Supplementation

An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the supplementation of complete rumen modifier (CRM) to elephant grass or rice straw basal diet. CRM is feed additive consisting of a mixture of defaunator, methanogenesis inhibitor and bacterial growth factors. The diet was formulated in iso energetic and iso protein contained CP 16% and ME 2.3 MJ/kg. The diet was fermented for 48 hours under anaerobic condition at 39 °C. Experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in 2×2 factorial arrangement using 2 levels of type of basal diet (Napier grass and rice straw) and 2 levels of CRM supplementation (0 and 2%). The parameters recorded were apparent digestibility of grass substrate, gas production, methane production and bacterial and protozoal counts. Total gas and methane produced during incubation was recorded at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36 and 48 hours. Results from the study show that DM and OM digestibility, bacterial and protozoal population were significantly affected by the interaction between CRM supplementation and type of basal diet. CRM supplementation in rice straw basal diet increased DM and OM by 27% and 23,48% respectively, but it did not increase in grass basal diet. Bacterial population was increased by CRM supplementation in grass basal diet, in contrast, in rice straw basal diet, CRM supplementation decreased bacterial population. Whereas protozoal population was decreased both in grass and rice straw basal diet, the decreased was about 63.26% and 64% respectively for grass and rice straw basal diet. Methane production tended (P0.07) to decrease by CRM supplementation in rice straw basal diet. From this study, it can be concluded that CRM supplementation was able to improve the fermentability of rice straw basal diet and tended to decrease proportion of methane production. CRM supplementation did not have any effect on grass basal diet

Degradability of mulberry (Morus alba) and rice bran in the rumen of sheep fed different diets

The experiment was conducted to investigate degradation of dry matter (DM) and protein of mulberry and rice bran when incubated in nylon bag in the rumen at different incubation times and different rumen environments of rumen-cannulated adult sheep. Three different rumen conditions were created by feeding the three rumen-cannulated sheep with urea-treated rice straw as basal diet and offered with three supplemental treatment diets on different source of energy and nitrogen. Mulberry, urea and rice bran were used as source of fermentable energy and protein. Treatments consisted of control diet mulberry and molasses (T0); 50% mulberry was replaced by rice bran and urea (T1); and 100% of mulberry was replaced with rice bran and urea (T2). The diets were formulated in iso protein and iso energy. Supplemental diets were offered at 1.2% BW. The study was conducted in three periods. For each period, the sheep was offered with one of three supplemental treatment diets. The nylon bags each, contains sample of either mulberrry or rice bran were incubated in the rumen of sheep at different incubation times in reverse order (48, 24, 12, 9, 6, and 3h). Degradation characteristic data were obtained by analyzing degradability data with the equation of p = a+b(1-e-ct) using Neway computer package. Data of degradation characteristic, degradability of DM and CP, DMI, rumen NH3-N and pH were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using a SAS software package. The results showed that the dry matter intake (DMI) and rumen pH were not significantly different between diets. The rumen ammonia concentration of T1 and T2 was significantly higher than that of T0. However, the rumen ammonia concentration was higher than that of critical value for rumen microbial synthesis (5mg/100ml). The rate (c value) of DM degradability of mulberry and rice bran was affected by diet treaments, where T2 diet resulted in lower c of mulberry and rice bran. Only CP degradability of mulberry on the other hand was affected by diet treatments. But, both CP mulberry and rice bran had high degradability (80% after 24 hs incubation) in all diet treatments. It is concluded that the three diets of this study were capable of creating the optimum condition for rumen fermentation. Supplementation of mulberry or urea-rice bran mixture had similar effect on protein degradability of rice bran. On the other hand, the rate of protein degradability of mulberry was reduced when it was incubated in the rumen of sheep fed urea rice bran mix supplement.       Key Words: Mulberry, Rice Bran, Rumen Degradability, Shee

In Vitro protein digestibility and fermentability of mulberry (Morus alba)-Leucaena foliage mixed feed

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of mulberry-leucaena foliage mixed feed on protein digestibility and VFA production using an in vitro gas production study. Mulberry was mixed with one of 2 leucaena varieties (Leucaena leucocephala hybrid and Leucaena leucocephala local) at 3 levels (0, 25 and 50%). Study was conducted in completely randomized design. Mulberry foliage, leucaena and mixtures of mulberry-leucaena were incubated for 24 hours in glass syringes. Parameter recorded were gas production, in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD), in vitro N digestibility (IVND) and VFA production. Results of the study showed that supplementation of leucaena to mulberry decreased IVOMD, gas production and protein digestibility in the rumen buffered medium. The mixture of mulberry and leucaena hybrid at ratio 50% resulted in the lowest IVND than other treatment. However it increased protein digestibility in acid pepsin incubation as an estimate of protein availability in intestine. Gas production decreased in mulberry leucaena mixtures was followed by decreased total VFA production. Tannin derived from leucaena hybrid supplementation to mulberry at ratio 1 : 1 was most effective to decrease protein digestion in the rumen and to increase protein digestibility in acid pepsin incubation. In conclusion mixing of hybrid leucaena hybrid with mulberry foliage was able to protect protein degradation from mulberry in the rumen

ANALYSIS OF NACL-MANNITOL HYDRATION ON RENAL FUNCTION OF HEAD AND NECK CANCER PATIENTS RECEIVING HIGH-DOSE CISPLATIN CHEMOTHERAPY COMBINATION

Cisplatin is one of platinum cytostatic drug for the medication of solid cancers, one of which is head and neck cancer. Adverse event that resulted during drug treatment was acute or chronic nephrotoxicity. Cisplatin concentration in proximal tubular epithelial cells is about 5 times the serum concentration. Platinum exposure on renal tubular cells bonding covalent complex which stimulate production of inflammatory factors that lead to apoptosis and necrosis cell. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity can be prevented by aggressive hydration or alternate method of administration. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of NaCl-Mannitol hydration on renal function of head and neck cancer patients receiving cisplatin 100 mg/m2 chemotherapy combination with 5FU or paclitaxel. This was a cohort, prospective, and observational study to analyze renal function of head and neck cancer patients receiving cisplatin 100 mg/m2 chemotherapy combination with 5FU or paclitaxel. Inclusion criteria were BUN 7-18 mg/dl and serum creatinine < 2 mg/dl of any cycle. All patients received infuse NaCl-Mannitol hydration with term that provided in Surgeon Departement of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital. Data obtained were BUN, SCr, and eClCr Cockroft-Gault, each was measured pre- and post-hydration. In cisplatin and 5FU chemotherapy combination value BUN pre-hydration (11,99 + 4,62) mg/dl, value BUN post-hydration (12,14 + 4,74) mg/dl and value serum creatinine pre-hydration (0,97 + 0,34) mg/dl, value serum creatinine post-hydration (1,02 + 0,37) mg/dl. Meanwhile to the combination of cisplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy, value BUN pre-hydration (10,19 + 2,58) mg/dl, value of BUN post-hydration (10,43 + 2,31) mg/dl and value of serum creatinine post- hydration (0,98 + 0,26) mg/dl. In conclusion, NaCl-Mannitol hydration administration is adequate which is shown by BUN and serum creatinine in pre- and post-hydration data within normal limits

The use of in vitro gas production technique to evaluate molasses supplementation to mulberry (morus alba) and rice straw mixed diets

Mulberry foliages have high nutritive value (protein content, digestibility and degradability), therefore it is potential to be used as a supplement to poor quality roughages. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of addition of fermentable energy in the mixed of mulberry and rice straw basal diet. A control diet consisted of either rice straw (RS) or urea treated rice straw mixed with mulberry foliage (URS) with ratio of 60 : 40%. Treatment was formulated by supplementation of control diet with molasses (as sources of fermentable energy) at 3 levels (5, 10 and 15%). The study was conducted in a 2 x 4 factorial experiment, consisted of 2 levels rice straw (untreated and urea treated) and 4 levels molasses supplementation (control and 3 levels for molasses). Diets were evaluated using in vitro gas production. The fermentation kinetics was determined from the incubation of 200 mg sample during 96 hours. The calculation of the kinetics based on exponential equation P = A+ B (1-e-ct). A shorter gas production test was carried out to determine truly degradable fermented substrates (in vitro true organic matter degradability/IVTOMD) by incubating 500 mg of samples 24 hours. The result showed that there was no significant interaction between rice straw treatment and molasses supplementation on fermentation characteristics, in vitro true dry matter digestibility, fermented substrate and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. However there was a significant interaction between rice straw treatment on partitioning factor (PF), gas produced, propionic acid production and ratio between acetic acid and propionic acid. Molasses supplementation significantly (P0.05) decreased gas production and ratio of acetic to propionic acid, and increase PF, propionic acid production in untreated rice straw mulberry (RSM) basal diet. It is concluded that molasses supplementation to RSM diet decreased gas production and ratio of C2/C3, and increased PF and propionic acid production. Key Words: Mulberry Foliage, Molasses, Rice Straw, In Vitro Gas Productio

Production response of Etawah cross breed (PE) doe due to improvement of feeding management during late pregnancy and lactation period

An experiment was caried out to study the protein requirement for Etawah cross breed. Thirty Etawah cross breed does were used in this study (average body weight 37.6+3.5 kg) and randomized to obtain one of three treatments. The treatments were the protein content of concentrate supplement. The protein levels were R1 (CP 16%), R2 (CP 22%) and R3 (CP 26%). The concentrate supplements were offered during late pregnancy and early (first 3 months) lactation period. The study showed that dry matter intake during pregnancy and early lactation period was not affected by treatments. The highest average daily gain during late pregnancy reached by R3 (66.45 g/day) which was not significantly different with R2 (61.9 g/day) and R1 (48.8 g/day). The highest total birth weight per does was achieved by R2 (6.05 kg). Average daily milk production was not affected by treatment. The production at first week of lactation was 1,044.5 g/day and decreased to 466.7 g/day in week 11. R2 produced the highest average daily gain (107.8 g/day) preweaning per does, while R1 and R3 was 84 and 84.4 g/day, respectively.   Key words : Etawah cross breed (PE), pregnancy period, lactation period, protein level

Pertumbuhan Domba Hasil Persilangan dengan Manajemen Pemberian Pakan di Pedesaan

Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan adaptasi rumpun domba persilangan yang dibentuk di Balai Penelitian Ternak yaitu domba Komposit Sumatera, domba Komposit Garut, domba persilangan Barbados terhadap manajemen pakan pedesaan. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Juhut, Kabupaten Pandeglang selama 12 minggu. Penelitian menggunakan 24 ekor domba jantan persilangan dan 8 ekor domba lokal Garut sebagai pembanding. Bobot badan awal domba yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah 24±5,87 kg. Tiap rumpun domba dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok perlakuan pakan yang terdiri dari perlakuan pakan kontrol (R) dan pakan perbaikan (SK). Pakan kontrol adalah pakan yang diberikan sesuai dengan kebiasaan yang dilakukan peternak di desa Juhut yaitu hanya diberi pakan rumput saja, sebanyak 5.000 g/ekor/hari. Pakan perbaikan adalah pakan rumput yang 20% nya diganti dengan singkong, kaliandra dan urea, urea diberikan 1% dari bahan kering singkong. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok pola faktorial 4x2, faktor pertama adalah 4 rumpun domba dan faktor kedua adalah perbedaan pakan perlakuan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam. Peubah yang dicatat adalah pertambahan bobot badan dan konsumsi pakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh interaksi antara rumpun domba dengan perlakuan pakan terhadap konsumsi pakan maupun pertambahan bobot badan harian (PBBH). Demikian juga konsumsi pakan dan PBBH tidak dipengaruhi oleh rumpun domba ataupun perlakuan pakan. Rataan konsumsi pakan pada penelitian ini didapatkan 680 g/ekor/hari, sedangkan rataan PBBH adalah 13 g/ekor/hari. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertumbuhan rumpun domba persilangan dengan sistem pemberian pakan di Desa Juhut adalah sama. Perbaikan pakan tidak menghasilkan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik